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In 1887, Maltby enrolled at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)]] and went on to earn a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S]]. degree in 1891. She had to enroll as a "special" student because the institution did not accept female students. She met [[Ellen Swallow Richards]] in 1887 and joined her "[[Ellen Swallow Richards#Woman's Laboratory assistant instructor|Women's Laboratory]]" at MIT.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Henrietta (Swallow) Richards with female students in classroom, 1888 |url=https://digital-exhibits.libraries.mit.edu/s/under-the-lens/item/3648 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Under the Lens: Women Biologists and Chemists at MIT (1865-2024) |language=en-US}}</ref> Maltby formed a life-long friendship with Richards and later spoke at her memorial of the "constant thoughtfulness" of the only female teacher at MIT for the female students.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1912-02-02 |title=Memorial to Mrs. Ellen H. Richards |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.35.892.176 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=35 |issue=892 |pages=176–177 |doi=10.1126/science.35.892.176 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref name="personal" />
Maltby was the first woman to earn a B.S. degree from MIT, and for this achievement Oberlin College awarded her an honorary [[Master of Arts|A.M.]] in 1891.<ref name=":0" /> While at MIT, Maltby conducted research on [[acoustics]] with [[Charles R. Cross (physicist)|Charles R. Cross]] on the minimum number of vibrations necessary to determine a difference in [[frequency]] between two sounds. Their research was in response to work by [[Félix Savart]] and [[Friedrich Kohlrausch (physicist)|Friedrich Kohlrausch]] who had argued that at least two cycles of a [[Sound|sound wave]] were required. Maltby and Cross's work, published in 1892, showed that less than a cycle was necessary to distinguish a C3 [[tuning fork]] from a C4 tuning fork, which are an [[octave]] different in pitch.<ref name="Kidwell" />
In 1893 Maltby enrolled at the [[University of Göttingen]], one of the first three women to do so. The other two women, who also entered in that same year, were [[Grace Chisholm Young]] and [[Mary Frances Winston Newson]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Claire G. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/243548798 |title=Femininity, mathematics, and science, 1880-1914 |date=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-55521-1 |location=New York |pages=41, 51 |oclc=243548798}}</ref> Maltby was able to attend the university through a European Fellowship from the [[Association of Collegiate Alumnae]]. This [[fellowship]], created largely through the efforts of [[Christine Ladd-Franklin]], was intended to pressure foreign universities to open their doors to female students on a regular basis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rossiter |first=Margaret W. |date=1982 |title=Doctorates for American Women, 1868-1907 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/367747 |journal=History of Education Quarterly |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=159–183 |doi=10.2307/367747 |issn=0018-2680}}</ref> In 1895 Maltby received her Ph.D., becoming the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Göttingen and the first woman to obtain a Ph.D. in physics from any German university.<ref name="smithsonian" /> For her doctoral work Maltby studied under [[Walther Nernst]] in his [[physical chemistry]] laboratory. Nernst was interested in the theory of [[ionic dissociation]] and early research into this topic had focused on solutions that were relatively good [[Electrical conductor|conductors]]. In her dissertation Maltby studied [[Solvent|solvents]] that were poor conductors, including alcohol, ether, and water.<ref name="Kidwell" /> She applied a [[Wheatstone bridge]] in a novel way to measure the conductivity in electrolytically resistant substances.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oakes |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=RtyPEAAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&dq=Margaret+Eliza+Maltby&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists, Updated Edition |date=2020-07-01 |publisher=Infobase Holdings, Inc |isbn=978-1-4381-9545-2 |pages=659 |language=en}}</ref>
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