The Owyhee River is a tributary of the Snake River located in northern Nevada, southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon in the United States. It is 280 miles (450 km) long.[2][4] The river's drainage basin is 11,049 square miles (28,620 km2) in area, one of the largest subbasins of the Columbia Basin.[5] The mean annual discharge is 995 cubic feet per second (28.2 m3/s), with a maximum of 50,000 cu ft/s (1,400 m3/s) recorded in 1993 and a minimum of 42 cu ft/s (1.2 m3/s) in 1954.[6]
| Owyhee River | |
|---|---|
 The Owyhee River | |
 Map of the Owyhee River watershed | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nevada, Idaho, Oregon |
| City | Rome, Oregon |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Near Wild Horse |
| • location | Elko County, Nevada |
| • coordinates | 41°30′17″N 115°44′30″W / 41.50472°N 115.74167°W[1] |
| • elevation | 6,860 ft (2,090 m) |
| Mouth | Snake River |
• location | Canyon County, Idaho/Malheur County, Oregon |
• coordinates | 43°48′46″N 117°01′32″W / 43.81278°N 117.02556°W[1] |
• elevation | 2,185 ft (666 m)[1] |
| Length | 280 mi (450 km)[2] |
| Basin size | 11,049 sq mi (28,620 km2) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Owyhee, OR, 1 mi (1.6 km) from the mouth[3] |
| • average | 1,146 cu ft/s (32.5 m3/s)[3] |
| • minimum | 3.2 cu ft/s (0.091 m3/s) |
| • maximum | 29,000 cu ft/s (820 m3/s) |
| Type | Wild |
| Designated | March 30, 2009 |
The Owyhee drains a remote area of the arid plateau region immediately north of the Great Basin, rising in northeastern Nevada and flowing generally northward near the Oregon-Idaho border to the Snake River. Its watershed is very sparsely populated. The Owyhee River and its tributaries flow through the Owyhee Plateau, cutting deep canyons, often with vertical walls and in some places over 1,000 feet (300 m) deep.[6]
History
Naming
The watershed of the river was part of region inhabited by the Shoshone and Bannock Indians. The name of the river is from the older spelling of "Hawaii."[7] It was named for three Hawaiian trappers, in the employ of the North West Company, who were sent to explore the uncharted river. They failed to return to the rendezvous near the Boise River and were never seen again. Due to this the river and its region were named "Owyhee."[6]
About one-third of the men with Donald MacKenzie's Snake Country Expeditions of 1819–20 were Hawaiians, commonly called "Kanakas" or "Sandwich Islanders" in those days, with "Owyhee" being a standard period spelling of the proper Hawaiian language name for the islands, hawai'i, which then was otherwise unused in English. The three Kanakas were detached to trap on the river in 1819 and were probably killed by Indians that year. It was not until the spring or early summer of 1820 that MacKenzie learned the news of their deaths (probably at the hands of men belonging to a band of Bannocks led by a chief named The Horse). Indians led other trappers to the site, but only one skeleton was located. The earliest surviving record of the name is found on a map dating to 1825, drawn by William Kittson (who was previously with Mackenzie in 1819-1820, and then with Peter Skene Ogden in 1825), on which he notes "Owhyhee River" [his spelling]. Journal entries in 1826 by Peter Skene Ogden, a fur trapper who led subsequent Snake Country Expeditions for the Hudson's Bay Company refer to the river primarily as the "Sandwich Island River," but also as "S.I. River," "River Owyhee" and "Owyhee River."[8]
Mining
The discovery of gold and silver in the region in 1863 resulted in a temporary influx of miners and the establishment of mining camps, most of which have long since disappeared. The initial discovery was along Jordan Creek, and mining activity rapidly spread through the Owyhee watershed. This activity involved not only placer operations, but also underground mines and mills, resulting in a prolonged history of mining in the region.[6] This invasion of Native American territory set off the 1864–68 Snake War.
Death of Sacagawea's son
In 1866 the son of Sacagawea, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, died near Jordan Valley after catching a chill upon crossing the Owyhee en route from California to new gold strikes in Montana (one of the gold strikes, near Bannack, Montana, was just a few miles from where he had traveled as a toddler with his mother in the company of William Clark). After almost a century of neglect, his grave is now well marked, off Highway 95, near Danner at 42°57′07.1″N 117°20′21.4″W / 42.951972°N 117.339278°W.
Course
The source of the Owyhee River is in northeastern Nevada, in northern Elko County, approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of the city of Elko. It flows north along the east side of the Independence Mountains of Nevada, passing through Wild Horse Reservoir and then cutting northeast past the north end of the range. The river runs through the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, and then past the communities of Mountain City and Owyhee in the Duck Valley Indian Reservation. It then enters southwestern Idaho, flowing northwest for approximately 50 miles (80 km) across the southwest corner of the state through Owyhee County. It is then joined by the South Fork Owyhee River from the south, approximately 10 miles (16 km) east of the Oregon border. The main tributary of the South Fork is the Little Owyhee River.[9]
The Owyhee River then enters extreme southeast Oregon in southern Malheur County, generally flowing north in a zigzag course west of the Idaho border. It merges with the West Little Owyhee River[10] from the south, then receives the Middle Fork Owyhee River[11] and North Fork Owyhee River[12] from the east at a location known as "Three Forks." It then passes through the Owyhee Canyon between Big Grassy Mountain and Whitehouse Butte, then turns north, flowing east of Burns Junction and then west of Mahogany Mountain. In this area the Owyhee River receives the tributaries of Jordan Creek, Rattlesnake Creek, and Crooked Creek.
The Owyhee River enters the Snake River from the west on the Oregon–Idaho border approximately 5 miles (8 km) south of Nyssa, Oregon, and 2 miles (3 km) south of the mouth of the Boise River. The final stretch of the river, below Owyhee Dam, emerges from the Owyhee Plateau and enters the Snake River Plain.
River modifications
In northern Malheur County, approximately 20 miles (32 km) upstream from its mouth on the Snake, the Owyhee River is impounded by the Owyhee Dam, creating the serpentine Lake Owyhee, approximately 52 miles (84 km) long. The dam was constructed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation primarily to provide irrigation for the agricultural region in southeast Oregon and southwest Idaho, onions and hops are the staple crops in this region. Lake Owyhee State Park and scenic Leslie Gulch are along the eastern shore of the reservoir. Owyhee Dam was built in 1933 and eliminated anadromous fish such as salmon from the Owyhee River basin.[6]
Protected areas
In 1984, the United States Congress designated 120 miles (190 km) of the river as Owyhee Wild and Scenic River under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 to preserve the river in its free-flowing condition. Part of the designation includes the section of the river downstream from the Owyhee Dam, where the river flows through a remote section of deeply incised canyons surrounded by high canyon rims that are habitat for mountain lion, bobcat, Mule Deer, California Bighorn Sheep, and a large variety of raptors.
The Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 designated 323,274 acres (130,824 ha) on and around the Owyhee River in Idaho as wilderness.[14] The bill was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 30, 2009.[15] The new wilderness areas are:
- North Fork Owyhee Wilderness - 43,413 acres (17,569 ha)
- Owyhee River Wilderness - 267,328 acres (108,184 ha)
- Pole Creek Wilderness - 12,533 acres (5,072 ha)
After negotiations involving Oregon senators Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley, the Owyhee Act introduced in November 2019. It would preserve 1 million acres (400 thousand ha) of Owyhee canyonlands as wilderness, while calling for improvements to loop roads to bring in visitors. It also designated {convert|14.7|mi}} of the river for protection under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. It was supported by both ranchers and conservationists, as well as the Northwest Sport Fishing Association.[16]
Tributaries
Jordan Creek
Jordan Creek is a 99-mile (159 km) tributary.[17] It flows generally west from near Silver City, Idaho, in the Owyhee Mountains to near Rome in the Oregon High Desert.[18][19]
The West Little Owyhee River
The source of the West Little Owyhee River is at an elevation of 6,508 feet (1,984 m) near the Nevada-Oregon border by the community of McDermitt, Nevada. Approximately 57 miles (92 km) in length, the river flows east by Deer Flat and into Louse Canyon. Near a prominent feature known as Twin Buttes, it turns sharply north as it cuts through the Owyhee Desert, making its way to the Owyhee River.
The Little Owyhee River
The Little Owyhee River is a 61-mile (98 km) long[17] tributary of the South Fork Owyhee River. Beginning at an elevation of 6,739 feet (2,054 m)[20] east of the Santa Rosa Range in eastern Humboldt County, Nevada, it flows generally east into Elko County, Nevada and the Owyhee Desert.
Blue Creek
The 53-mile (85 km) long[17] Blue Creek begins at an elevation of 6,097 feet (1,858 m)[20] in central Owyhee County, it flows generally south through the Owyhee Desert and near the community of Riddle, where it is roughly paralleled by Idaho State Highway 51. It then flows into the Duck Valley Indian Reservation to its mouth near the Idaho/Nevada border northwest of Owyhee, Nevada,[21] at an elevation of 5,289 feet (1,612 m).[22]
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Owyhee River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ a b Owyhee River [1], accessed November 3, 2019
- ^ a b "USGS Gage #13184000 on the Owyhee River at Owyhee, OR". National Water Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. 1890–1986. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
- ^ "Table of Tributary Rivers". snakeriverwaterkeeper.org. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
- ^ Willamette Subbasin Plan, Northwest Power and Conservation Council
- ^ a b c d e Owyhee Subbasin Plan, Northwest Power and Conservation Council
- ^ Reed, Ione (December 25, 1971). "What, Indeed, Is in a Name?". Eugene Register-Guard. p. 8. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
- ^ See Alexander Ross's Fur Hunters of the Far West, the Journals of Peter Skene Ogden and the Kittson map published with Ogden's journals by the Hudson's Bay Records Society.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Little Owyhee River
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: West Little Owyhee River
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Middle Fork Owyhee River
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: North Fork Owyhee River
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Owyhee River
- ^ "Resources". Owyhee Initiative. January 24, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
- ^ "Obama signs public lands reform bill". CNN. March 30, 2009. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
- ^ https://www.seattlepi.com/local/politics/article/Senators-seek-to-protect-Owyhee-River-Grand-14821069.php
- ^ a b c "National Hydrography Dataset". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Oregon Atlas & Gazetteer (Map) (1991 ed.). DeLorme Mapping. § 75. ISBN 0-89933-235-8.
- ^ Idaho Atlas & Gazetteer (Map) (2007 ed.). DeLorme Mapping. § 24. ISBN 0-89933-284-6.
- ^ a b Source elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates.
- ^ Idaho Road and Recreation Atlas (Map) (2nd ed.). 1:250,000. Benchmark Maps. 2010. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-929591-06-3. OCLC 567571371.
- ^ "Blue Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. June 21, 1979. Retrieved July 16, 2013.