This list of tallest buildings includes skyscrapers with continuously occupiable floors and a height of at least 350 metres (1,150 ft). Non-building structures, such as towers, are not included in this list (for these, see List of tallest buildings and structures).
History
Historically, the world's tallest man-made structure was the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, which held the position for over 3800 years[3] until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1311. The Strasbourg Cathedral in France, completed in 1439, was the world's tallest building until 1874.
The first skyscraper was pioneered in Chicago with the 138 ft (42.1 m) Home Insurance Building in 1885. The United States would hold the position of the world's tallest building throughout the 20th century until 1998, when the Petronas Towers were completed. Since then, two other buildings have gained the title: Taipei 101 in 2004 and Burj Khalifa in 2010.[4] Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Middle East, China, and Southeast Asia have experienced booms in skyscraper construction.[5]
Ranking criteria and alternatives
The international non-profit organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) was formed in 1969 and announces the title of "The World's Tallest Building" and sets the standards by which buildings are measured. It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world.[6] The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m (2,717 ft).[6] However, the CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete, and some buildings included within the lists in this article are not considered finished by the CTBUH.
In 1996, as a response to the dispute as to whether the Petronas Towers or the Sears Tower was taller,[7] the council listed and ranked buildings in four categories:[8]
- height to structural or architectural top;
- height to floor of highest occupied floor;
- height to top of roof (removed as category in November 2009);[9] and
- height to top of any part of the building.
All categories measure the building from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrain entrance.[10]
Spires are considered integral parts of the architectural design of buildings, changes to which would substantially change the appearance and design of the building, whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences. The Petronas Towers, with their spires, are thus ranked higher than the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) with its antennas, despite the Petronas Towers' lower roofs and lower highest point.[8]
Until 1996, the world's tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element, including spires but not antennae.[8] In 1930, this definitional argument led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building. The Bank of Manhattan Building (i.e. 40 Wall Street) employed only a short spire and was 282.5 m (927 ft) tall and had a much higher top occupied floor (the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building). In contrast, the Chrysler Building employed a very large 38.1 m (125 ft) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world's tallest building with a total height of 318.9 m (1,046 ft), although it had a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings' spires were excluded.
Upset by Chrysler's victory, Shreve & Lamb, the consulting architects of the Bank of Manhattan Building, wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was actually the tallest, since it contained the world's highest usable floor, at 255 m (837 ft). They pointed out that the observation deck in the Bank of Manhattan Building was nearly 30 m (98 ft) above the top floor in the Chrysler Building, whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and inaccessible.[11]
The Burj Khalifa currently tops the list by some margin, regardless of which criterion is applied.[12][13]
Tallest buildings in the world
As of 2022[update], this list includes all 80 buildings (completed and architecturally topped out) which reach a height of 350 metres (1,150 ft) or more, as assessed by their highest architectural feature. The building is considered as architecturally topped out when it is under construction, structurally topped out, fully clad, and the highest finished architectural elements are in place.[10]
Of these buildings, almost half are in China. Six of the last seven buildings to have held the record as 'tallest building' are still found in the list, with the exception being the North Tower of the original World Trade Center at 417 metres (1,368 ft) after its destruction in the September 11 attacks of 2001. If the Twin Towers were never destroyed, and One World Trade Center was never built, the WTC towers would rank 34 and 35 on the list today.
| bold | Denotes building that is or was once the tallest in the world |
Alternative measurements
It has been suggested that List of tallest buildings by height to roof be merged into this section. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2022. |
Height to pinnacle (highest point)
This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions, and simply measures to the highest point, irrespective of material or function of the highest element.[10]
This measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations, and is also a wholly objective measure. However, this measurement includes extensions that are easily added, removed, and modified from a building and are independent of the overall structure.
This measurement only recently came into use, when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower (now named Willis Tower) in height. The former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural, while the latter's antennae were not. This led to the split of definitions, with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height-to-roof (now highest occupied floor) categories, and with the Petronas claiming the lead in the architectural height category.
If the World Trade Center towers were still standing, the North (1,368 feet (417 m)) and South Towers (1,362 feet (415.1 m)) would fall between numbers 35 and 36 on the current list (it can be assumed the rebuilt One World Trade Center would have never been built).
| † | Denotes building with pinnacle height higher than architectural |
| Rank | Building | City | Country | Height | Floors | Built | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Burj Khalifa† | Dubai | 829.8 m | 2,722 ft | 163 | 2010 | |
| 2 | Merdeka 118† | Kuala Lumpur | 680.5 m | 2,233 ft | 118 | 2022 | |
| 3 | Shanghai Tower | Shanghai | 632 m | 2,073 ft | 128 | 2015 | |
| 4 | Abraj Al-Bait Towers | Mecca | 601 m | 1,971 ft | 120 | 2012 | |
| 5 | Ping An Finance Center | Shenzhen | 599 m | 1,965 ft | 115 | 2016 | |
| 6 | Lotte World Tower† | Seoul | 555.7 m | 1,823 ft | 123 | 2016 | |
| 7 | One World Trade Center† | New York City | 546.2 m | 1,792 ft | 104 | 2014 | |
| 8 | Tianjin CTF Finance Centre† | Tianjin | 530.4 m | 1,740 ft | 98 | 2019 | |
| 9 | Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre | Guangzhou | 530 m | 1,739 ft | 111 | 2016 | |
| 10 | China Zun | Beijing | 528 m | 1,732 ft | 108 | 2018 | |
| 11 | Willis Tower† | Chicago | 527 m | 1,729 ft | 108 | 1974 | |
| 12 | Taipei 101 | Taipei | 508 m | 1,667 ft | 101 | 2004 | |
| 13 | Shanghai World Financial Center† | Shanghai | 494.3 m | 1,622 ft | 101 | 2008 | |
| 14 | International Commerce Centre | Hong Kong | 484 m | 1,588 ft | 118 | 2010 | |
| 15 | Wuhan Greenland Center | Wuhan | 475.6 m | 1,560 ft | 97 | 2021 | |
| 16 | Central Park Tower | New York City | 472.4 m | 1,550 ft | 98 | 2020 | |
| 17 | Landmark 81† | Ho Chi Minh City | 469.5 m | 1,540 ft | 81 | 2018 | |
| 18 | Lakhta Center | St. Petersburg | 462 m | 1,516 ft | 86 | 2019 | |
| 19 | International Land-Sea Center | Chongqing | 458.2 m | 1,503 ft | 98 | 2022 | |
| 20 | John Hancock Center† | Chicago | 456.9 m | 1,499 ft | 100 | 1969 | |
| 21 | Changsha IFS Tower T1 | Changsha | 452 m | 1,483 ft | 94 | 2018 | |
| 22 | Petronas Tower 1 | Kuala Lumpur | 451.9 m | 1,483 ft | 88 | 1998 | |
| 22 | Petronas Tower 2 | Kuala Lumpur | 451.9 m | 1,483 ft | 88 | 1998 | |
| 24 | Zifeng Tower | Nanjing | 450 m | 1,476 ft | 89 | 2010 | |
| 24 | Suzhou IFS | Suzhou | 450 m | 1,476 ft | 98 | 2019 | |
| 26 | The Exchange 106 | Kuala Lumpur | 445.1 m | 1,460 ft | 95 | 2019 | |
| 27 | Empire State Building† | New York City | 443.2 m | 1,454 ft | 102 | 1931 | |
| 28 | Kingkey 100 | Shenzhen | 441.8 m | 1,449 ft | 100 | 2011 | |
| 29 | Guangzhou International Finance Center | Guangzhou | 438.6 m | 1,445 ft | 103 | 2009 | |
| 30 | Wuhan Center | Wuhan | 438 m | 1,437 ft | 88 | 2019 | |
| 31 | 111 West 57th Street | New York City | 435.3 m | 1,428 ft | 82 | 2020 | |
| 32 | Dongguan International Trade Center 1 | Dongguan | 426.9 m | 1,401 ft | 88 | 2020 | |
| 33 | One Vanderbilt | New York City | 427 m | 1,401 ft | 58 | 2020 | |
| 34 | 432 Park Avenue | New York City | 425.5 m | 1,396 ft | 85 | 2015 | |
| 35 | Marina 101 | Dubai | 425 m | 1,394 ft | 101 | 2017 | |
| 36 | Trump International Hotel and Tower | Chicago | 423.2 m | 1,388 ft | 96 | 2009 | |
| 37 | Jin Mao Tower | Shanghai | 421 m | 1,381 ft | 88 | 1998 | |
| 38 | Princess Tower† | Dubai | 414 m | 1,358 ft | 101 | 2012 | |
| 39 | Al Hamra Tower | Kuwait City | 412.6 m | 1,354 ft | 80 | 2010 | |
| 40 | Two International Finance Centre | Hong Kong | 412 m | 1,352 ft | 88 | 2003 | |
| 41 | Haeundae LCT The Sharp Landmark Tower | Busan | 411.6 m | 1,350 ft | 101 | 2019 | |
| 42 | Guangxi China Resources Tower | Nanning | 402.7 m | 1,321 ft | 85 | 2019 | |
| 43 | Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1[54] | Guiyang | 401 m | 1,316 ft | 79 | 2021 | |
Height to occupied floor
This height is measured to the highest occupiable floor within the building.[10]
| Rank | Building | City | Country | Height | Floors | Built |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Burj Khalifa | Dubai | 585.4 m (1,921 ft) | 163 | 2010 | |
| 2 | Shanghai Tower | Shanghai | 583.4 m (1,914 ft) | 128 | 2015 | |
| 3 | Ping An Finance Center | Shenzhen | 562.2 m (1,844 ft) | 115 | 2016 | |
| 4 | China Zun | Beijing | 515.5 m (1,691 ft) | 108 | 2018 | |
| 5 | Merdeka 118 | Kuala Lumpur | 502.8 m (1,650 ft) | 118 | 2022 | |
| 6 | Lotte World Tower | Seoul | 497.6 m (1,633 ft) | 123 | 2016 | |
| 7 | Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre | Guangzhou | 495.5 m (1,626 ft) | 111 | 2016 | |
| 8 | Abraj Al-Bait Towers | Mecca | 494.4 m (1,622 ft) | 120 | 2012 | |
| 9 | Shanghai World Financial Center | Shanghai | 474 m (1,555 ft) | 101 | 2008 | |
| 10 | International Commerce Centre | Hong Kong | 468.8 m (1,538 ft) | 118 | 2010 | |
| 11 | Tianjin CTF Finance Centre | Tianjin | 439.4 m (1,442 ft) | 98 | 2018 | |
| 12 | Taipei 101 | Taipei | 438 m (1,437 ft) | 101 | 2004 | |
| 13 | Central Park Tower | New York City | 431.8 m (1,417 ft) | 98 | 2020 | |
| 14 | Changsha IFS Tower T1 | Changsha | 431 m (1,414 ft) | 94 | 2017 | |
| 15 | KK100 | Shenzhen | 427.1 m (1,401 ft) | 100 | 2011 | |
| 16 | Guangzhou International Finance Center | Guangzhou | 415.1 m (1,362 ft) | 103 | 2010 | |
| 17 | Willis Tower | Chicago | 412.7 m (1,354 ft) | 108 | 1974 |
Buildings under construction
This is a list of buildings taller than 350 m that are currently under construction.[96] On-hold buildings whose construction was interrupted after it had reached a significantly advanced state are also listed.
List by continent
The following list shows the tallest completed buildings located on each continent listed by greatest to least height (click on name of continent for continent-specific list):
| Continent | Building | Height | Floor count | Completed | Country | City |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | Burj Khalifa | 828 m (2,717 ft) | 163 | 2010 | Dubai | |
| North America | One World Trade Center | 541.3 m (1,776 ft) | 94 | 2014 | New York City | |
| Europe | Lakhta Center | 462 m (1,516 ft) | 86 | 2018 | St. Petersburg | |
| Africa | Mohammed VI Tower[149] | 250 m (820 ft) | 55 | 2022 | Salé | |
| Australia | Q1 | 323 m (1,060 ft) | 78 | 2005 | Gold Coast | |
| South America | Gran Torre Santiago[150] | 300 m (980 ft) | 64 | 2012 | Santiago | |
| Antarctica | Long Duration Balloon (LDB) Payload Preparation Buildings[151][152] | 15 m (49 ft) | 1 | 2005 | - | McMurdo Station |
See also
Notes
- ^ The world's tallest building from 2004 to 2010
- ^ World's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004
- ^ Formerly known, and still commonly referred to, as the Sears Tower; world's tallest building from 1974 to 1998
- ^ Tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere[63]
- ^ World's tallest building from 1931 to 1972
- ^ Marked as under Construction by CTBUH, on-hold according to other sources[97]
- ^ a b c d e f Structurally Topped Out
References
- ^ "Burj Dubai now a record 688m tall and continues to rise". Emaar Properties. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
- ^ "The Tallest 20 in 2020: Entering the Era of the Megatall". CTBUH. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
- ^ Collins, Dana M. (2001). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- ^ GmbH, Emporis. "History of the World's Tallest Buildings". EMPORIS. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "Skyscraper construction booming in Middle East, Asia - CNN.com". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
- ^ a b "100 tallest completed buildings in the world". CTBUH. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ Lynn S. Beedle. "Tallest: Petronas vs. Sears Tower Controversy". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ a b c "History of Measuring Tall Buildings". www.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
- ^ "CTBUH changes height criteria, Burj Khalifa height increases". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 17 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
- ^ a b c d CTBUH Height Criteria for Measuring & Defining Tall Buildings (PDF). CTBUH.
- ^ Binder, Georges (August 2006). 101 of the world's tallest buildings. Images Pub. p. 102. ISBN 978-1864701739.
- ^ "Tall Buildings In Numbers Vanity Height". Ctbuh.org. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
- ^ "Most of the World's Tallest Buildings Game the System With 'Vanity Height' – Jenny Xie". The Atlantic Cities. 9 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
- ^ "Create Lists/Graphics – The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
- ^ "Burj Khalifa - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Merdeka PNB118 – The Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Shanghai Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Makkah Royal Clock Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Ping an Finance Center - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Lotte World Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "One World Trade Center - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Tianjin CTF Finance Centre - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "CITIC Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "TAIPEI 101 - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Shanghai World Financial Center - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "International Commerce Centre - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Wuhan Greenland Center - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Central Park Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Lakhta Center - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Vincom Landmark 81 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Changsha IFS Tower T1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Petronas Twin Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Petronas Twin Tower 2 - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Zifeng Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Suzhou IFS - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "The Exchange 106 - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Wuhan Center Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Willis Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "KK100 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Guangzhou International Finance Center - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "111 West 57th Street - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "One Vanderbilt Avenue - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "432 Park Avenue - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Marina 101 - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Trump International Hotel & Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Minying International Trade Center T2 - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Jin Mao Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Princess Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Al Hamra Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Two International Finance Centre - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "LCT the Sharp Landmark Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Guangxi China Resources Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ a b "Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Guiyang International Financial Center T1 - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "China Resources Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "23 Marina - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "CITIC Plaza - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "30 Hudson Yards - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Shun Hing Square - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Eton Place Dalian Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Indonesia's Tallest Skyscraper Autograph Tower Almost Completed". Indonesia Expat. 28 January 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ "Nanning Logan Century 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Burj Mohammed Bin Rashid - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Empire State Building - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Elite Residence - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "1 Corporate Avenue - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Central Plaza - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Federation Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Dalian International Trade Center - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "The Address Boulevard - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Qingdao Hai Tian Center - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Bank of China Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Bank of America Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "The St. Regis Chicago - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Almas Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Hanking Center - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Greenland Group Suzhou Center". The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Greenland Group Suzhou Center - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Gevora Hotel - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Galaxy Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Galaxy Tower 2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Il Primo Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai Tower 2 - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Emirates Tower One - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Raffles City Chongqing T3N - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Raffles City Chongqing T4N - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "OKO - Residential Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "The Torch - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Forum 66 Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "The Pinnacle - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "Glory・Xi'an International Financial Center - the Skyscraper Center".
- ^ "All Global Buildings". CTBUH. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ^ Jeddah Tower at Emporis
- ^ "Kingdom Tower in Saudi Arabia Will Soon Be the World's Tallest Building". Mashable.com. 19 April 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
- ^ "Greenland Jinmao International Financial Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Suzhou Zhongnan Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "HeXi Yuzui Tower A". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Greenland Centre". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Fuyuan Zhongshan 108 IFC". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Tianfu Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Chushang Building". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Wuhan CTF Finance Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Fosun Bund Center T1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Suzhou Center North Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Chengdu Greenland Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Guohua Financial Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Tianshan Gate of the World Plots 27 and 28". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "China Resources Land Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "One Bangkok O4H4". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Shandong IFC". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Greenland Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Nanjing Financial City Phase II Plot C Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "JPMorgan Chase World Headquarters". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Ningbo Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Dongfeng Plaza Landmark Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Wuhan Yangtze River Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
- ^ "Hangzhou West Railway Station Hub Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ^ "Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ^ "Evergrande Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Iconic Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- ^ "Haiyun Plaza Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "China Merchants Bank Headquarters Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Tour F". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
- ^ "Shekou Prince Bay Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Shenzhen Luohu Friendship Trading Centre". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Greenland Star Light Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Guangdong Business Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "China Merchants Prince Bay Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Ping An IFC". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Xujiahui Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Lucheng Square". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Hengli Global Operations Headquarters Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Ciel Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Ping An Finance Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Huiyun Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Fosun Bund Center T2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ^ "Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ^ "Guohong Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Guowei ZY Plaza". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "China Resources Huafu Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Global Port Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Global Port Tower 2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Poly Liangxi Plaza". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Mohammed VI Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
- ^ "Costanera Center es oficialmente el edificio más alto de Latinoámerica". La Segunda. 14 February 2012.
- ^ Jones, W. Vernon. "Report on the Balloon Program" Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, NASA Astrophysics Subcommittee Meeting. 16 April 2013.
- ^ Pacheco, Luis Eduardo. "McMurdo Station, Antarctica – Stratospheric balloon launches". stratocat.com.ar. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
External links
Media related to Skyscraper at Wikimedia Commons
- Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
- Emporis, international database and gallery of buildings
- Structurae, international database and gallery of structures