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The MapReduce programming paradigm was also described in [[Danny Hillis]]'s 1985 thesis <ref name="WDHmit86">{{cite book |author-first=W. Danny |author-last=Hillis |date=1986 |title=The Connection Machine |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=0262081571 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/connectionmachin00hill }}</ref> and was widely used at the time to program the [[Connection Machine]], which had special hardware support to accelerate both map and reduce.
Google has been granted a patent on MapReduce.<ref name="patent">{{cite web|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7,650,331.PN.&OS=PN/7,650,331&RS=PN/7,650,331|title=United States Patent: 7650331 - System and method for efficient large-scale data processing|website=uspto.gov}}</ref> However, there have been claims that this patent should not have been granted because MapReduce is too similar to existing products. For example, map and reduce functionality can be very easily implemented in [[Oracle database|Oracle's]] [[PL/SQL]] database oriented language<ref name="Curt Monash">{{cite web| url=http://www.dbms2.com/2010/02/11/google-mapreduce-patent/| title=More patent nonsense — Google MapReduce| author=Curt Monash | publisher=dbms2.com| access-date=2010-03-07| author-link=Curt Monash}}</ref> or is supported for developers transparently in distributed database architectures such as [[Clusterpoint]] XML database<ref name="Clusterpoint">{{cite web| url=http://www.clusterpoint.com| title=Clusterpoint XML database| publisher=clusterpoint.com| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328121334/http://www.clusterpoint.com/| archive-date=2014-03-28}}, [[MongoDB]] NoSQL database.</ref><ref name="MongoDB">{{cite web| url=http://www.mongodb.org | title=MongoDB NoSQL database| publisher=10gen.com}} or RavenDB Document database.</ref><ref name="RavenDB">{{cite web| url=https://ravendb.net/ | title=RavenDB Document Database| publisher=ravendb.net}} {{cite web| url=https://ravendb.net/docs/article-page/5.0/Csharp/studio/database/indexes/create-map-reduce-index| title=Create Map-Reduce Index for RavenDB 5.0 }}</ref>
===Restricted programming framework===
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