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==Operation==
===Santiago de Cuba uprising===
A rebellion organized by the [[26th of July movement]] and planned by [[Haydée Santamaría]], [[Celia Sánchez]], and [[Frank País]] occurred in [[Santiago de Cuba]].
===Granma landing===
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The Granma had approached the Playa las Coloradas in the early morning of December 2, 1956. Trying to spot the Cabo Cruz lighthouse, the navigator had fallen overboard, after which he had to be rescued. With the night quickly departing, Fidel ordered for the ship to land at the nearest point of land. However, they had crashed into a sandbar, a mile short of the intended point of rendezvous, in a mangrove swamp. The reception party had departed from the lighthouse the night prior after waiting for two days. after which they departed the boat and were forced to leave much of their food, ammunition and medicine behind, landing onto shore in the mid-morning. During the landing, they had been spotted by the Cuban coast guard, after which news of the landing was relayed to the armed forces.
Batista predicted correctly that the landing would occur, and his troops were ready. Consequentially, the landing party was bombarded by helicopters and airplanes soon after landing. Since the terrain on the coastline provided little cover, the party was an easy target.{{sfn|Cuba Libre|2016|loc=24:00}} Many casualties ensued, most of them during battle at {{ill|Alegría de Pío|es}} further inland. The survivors continued to the foot of [[Pico Turquino]] in the [[Sierra Maestra]] to perform guerilla warfare.{{sfn|Cuba Libre|2016|loc=25:00}}▼
▲After splitting into two groups upon reaching dry land, the rebels were forced to gradually abandon more equipment as they navigated the bush. During this period, Batista predicted correctly that the landing would occur, and his troops were ready. Consequentially, the landing party was bombarded by helicopters and airplanes soon after landing. Since the terrain on the coastline provided little cover, the party was an easy target.
=== Ambush at Alegría de Pío ===
Shortly after midnight on December 5, the rebel column had halted to rest for the night at a sugarcane field, where they had feasted on stalks of cane, leaving behind their presence to enemy forces. During this time, their guide had abandoned them, telling nearby soldiers of the presence and location of the rebels. Passing by the edge of a cane field, the rebels were then ambushed in the afternoon at Alegría de Pío. Caught by surprise, the rebels panicked and milled around as their organization and cohesion were destroyed. Fidel ordered his men to follow him into the jungle to escape, however, in the midst of the fighting, many abandoned their equipment, and others who were paralyzed by shock and terror remained where they were.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guevara |first=Ernesto |title=Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War |publisher=Monthly Review Press |year=1968 |location=United Kingdom |pages=42-48 |language=English}}</ref>
Many casualties ensued, most of them during battle at {{ill|Alegría de Pío|es}} further inland. The survivors continued to the foot of [[Pico Turquino]] in the [[Sierra Maestra]] to perform guerilla warfare.{{sfn|Cuba Libre|2016|loc=25:00}}
Initially, Batista did not know who exactly were among the casualties, and international media widely reported that Fidel had died.{{sfn|Cuba Libre|2016|loc=26:00}} This was, however, not the case. Of the 82, about 21 had survived. According to the most credible version, the survivors were Fidel, Raúl, Guevara, [[Armando Rodríguez (revolutionary)|Armando Rodríguez]], {{ill|Faustino Pérez|es}}, [[Ramiro Valdés]], [[Universo Sánchez]], [[Efigenio Ameijeiras]], [[René Rodríguez]], [[Camilo Cienfuegos]], [[Juan Almeida Bosque]], [[Calixto García (revolutionary)|Calixto García]], [[Calixto Morales]], [[Reinaldo Benítez]], [[Julio Díaz (revolutionary)|Julio Díaz]], [[Luis Crespo Cabrera]],{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} [[Rafael Chao]], {{ill|Ciro Redondo (revolutionary)|es|Ciro Redondo|lt=Ciro Redondo}}, [[José Morán]], [[Carlos Bermúdez]], and [[Fransisco González]]. All others had been either killed, captured, or left behind.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bonachea|first1=Ramon L.|last2=Martin|first2=Marta San|title=Cuban Insurrection 1952–1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbawDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT107|year=2011|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=978-1-4128-2090-5|page=107n49}}</ref>
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