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Maria Mies: Difference between revisions

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Picking up themes of domination from ''Patriarchy and Accumulation'', Mies's 1988 book ''Women: The Last Colony'', written with social scientists Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen and [[Claudia von Werlhof]], brought colonised people into the analysis. They explained that just as women were rendered invisible, subjugated people were isolated from mainstream society and were treated as a natural resource to be exploited.<ref name="Meintel" />{{rp|388}} Departing from a strict [[Marxist feminism|Marxist feminist]] argument, the central theme of the work was that the exploitation and oppression of women and colonised people were not secondary results caused by capitalism, but fundamental to creating the mechanisms of global production.<ref name="Meintel" />{{rp|388–389}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilkinson-Weber |first1=Clare M. |title=Skill, Dependency, and Differentiation: Artisans and Agents in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry |journal=[[Ethnology (journal)|Ethnology]] |date=Winter 1997 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=49–65 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ethnology_winter-1997_36_1/page/n53/mode/1up |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |doi=10.2307/3773935 |jstor=3773935 |issn=0014-1828 |oclc=7781060900}}</ref>{{rp|50}} {{Lang|fr|[[Université de Montréal]]|italic=no}} anthropology professor, {{ill|Deirdre Meintel|wikidata|Q55626697}}, noted that Mies argued that labour exploitation was a primary factor in developing both social classes and economic divisions.<ref name="Meintel" />{{rp|390}} Meintel also said that Mies's chapter 7, "Class Struggles and Women's Struggles in India", was "worth the price of the book", as it told of the successful resistance by women in [[Andhra Pradesh]], who aligned with male peasants' fight to protect their rights.<ref name="Meintel" />{{rp|390}}
''Ecofeminism'' (1993), witten by Mies and scholar [[Vandana Shiva]] used a Marxist approach to evaluate climate change, loss of diversity, multi-systemic failures, and resistance. They evaluated how production systems and accumulation caused dispossession of land and culture, leading to problems such as world hunger.<ref name="Andrieu & Eliosoff">{{cite journal |last1=Andrieu |first1=Jimena |last2=Eliosoff Ferrero |first2=María Julia |title=Crisis multisistémicas y resistencias en los territorios latinoamericanos. Diálogo con Maria Mies y Vandana Shiva desde el ecofeminismo |journal=Cuadernos de Economía Crítica |date=2019 |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=171–177 |url=https://doaj.org/article/d0baa90f891a4090ab1efd7dcf1c75d6 |access-date=20 May 2023 |trans-title=Multisystemic Crises and Resistance in Latin American Territories: Dialogue with Maria Mies and Vandana Shiva about Ecofeminism |publisher=Sociedad de Economía Crítica de Argentina y Uruguay |location=Buenos Aires, Argentina |language=Spanish |issn=2408-400X |oclc=9456617883}}</ref>{{rp|171–172}} Mies and Shiva argued that women were linked internationally by their common experiences related to capitalist expansion. According to the environmental scholar [[Catriona Sandilands]], unlike other ecofeminist works the book demonstrated that despite geographical differences and socio-economic variances "women's lives and bodies are being colonised" through capitalist mechanisms.<ref name="Sandilands" />{{rp|97–98}} Yet, Sandilands also said that gender was not the only factor involved in creating capitalist inequalities, and that a theory based on that single premise must be flawed. She statedsaid that given the diversity of women's experiences and cultural contexts, the claim that subsistence activities would solve global distribution problems might be utopian.<ref name="Sandilands" />{{rp|98}}

The book was updated and republished in 2014, concluding that the issues it had addressed were worsening instead of improving. It was also translated into Spanish in 2016.<ref name="Andrieu & Eliosoff" />{{rp|171–172}} Evaluating the links between technology, science, and cultural development, scholars Jimena Andrieu and María Julia Eliosoff Ferrero, said that Mies and Shiva pointed out that globalisation led to a crisis which reduced human freedoms by [[Commodification|commodifying]] and [[Privatization|privatising]] everything to increase production and profits.<ref name="Andrieu & Eliosoff" />{{rp|173}} Mies and Shiva argued that by placing nurturing of life and health as the focal point of economics, a balance between society, the economy, and the ecosystem would be restored.<ref name="Andrieu & Eliosoff" />{{rp|174}} The re-issuance of the book sparked new debate on the roles of women in activist movements in the Global South. Andrieu and Eliosoff saiddisagreed with the theory, saying that with large sectors of the population unemployed and living in poverty in the southern hemisphere, the turn toward subsistence and producing only goods that sustain life becomeswas questionable.<ref name="Andrieu & Eliosoff" />{{rp|175}}
 
[[File:Iceberg Model of Captitalist patriarchal Economics.png|alt=A diagram of a triangle representing the economy in patriarchal capitalist societies. The triangle mimics the shape of an iceberg, whereby the visible tip consists of paid wage labour and the hidden underside consists of the informal labour sector.|thumb|An illustration of the "iceberg model" from Mies and Bennholdt-Thomsen's 1999 book ''The Subsistence Perspective'']]
In ''The Subsistence Perspective'' (1999), Mies and Bennholdt-Thomsen argued that subsistence production, the production of [[goods]] and [[Goods and services|services]] for personal or community use, has been devalued, hidden, and [[marginalised]] by capitalist systems. Using the "iceberg model", they noted that the only visible labour in a traditional capitalistic society is that of the formal labour force. Hidden below the surface, the base of the iceberg represents unpaid domestic work, [[Care work|caring]], and [[Informal economy|informal labour]],<ref name="Kazuo">{{cite journal |last1=Kazuo |first1=Suzuki |script-title=ja:つの経済の分析枠組み |journal={{lang|ja|季刊経済理論|italic=no}} / Political Economic Quarterly |date=2019 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=48–62 |doi=10.20667/peq.56.2_48 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/peq/56/2/56_48/_pdf |access-date=21 May 2023 |trans-title=Analytical Framework for Two Economies |publisher=[[Musashi University]] for the Economic Theory Society |location=Tokyo, Japan |language=Japanese |issn=1882-5184 |oclc=9648139033}}</ref>{{rp|59}} which includes various forms of untaxed labour such as micro-entrepreneurs, child labourers and family members who work for other family members, and non-permanent workers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Packard |first1=Truman G. |last2=Koettl |first2=Johannes |last3=Montenegro |first3=Claudio |title=In from the Shadow: Integrating Europe's Informal Labor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KG0i36x16boC&pg=PA2 |date=2012 |publisher=World Bank Publications |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8213-9550-9}}</ref>{{rp|2}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perez-Lopez |first1=Jorge |last2=Schoepfle |first2=Gregory |title=The Informal Sector and Worker Rights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvS1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2 |date=1993 |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=1225668698}}</ref>{{rp|2}} They argued instead, in favour of a society in which, instead of delegating labour-intensive work to certain segments of the population, communities shared all tasks within communities,.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dreysse |first1=Carmen |title=Geneviève Pruvost, Quotidien Politique. Féminisme, écologie, subsistance |journal=Les comptes rendus / Lectures |date=2022 |doi=10.4000/lectures.53857 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lectures/53857 |access-date=21 May 2023 |trans-title=Geneviève Pruvost, Political Daily. Feminism, Ecology, Subsistence |publisher=[[École normale supérieure de Lyon]] |location=Lyon, France |s2cid=246312772 |language=French |issn=2116-5289 |oclc=9396193148}}</ref> givingThe sharing model would give each person a basic income, some security, and a measure of power in decision-making.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kanji |first1=Nazneen |title=Mind the Gap: Mainstreaming Gender and Participation in Development |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep18134 |date=2003 |publisher=[[International Institute for Environment and Development]] |location=London |chapter=Preface |pages=vii–xii |chapter-url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep18134.3|isbn=978-1-84369-466-3}}</ref>{{rp|xi}} The book was called an "excellent feminist source on political economy" by the sociologist [[Ariel Salleh]] of the [[Western Sydney University]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salleh |first1=Ariel |author-link=Ariel Salleh |title=Reviewed Work: The Politics of Money: Towards Sustainability and Economic Democracy by Frances Hutchinson, Mary Mellor, Wendy Olsen |journal=[[Organization & Environment]] |date=September 2003 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=395–398 |doi=10.1177/10860266030163010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26162484 |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |jstor=26162484 |s2cid=220752627 |issn=1086-0266 |oclc=7851086801}}</ref>{{rp|396}}
 
== Later life, death, and legacy ==