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{{Short description|Sedative–hypnotic drug withdrawn due to recreational abuse}}
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{{Infobox drug
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| image = Methaqualone2.svg
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| image2 = [https://www.discretemedicine.com/product/methadol Methaqualone] ball-and-stick model.png
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The sedative–hypnotic activity of methaqualone was first notedrecognized in 1955. In 1962, methaqualone was patented in the United States by [[Novadel-Agene|Wallace and Tiernan]].<ref>{{Cite patent | country = US Patent| number = 3135659 | title = Hydroxy and Alkoxy Aryl Quinazolones | status = granted | inventor = Vithal SB, Campanella LA, Hays EE | assign1 = US Filter Wallace and Tiernan Inc | gdate = 1964-06-02}}</ref> Its use peaked in the early 1970s for the treatment of [[insomnia]], and as a sedative and [[muscle relaxant]].
 
Methaqualone became increasingly popular as a [[Recreational drug use|recreational drug]] and [[club drug]] in the late 1960s and 1970s, known variously as "ludes" or "disco biscuits"<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news | vauthors = Bekiempis V |title=Do People Still Take Quaaludes? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/do-people-still-take-quaaludes-357914 |access-date=22 July 2023 |work=Newsweek |publisher=NEWSWEEK DIGITAL LLC |date=August 2, 2015}}</ref> due to its widespread use during the popularity of [[disco]] in the 1970s, or "sopers" (also "soaps") in the United States and Canada, and "mandrakes" and "mandies" in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. The substance was sold both as a [[free base]] and as a salt (hydrochloride). This use means the drug is [[prohibition of drugs|controlled]] in most countries, and is so under Schedule II of the [[United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances]].
 
== Medical use ==
Methaqualone primarily acts as a sedative, relieving anxiety and promoting sleep. Methaqualone binds to [[GABAA receptor|GABA-A receptors]], and it shows negligible affinity for a wide array of other potential targets, including other receptors and [[neurotransmitter transporter]]s.<ref name="Hammer-2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hammer H, Bader BM, Ehnert C, Bundgaard C, Bunch L, Hoestgaard-Jensen K, Schroeder OH, Bastlund JF, Gramowski-Voß A, Jensen AA | title = A Multifaceted GABAA Receptor Modulator: Functional Properties and Mechanism of Action of the Sedative-Hypnotic and Recreational Drug Methaqualone (Quaalude) | journal = Molecular Pharmacology | volume = 88 | issue = 2 | pages = 401–420 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26056160 | pmc = 4518083 | doi = 10.1124/mol.115.099291 }}</ref> Methaqualone is a positive [[allosteric modulator]] at many subtypes of GABA-A receptor, similar to classical [[benzodiazepine]]s such as [[diazepam]]. GABA-A receptors are inhibitory, so methaqualone tends to inhibit action potentials, similar to GABA itself or other GABA-A agonists. Unlike most benzodiazepines, methaqualone acts as a negative allosteric modulator at a few GABA-A receptor subtypes, which tends to cause an excitatory response in neurons expressing those receptors. Because methaqualone can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the subunit composition of the GABA-A receptor, it can be characterized as a mixed GABA-A receptor modulator.<ref name="Hammer-2015" /> The methaqualone binding site is distinct from the [[benzodiazepine]], [[barbiturate]], and [[neurosteroid]] binding sites on the GABA-A receptor complex, and it may partially overlap with the [[etomidate]] binding site.<ref name="Hammer-2015" />
Methaqualone is a sedative that increases the activity of the [[GABA receptor]]s in the brain and nervous system, similarly to [[benzodiazepine]]s and [[barbiturate]]s. When GABA activity is increased, blood pressure drops and breathing and pulse rates slow, leading to a state of deep relaxation. These properties explain why methaqualone was originally mainly prescribed for insomnia.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Methaqualone reference |url=http://www.enotes.com/methaqualone-reference/methaqualone |publisher=Enotes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223014958/http://www.enotes.com/methaqualone-reference/methaqualone |archive-date=February 23, 2012}}</ref>
 
Methaqualone was not recommended for use while pregnant and is in [[pregnancy category#United States|pregnancy category D]].<ref>{{Cite web| work = TheDrugSafety.com |title=Methaqualone in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding|url=http://thedrugsafety.com/methaqualone/|access-date=15 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002101854/http://thedrugsafety.com/methaqualone/|archive-date=2012-10-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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== Pharmacology ==
Methaqualone peaks in the bloodstream within several hours, with a half-life of 20–60 hours. It has a diverse mechanism of action and mainly acts as a [[GABAA receptor|GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor]] modulator, leading to increased inhibitory transmission and downstream sedative effects via [[Allosteric modulator|allosteric modulation]] and [[Receptor agonism|agonism]] of several GABA<sub>A</sub>R subtypes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors name= "Hammer H, Bader BM, Ehnert C, Bundgaard C, Bunch L, Hoestgaard-Jensen K, Schroeder OH, Bastlund JF, Gramowski-Voß A, Jensen AA | display-authors = 6 | title = A Multifaceted GABAA Receptor Modulator: Functional Properties and Mechanism of Action of the Sedative-Hypnotic and Recreational Drug Methaqualone (Quaalude) | journal = Molecular Pharmacology | volume = 88 | issue = 2 | pages = 401–420 | date = August 2015" | pmid = 26056160 | pmc = 4518083 | doi = 10.1124/mol.115.099291 }}</ref>
 
Similar to other [[GABAergic]] agents, methaqualone will produce tolerance and physical dependence with extended periods of use.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suzuki T, Koike Y, Chida Y, Misawa M | title = Cross-physical dependence of several drugs in methaqualone-dependent rats | journal = Japanese Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 46 | issue = 4 | pages = 403–410 | date = April 1988 | pmid = 3404770 | doi = 10.1254/jjp.46.403 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
== History ==
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== Society and culture ==
=== Brand names ===
It was sold under the brand name Quaalude and (sometimes stylized "Quāālude" in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]),<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Rile K |title=Winter Music |date=1983 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |location=Boston and Toronto |isbn=978-0-316-74657-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/wintermusic00rile/page/41 41, 59] |edition=First |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/wintermusic00rile/page/41 }}</ref> and Mandrax in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[South Africa]], and [[Australia]].
 
=== Regulation ===
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=== Recreational ===
[[File:Quaalude.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A variety of methaqualone pills and capsules.]]
Methaqualone became increasingly popular as a recreational drug in the late 1960s and 1970s, known variously as "ludes" or "sopers" (also "soaps") in the United States and "mandrakes" and "mandies" in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. ''Sopor'' is a Latin word for sleep.
 
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=== Sexual assault ===
{{Main|Drug-facilitated sexual assault}}
Actor [[Bill Cosby]] admitted in courta 2015 civil deposition to giving Quaaludemethaqualone to women before [[Bill Cosby sexual assault cases|engagingallegedly insexually sexual activity withassaulting them]].<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Bowley G, Ember S |date=2015-07-19 |title=Bill Cosby, in Deposition, Said Drugs and Fame Helped Him Seduce Women |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/19/arts/bill-cosby-deposition-reveals-calculated-pursuit-of-young-women-using-fame-drugs-and-deceit.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Bowley G, Somaiya R |date=2015-07-07 |title=Bill Cosby Admission About Quaaludes Offers Accusers Vindication |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/08/business/bill-cosby-said-in-2005-he-obtained-drugs-to-give-to-women.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Film director [[Roman Polanski]], awas filmconvicted director,in was accused1977 of administeringsexually Quaalude toassaulting a 13-year-old girl beforeafter sexually assaultinggiving her alcohol and methaqualone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-30 |title=What does Hollywood's reverence for child rapist Roman Polanski tell us? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jan/30/hollywood-reverence-child-rapist-roman-polanski-convicted-40-years-on-run |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Popular culture ===
Quaaludes are mentioned in the 1983 film ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'', when
Quaalude has been referenced in the 2013 film [[The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)|''The Wolf of Wall Street'']]<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Loughrey C | date = 18 September 2017 |title=Jordan Belfort had to teach Leonardo DiCaprio how to look like he was on drugs for Wolf of Wall Street |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/wolf-of-wall-street-leonardo-dicaprio-jordan-belfort-look-like-on-drugs-for-movie-quualudes-a7952646.html |access-date= 24 January 2023 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> and in the lyrics of the [[David Bowie]] songs "[[Time (David Bowie song)|Time]]" ("Time, in quaaludes and red wine") and "[[Rebel Rebel]]" ("You got your cue line/And a handful of 'ludes"). Quaaludes were again mentioned in the song "Cosmic Doo Doo" by the American [[country music]] singer-songwriter [[Blaze Foley]]. ("Got some qualudes in their purse"). The [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]] song, "[[That Smell]]", also references the drug. ("Can't speak a word when you're full of 'ludes"). More recently it was featured in the song "Kind of Girl" ("That high got me feelin' like the Quaaludes from Wolf of Wall Street") by [[French Montana]]. It is also used by Patrick Melrose in Edward St Aubyn's 1992 novel "Bad News".▼
Al Pacino's character Tony Montana says, "Another quaalude... she'll love me again."
▲QuaaludeQuaaludes hasare beenalso referenced extensively in the 2013 film [[The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)|''The Wolf of Wall Street'']].<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Loughrey C | date = 18 September 2017 |title=Jordan Belfort had to teach Leonardo DiCaprio how to look like he was on drugs for Wolf of Wall Street |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/wolf-of-wall-street-leonardo-dicaprio-jordan-belfort-look-like-on-drugs-for-movie-quualudes-a7952646.html |access-date= 24 January 2023 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> andMany insongs thealso lyricsrefer ofto quaaludes, including the following: [[David Bowie]] songs's "[[Time (David Bowie song)|Time]]" ("Time, in quaaludes and red wine") and "[[Rebel Rebel]]" ("You got your cue line/And a handful of 'ludes"). Quaaludes were again mentioned in the song; "Cosmic Doo Doo" by the American [[country music]] singer-songwriter [[Blaze Foley]]. ("Got some qualudesquaaludes in their purse"). The; "[[LynyrdThat SkynyrdSmell]]" song,by "[[ThatLynyrd SmellSkynyrd]]", also references the drug. ("Can't speak a word when you're full of 'ludes").; More"[[Flakes]]" recentlyby it[[Frank wasZappa]] featured("(Wanna inbuy thesome mandies, Bob?)"); "[[Straight Edge (song)|Straight Edge]]" by [[Minor Threat]] ("Laugh at the thought of eating ludes"); and "Kind of Girl" by [[French Montana]] ("That high got me feelin' like the Quaaludes from ''Wolf of Wall Street''") by [[French Montana]]. It is also used by Patrick Melrose in Edward St Aubyn's 1992 novel "Bad News".{{cn|date=May 2024}}
 
Parody [[glam rock]]er "Quay Lewd", one of the costumed performance personae used by [[The Tubes|Tubes]] singer [[Fee Waybill]], was named after the drug.
 
[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 18)|Season 18]] of ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' addresses Quaalude administration as a [[date rape drug]] in episode 9, "Decline and Fall", which aired January 18, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christiantimes.com/trends/law-order-svu-season-18-episode-9-spoilers-bob-gunton-guest-stars-as-billionaire-rapist.html|title='Law & Order: SVU' season 18 episode 9 spoilers: Bob Gunton guest stars as billionaire rapist|website=The Christian Times|author=Janna Dela Cruz|language=en|date=January 15, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvfanatic.com/2017/01/law-and-order-svu-season-18-episode-9-review-decline-and-fall/|website=TV Fanatic|title=Law & Order: SVU Season 18 Episode 9 Review: Decline and Fall|author=Jack Ori|date=January 18, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2023}}</ref>
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==Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hammer H, Bader BM, Ehnert C, Bundgaard C, Bunch L, Hoestgaard-Jensen K, Schroeder OH, Bastlund JF, Gramowski-Voß A, Jensen AA | display-authors = 6 | title = A Multifaceted GABAA Receptor Modulator: Functional Properties and Mechanism of Action of the Sedative-Hypnotic and Recreational Drug Methaqualone (Quaalude) | journal = Molecular Pharmacology | volume = 88 | issue = 2 | pages = 401–420 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26056160 | pmc = 4518083 | doi = 10.1124/mol.115.099291 }}
{{refend}}
 
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[[Category:Amidines]]
[[Category:Withdrawn drugs]]
[[Category:South Africa and weapons of mass destruction]]
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