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== Early life and education ==
[[File:Auel (Steffeln) 10.jpg|thumb|alt=Image of a village surrounded by pastures flanked by rows of trees|Auel, Germany]]
Mies was born in [[Hillesheim, Rhineland-Palatinate|Hillesheim]], Germany, on 6 February 1931 to Johann and Gertrud Mies.<ref name="Bauer">{{cite web |last=Schuster |first=Stefan |title=Maria Mies |url=https://www.fritz-bauer-forum.de/datenbank/maria-mies/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=fritz-bauer-forum.de |publisher=Buxus Stiftung |date=2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308090021/https://www.fritz-bauer-forum.de/datenbank/maria-mies/ |archive-date=8 March 2023 |location=Bochum, Germany |language=de |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Franken">{{cite web |last=Franken |first=Irene |title=Maria Mies |url=https://www.frauengeschichtsverein.de/start-und-news/frau-des-monats-2021/februar-2021/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=frauengeschichtsverein.de |publisher=Kölner Frauengeschichtsverein e.V. |date=2021 |location=Cologne, Germany |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516163104/https://www.frauengeschichtsverein.de/start-und-news/frau-des-monats-2021/februar-2021/ |archive-date=16 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> She came from a rural background, growing up in a family of farmers in [[Steffeln|Auel]], a village in the [[Vulkaneifel]] region<ref name="Bauer" /> of the Prussian Rhine Province (now in [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]).<ref name="Bauer"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lutz |first1=Herbert |last2=Lorenz |first2=Volker |title=Early Volcanological Research in the Vulkaneifel, Germany, the Classic Region of Maar–Diatreme Volcanoes: The Years 1774–1865 |journal=[[Bulletin of Volcanology]] |date=August 2013 |volume=75 |issue=8 |pages=743–758 |doi=10.1007/s00445-013-0743-0 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-013-0743-0 |access-date=1 July 2023 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] for the [[International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior]] |location=Berlin, Germany |issn=0258-8900 |oclc=5659170779|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|747}} She was the seventh of twelve children,<ref name="Franken" /> who all worked in the fields while they were pupils at the local school with only one classroom. Her mother's temperament was optimistic, but her father was a patriarchal figure and caused fear for the family members with his anger. They were raised as Catholic.<ref name="Bauer" /> She was the first student from her village to complete secondary school,<ref name="Franken" /><ref name="Spiegel" /> which she attended in [[Gerolstein]], while boarding with a family friend. She then started at the Regino-Gymnasium in [[Prüm]], but the school was closed in September 1944 because of the [[World War II|war]].<ref name="Bauer" />
From 1947, she trained in [[Trier]] where she earned her [[abitur]] and then enrolled at the Pedagogical Academy in [[Koblenz]] to become a primary school teacher. In order to attend courses free of charge, she had to agree to teach for five years. After two years of study, she was assigned to primary schools in Auel and later in [[Worms, Germany|Worms]]. In 1950, Mies met a Pakistani Muslim tourist who was travelling in Germany. Zulfiquar would have a profound influence on her life, as their relationship developed into a romance. Rejecting his proposal of marriage on the basis of their incompatible religions, led her to serious study of religious doctrines and patriarchy.<ref name="Bauer" /> She chose to remain single for many years in order to maintain her independence.<ref name="Mengel" /> In 1955, she asked for a new placement and was sent to Trier, where she taught and also studied English. Mies passed her secondary teacher's examination in 1962 and was assigned to teach English and German in [[Morbach]]. Unwilling to be a secondary school teacher, she applied to the [[Goethe-Institut|Goethe Institute]] and asked for a placement in Asia or the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Bauer" />
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== Scholarly contributions ==
Mies's earliest works such as ''Indian Women in Patriarchy'' (1980) and ''The Lace Makers of Narsapur'' (1982), which evaluated her years in India, as well as later works like "Sexist and Racist Implications of New Reproductive Technology" (''Alternatives'', 1987) critiqued policies aimed at maintaining an uneven, stratified societal structure which encouraged domination and exploitation.<ref name="Léveillé" >{{cite journal |last1=Léveillé |first1=Danielle |title=Comptes Rendus: Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale Women in the International Division of Labour. Zed Books Ltd, Third World Books, New Jersey, 1986, 251 pages. |journal=Recherches Féministes |date=1988 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=149–152 |doi=10.7202/057523ar |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/rf/1988-v1-n2-rf1638/057523ar/ |access-date=20 May 2023 |trans-title=Proceedings: Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale Women in the International Division of Labour. Zed Books Ltd, Third World Books, New Jersey, 1986, 251 pages. |publisher=[[Université Laval]] |location=Quebec City, Quebec |language=French |issn=0838-4479|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806021405/https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/rf/1988-v1-n2-rf1638/057523ar/ |archive-date=6 August 2022 |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|149}} She sought to evaluate how women's labour became hidden and how the perception that women were reliant upon a husband's income emerged. She theorised that by eliminating pay for the work women performed, making them available at all times for labour, alienating them from society by keeping them in the home, giving them no job security, and eliminating their ability to contract or [[Trade union|unionise]], women lost [[Agency (sociology)|agency]]. She named the process which prevented women from being seen as producers or self-employed individuals and resulted in their exploitation, "housewifisation".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teixeira |first1=Mylene N. |last2=Strazzeri |first2=Victor |title=Tradução do Verbete: Hausfrauisierung (H). Frigga Haug. Historisch-Kritisches Wörterbuch des Marxismus, HKWM Band 5. Berlin 2001, 1209–1215. |journal=Revista Estudos Feministas |date=2001 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1590/1806-9584-2018v26n256412 |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ref/v26n2/1806-9584-ref-26-02-e56412.pdf |access-date=20 May 2023 |trans-title=Translation Entry: Housewifisation (H). Frigga Haug. Historical-Critical Dictionary of Marxism, HKWM Volume 5. Berlin 2001, 1209–1215. |publisher=Instituto de Estudos de Genero, [[Federal University of Santa Catarina|Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina]] |location=Florianópolis, Brazil |s2cid=150292239 |language=Portuguese |issn=0104-026X}}</ref>{{Rp|2}} The anthropologist Danielle Léveillé characterised Mies's works as both "masterful" and "astonishing" in that she was able to link variables from the [[Decolonization|anti-colonial]], [[Anti-racism|anti-racist]], ecology, feminist, and [[Nonviolence|non-violence]] movements to critique policies that established power relationships in society.<ref name="Léveillé" />{{rp|149}}
Political scientist {{ill|Elisabeth Prügl|wikidata|Q58195777}} pointed to Mies's connection of the threads in society that united women, colonised people, and nature as being free for exploitation. The unpaid labour of the former was easily equated to the free availability of air and water.<ref name=Prügl>{{cite journal |last1=Prügl |first1=Elisabeth |title=Home-Based Workers: A Comparative Exploration of Mies's Theory of Housewifization |journal=[[Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies]] |date=January 1996 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=114–135 |doi=10.2307/3346904 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346904 |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |jstor=3346904 |issn=0160-9009 |oclc=5546263196}}</ref>{{rp|115}} Prügl tested Mies's theory that housewives were superexploited and confirmed that they were. Using data from the [[International Labour Organization]], she found that housewives universally earned less than the legal minimum wage.<ref name=Prügl />{{rp|116}} In looking at homemakers in Brazil, Britain, Pakistan, Thailand, and Turkey, Prügl confirmed that housewives were typically viewed as non-workers.<ref name=Prügl />{{rp|129}} However, she found that there was not a universal acceptance by women, or their various societies, of the cultural and political meaning of housewifery and its value.<ref name=Prügl />{{rp|129–130}} She concluded that because of the "multiple contextual meanings" of the term housewife, exploitation more likely resulted from the political, rather than economic, spread of [[capitalism]].<ref name=Prügl />{{rp|130}} Prügl questioned whether housewifisation as an underpinning of capitalism failed to evaluate whether exploitation was instead related to global patriarchy.<ref name=Prügl />{{rp|116}}
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Mies wrote an autobiography, {{lang|de|Das Dorf und die Welt: Lebensgeschichten – Zeitgeschichten}} (''The Village and the World: My Life, Our Times'', 2008).<ref name="Spiegel" /> In a review, feminist academic [[Renate Klein]], who knew Mies for nearly three decades, wrote that it was an honest reflection of the failures and successes of Mies's life. Klein said that Mies's youth in a self-sufficient farming village gave her the practical skills to meet life's struggles and shaped her future works on subsistence theory. She called the autobiography "an important piece of contemporary and women's history", because it recalled how feminism – and the fight against discrimination, exploitation, and violence – had changed and grown over the period of Mies's life.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Klein |first1=Renate |author-link=Renate Klein |editor-last=Pusch |editor-first=Luise F. |editor-link=Luise F. Pusch |title=Rezension: ''Maria Mies: Das Dorf und die Welt – Lebensgeschichten Zeitgeschichten'', 2008 |url=https://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/empfehlungen/maria-mies-das-dorf-und-die-welt-lebensgeschichten-zeitgeschichten-2008/ |website=FemBio |publisher=Institut für Frauen-Biographieforschung |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519204240/https://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/empfehlungen/maria-mies-das-dorf-und-die-welt-lebensgeschichten-zeitgeschichten-2008/ |archive-date=19 May 2023 |location=Hannover Nord, Germany |language=German |trans-title=Review: Maria Mies, ''The Village and the World – My Life, Our Times'', 2008 |date=20 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In her later years, Mies lived in a care facility, and at the end of her life was unable to recognise her husband, who visited her daily.<ref name="Mascarenhas" /> Mies died on 15 May 2023, at age 92.<ref name="Spiegel">{{cite magazine |title=Maria Mies, 92 |url=https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/maria-mies-92-nachruf-a-66b88048-3266-4851-b8c2-a16a2c663a78?context=issue |access-date=19 May 2023 |magazine=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=19 May 2023 |language=de |publisher=Spiegel-Verlag |location=Hamburg, Germany |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519152739/https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/maria-mies-92-nachruf-a-66b88048-3266-4851-b8c2-a16a2c663a78?context=issue |archive-date=19 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mascarenhas" />
Author Monika Mengel, stated that Mies is regarded as a pioneer of women's studies in Germany<ref name="Mengel" /> and Ireen Dubel, a policy expert on women's rights, stated that not only were her scholarly contributions pioneering, but they served as "inspiration for different generations of feminist scholars and activists.<ref name="Dubel" /> Her original concept of "housewifisation", introduced in ''Patriarchy and Accumulation'' but developed in her study of lacemakers in India,<ref name=Prügl />{{rp|115}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bagley |first1=Jennifer |title=Mies, Maria |url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/08/09/mies-maria-2/ |website=Critics & Theorists |publisher=[[Emory University]] |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505054450/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/08/09/mies-maria-2/ |archive-date=5 May 2023 |location=Atlanta, Georgia |date=July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> is widely used by academics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Casalini |first1=Brunella |title=Neoliberal Capitalism and the 'New Sexual Contract' |url=https://ecpr.eu/Events/Event/PaperDetails/35639 |website=ECPR General Conference |publisher=[[European Consortium for Political Research]] |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521214855/https://ecpr.eu/Events/Event/PaperDetails/35639 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |location=Hythe Quay, Colchester |date=September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Piccardi" >{{cite journal |last1=Piccardi |first1=Eleonora Gea |title=The Challenges of a Kurdish Ecofeminist Perspective: Maria Mies, Abdullah Öcalan, and the Praxis of Jineolojî |journal=[[Capitalism Nature Socialism]] |date=January 2022 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1080/10455752.2021.1905016 |url=https://www.kurdistanamericalatina.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Challenges-of-a-Kurdish-Ecofeminist-Perspective.pdf |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=Abingdon, UK |s2cid=233695302 |issn=1045-5752 |oclc=9472984417}}</ref>{{rp|47}} Mies was one of the first feminist scholars to analyze the similarities between the position of women and colonised people in socio-economic hierarchies.<ref name="Meintel">{{cite journal |last1=Meintel |first1=Deirdre |author-link=Deirdre Meintel |title=Reviewed Work: Women: the Last Colony by Maria Mies, Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen, Claudia Von Werlhof |journal=Labour, Capital and Society |date=November 1989 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=388–391 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43157888 |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=[[Saint Mary's University (Halifax)|Saint Mary's University]] |location=Halifax, Nova Scotia |jstor=43157888 |issn=0706-1706 |oclc=5919328453}}</ref>{{rp|389}} Her book ''Ecofeminism'' has had international impact,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toksoy |first1=N. Gamze |title='Dünyayı Yeniden Dokumak' Shiva ve Mies'den Ekofeminizm |journal=Fe Dergi |date=June 2021 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=101–106 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1803093 |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=Kadın Sorunları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi'nin |location=Ankara, Turkey |doi=10.46655/federgi.946958 |s2cid=238824195 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113230435/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1803093 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |language=Turkish |trans-title='Re-Weaving the World' Ecofeminism by Shiva and Mies |issn=1309-128X |oclc=9530898453 |url-status=live|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|101}} and has been translated into several languages, including Spanish<ref name="Andrieu & Eliosoff" />{{rp|171}} and Turkish.<ref name="Piccardi" />{{rp|46}}
== Selected works ==
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