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Mies was active in social movements from the late 1960s. Her activism was in favour of [[Women's liberation movement in Europe|women's liberation]] and [[Peace movement|pacifism]] and against the [[Vietnam War]] and [[Anti-nuclear movement|nuclear armaments]]. She taught sociology at the [[Cologne University of Applied Sciences]] and [[University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research]] in the 1970s. Becoming aware of the lack of knowledge about women's history, she helped found and then gave lectures at the first [[women's shelter]] in Germany. In 1979, she began teaching [[women's studies]] at the [[International Institute of Social Studies]] in [[The Hague]] and founded a [[master's degree]] programme for women from [[Developing country|developing countries]], based on feminist theory.
Returning to Germany and the University of Applied Sciences in 1981, Mies became involved in the [[Ecofeminism|ecofeminist movement]] and in activism against [[genetic engineering]] and [[reproductive technology]]. She coined the phrase "housewifisation" for the processes that occurred to devalue women's labour and make it invisible. From the 1980s, she wrote extensively about the [[Intersectionality|intersection]] between [[capitalism]], [[patriarchy]] and [[colonialism]]. Mies was one of the first scholars to recognise the similarities between the socio-politico-economic positions held by women and colonised people. Her works theorised that women and colonised people's labour was devalued and exploited under capitalism, and studied the links between women's struggles for liberation and their broader struggles for social and [[environmental justice]]. One of her main concerns was the development of an alternative, feminist and [[Decoloniality|decolonial]] approach in methodology and in economics. Her pioneering work, which included writing textbooks on the history of women's movements, has garnered international analysis and been translated into several languages.
== Early life and education ==
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===Later (1978-2001)===
Mies arrived in India in 1978 to analyze rural subsistence production, meaning how domestic and farm labour, as well as cottage industry, allowed families to survive, but also led to the expansion of wealth for landlords and industries. She remained in India to the end of 1979 and spent time with her former pupil, Sarkar, who at the time was a lecturer at the Goethe Institute in [[Hyderabad]]. The results of her study of rural industry were published as ''The Lacemakers of Narsapur: Indian Housewives Produce for the World Market'' in 1982. She returned to Europe after accepting a position at the [[International Institute of Social Studies]] in [[The Hague]]. There, she created a [[master's degree]] programme for women from [[Developing country|developing countries]]. To enable her students to complete the [[Practicum|practical requirements]], Mies made contact with local feminist groups to develop joint projects they could carry out.<ref name="Bauer" /> The administration decided not to renew the "Women and Development" programme for the next semester but Mies and her students successfully protested and the course continued to be offered.<ref name="Bauer" /> Because no textbooks at that time existed on the history of women's movements, particularly for the Global South, Mies and [[Kumari Jayawardena]], a political scientist at the [[University of Colombo]], wrote a series of texts for their students to use. Launching an international research project, she worked with scholars [[Mia Berden]], [[Rhoda Reddock]], and [[Saskia Wieringa]] to create a historiography of women's movements for Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Latin America with help from academics and activists from those countries.<ref name="Dubel">{{cite web |last1=Dubel |first1=Ireen |title=Passing Away: Emeritus Professor Maria Mies |url=https://www.iss.nl/en/news/passing-away-emeritus-professor-maria-mies |website=IISS News |publisher=[[International Institute of Social Studies]] |access-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524045353/https://www.iss.nl/en/news/passing-away-emeritus-professor-maria-mies |archive-date=24 May 2023 |location=The Hague, Netherlands |date=22 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The programme was based on ideas she had first developed about women's studies and feminist scholarship in a 1977 paper "Towards a Methodology for Feminist Research" delivered at a conference in Frankfurt.<ref name="Schmitz" >{{cite journal |last1=Schmitz |first1=Betty |title=Reviewed Work: Theories of Women's Studies by Gloria Bowles, Renate Duelli Klein |journal=[[The Journal of Higher Education]] |date=January–February 1985 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=101–103 |doi=10.2307/1981725 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1981725 |access-date=20 May 2023 |publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]] |location=Columbus, Ohio |jstor=1981725 |issn=0022-1546 |oclc=8142350210}}</ref>{{rp|102}} To combat what she saw as a disconnect between theory and practical application in the academic setting, Mies aimed to rewrite existing teaching methods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yeager |first1=Matthew G. |title=The Freedom of Information Act as a Methodological Tool: Suing the Government for Data |journal=Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice |date=July 2006 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=499–521 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-criminology-and-criminal-justice_2006-07_48_4/page/511/mode/1up |access-date=20 May 2023 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Tornoto, Ontario |doi=10.3138/cjccj.48.4.499 |issn=1707-7753 |oclc=361889328}}</ref>{{rp|511}} She did not believe that feminist research could use existing research models and proposed instead seven steps to completely re-imagine research with usefulness and respect for the subject in mind.<ref name="Schmitz" />{{rp|102}} These steps included a rejection of both quantitative methods and extrapolation of studies on men to apply to women's experiences.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Westmarland |first1=Nicole |title=The Quantitative/Qualitative Debate and Feminist Research: A Subjective View of Objectivity |journal=Forum: Qualitative Social Research |date=February 2001 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.17169/fqs-2.1.974 |url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0101135 |access-date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Institut für Sozialwissenschaften Otto-von-Guericke-Universität |location=Berlin, Germany |issn=1438-5627 |oclc=7179505508}}</ref>{{rp|1–2}} She argued that research should be participatory,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Ritu Sen |editor1-last=Ghosh |editor1-first=Ghosh |title=Methodology of Research in Sociology |url=https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/socp3/ |date=2018 |publisher=[[INFLIBNET Centre]] |location=Gandhinagar, India |chapter=28 Feminist Methodology in Sociological Research |chapter-url=https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/socp3/chapter/feminist-methodology-in-sociological-research/ |id=Search term "participatory"}}</ref> meaning that the researcher and the subject should collaborate in the processes and goals of the study, which should aim at empowering women and dismantling patriarchal systems.<ref name="Sprague & Zimmerman">{{cite journal |last1=Sprague |first1=Joey |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Mary K. |title=Quality and Quantity: Reconstructing Feminist Methodology |journal=[[The American Sociologist]] |date=March 1989 |volume=20 |pages=71–86 |doi=10.1007/BF02697788 |publisher=[[American Sociological Association]] |location=Albany, New York |issn=0003-1232 |oclc=5656565707}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Link]]}}</ref>{{rp|77}} The paper was later published as a chapter of the book ''Theories of Women's Studies'' (1983),<ref name="Schmitz" />{{rp|102}} and praised for its methodological innovations and theoretical advancements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griffith |first1=Alison I. |title=Reviewed Work: Theories of Women's Studies by Gloria Bowles, Renate Duelli Klein |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Sociology]] |date=Autumn 1986 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=311–314 |doi=10.2307/3341107 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3341107 |access-date=1 July 2023 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |issn=0318-6431 |oclc=5546268950}}</ref>{{rp|313}}<ref name="Barnes">{{cite journal |last1=Barnes |first1=Nancy |title=Reviewed Works: Feminist Frontiers: Rethinking Sex, Gender, and Society by Laurel Richardson, Verta Taylor; Theories of Women's Studies by Gloria Bowles, Renate Duelli-Klein |journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs]] |date=Spring 1985 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=579–581 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174269 |access-date=1 July 2023 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |issn=0097-9740 |oclc=5548306869}}</ref>{{rp|581}} Scholar Nancy Barnes, stated that Mies's article was so compelling that "it alone makes the book worth buying", but noted that the chapter did not resolve the question of whether women's studies should be a stand-alone field, or integrated into other fields.<ref name="Barnes" />{{rp|581}}
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== Later life, death, and legacy ==
Mies wrote an autobiography, ''Das Dorf und die Welt'' (''The Village and the World'', 2008).<ref name="Spiegel" /> In her later years, Mies lived in a care facility, and at the end of her life was unable to recognise her husband, who visited her daily.<ref name="Mascarenhas" /> Mies died on 15 May 2023, at age 92.<ref name="Spiegel">{{cite magazine |title=Maria Mies, 92 |url=https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/maria-mies-92-nachruf-a-66b88048-3266-4851-b8c2-a16a2c663a78?context=issue |access-date=19 May 2023 |magazine=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=19 May 2023 |language=de |publisher=Spiegel-Verlag |location=Hamburg, Germany |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519152739/https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/maria-mies-92-nachruf-a-66b88048-3266-4851-b8c2-a16a2c663a78?context=issue |archive-date=19 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mascarenhas" />
Author Monika Mengel, stated that Mies
== Selected works ==
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