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When she returned from Germany in 1896, Maltby took up a position as associate professor at [[Wellesley College]] where she substituted for [[Sarah Frances Whiting]] who was on sabbatical. Maltby had previously taught at Wellesley as an instructor in physics from 1889 to 1893 to earn some money while attending MIT. At the end of the fall 1896 term, Maltby suddenly resigned for what she claimed at the time was to recuperate from a serious accident. Maltby resumed her teaching career as an instructor at [[Lake Erie College]] in September 1897 where she substituted for [[Mary Chilton Noyes]].<ref name="personal" />
Invited back to Germany in 1898 to work at the [[Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt]] in Charlottenburg, Maltby worked as a research assistant to Friedrich Kohlrausch on electrolytic [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity|conductivity]] in solutions.<ref name="Proffitt" /> Based on their data, Kohlrausch proposed the [[Molar conductivity|non-linear law for strong electrolytes]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kenndler |first=Ernst |date=2022 |title=Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) and its Basic Principles in Historical Retrospect. Part 3. 1840s –1900ca. The First CE of Ions in 1861. Transference Numbers, Migration Velocity, Conductivity, Mobility |url=https://riviste.fupress.net/index.php/subs/article/view/1423/1108 |journal=
In 1900 Maltby took up a position as an instructor in chemistry at [[Barnard College]], hoping that an opportunity would soon open up for her to teach physics. In 1903 Marie Reimer was hired as the head chemistry instructor and Maltby transferred to physics. Maltby's involvement in administration and building up the physics department left her little time for research, although she spent a sabbatical year in 1909–1910 at the [[Cavendish Laboratory]]. Maltby held positions at Barnard as an [[adjunct professor]] of physics (1903–1910), assistant professor (1910–1913), and associate professor and [[Chair (officer)|chair]] (1913–1931).<ref name="Kidwell" /> While at Barnard, Maltby took an active role in college life, including participating in student groups, judging contests, and hosting afternoon teas for the faculty.<ref name="personal" /> She also introduced one of the first courses in the physics of music.<ref name="cwpucla" />
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