[go: nahoru, domu]
Wikipedia

Medri Bahri

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 47.60.46.139 (talk) at 15:32, 3 February 2024 (→History: Added content). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Medri Bahri (Tigrinya: ምድሪ ባሕሪ, English: Land of the Sea), also known as Midri Bahr, Medre Bahr, Bahr Melash or The territory of the Bahr Negash[1][2] was a kingdom located on the southern coastal region of the Red Sea, in present day Eritrea and some surrounding areas. The kingdom throughout its existence found itself alternating between being at war with or vassal of the competing Ottoman and Ethiopian Empires respectively. The first mention of it emerged in 1448 when Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia recognized the northern highlands as one administration under a Bahr Negash (ባሕር ንጉሥ bahər nəgus, or Bahr Negus, "ruler of the sea").[3][4]

Medri Bahri
ምድሪ ባሕሪ
1690 map of Ethiopia (Abyssinia) by Vincenzo Coronelli illustrating Midrabahr (Medri Bahr) in the northern part of the Ethiopian Empire
1690 map of Ethiopia (Abyssinia) by Vincenzo Coronelli illustrating Midrabahr (Medri Bahr) in the northern part of the Ethiopian Empire
CapitalDebarwa
Common languagesTigrinya · Ge’ez
Religion
Orthodox Tewahedo
GovernmentMonarchy
Negassi 
• 1541–1578 (last)
Bahr Negus Yeshaq
Historical eraMiddle Ages
Today part ofEritrea
This article contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters.

History

See also: Beja Kingdoms

After the fall of the Aksumite Empire, Beja Kingdoms started appearing in the country north of the Mareb River to the Red Sea, which was known as Ma'ikele Bahr ("between the seas/rivers," i.e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river).[5] Eritreans were some of the first East Africans to be converted to Islam in the 8th century AD, they founded their own independent Sultanate of Dahlak which controlled much of the Eritrean coastline, while the Eritrean interior was controlled by the Christian Zagwe dynasty. In 935 AD Massawa and Arkiko was reported by a contemporary source as being inhabited by Muslims. Thus it was clear that after the fall of Aksum, Muslims had controlled much of the Eritrean coast and were proselytizing the locals.[6][7] Ethiopian Emperor Amda Seyon I was wary of Muslim power along the Red Sea coast and therefore campaigned against them in 1332 AD. The regions of Bogos, Hamasien, Serae, Akele Guzai and Bur were later renamed as the Medri Bahri ("Land of the Sea", "Sea land" in Tigrinya, although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia).[8][9][10]

According to historian Richard Pankhurst it was during the reign of Emperor Zara Yaqob (r. 1433–1468) when the title Bahr Negash ("Ruler of the sea") appeared for the first time.[1] It does, however, also appear in an obscure land grant of the Zagwe King Tatadim, who ruled during the 11th century. He considered the unnamed Bahr Negash as one of his seyyuman or "appointed ones".[11] Zara Yaqob's chronicle explains how he, after having conquered the region, put much effort into increasing the power of Bahr Negash, placing him above other local chiefs and eventually making him the sovereign of a territory covering Shire, in what is now Tigray, and the highlands (Template:Lang-ti) of what is now Eritrea including Hamasien and Seraye.[1][12] To strengthen the imperial presence in the area, Zara Yaqob also established a military colony consisting of Maya warriors from the south of his realm.[1] Near the end of his reign, in 1464/1465, Massawa and the Dahlak archipelago were pillaged by Emperor Zara Yaqob, and the Sultanate of Dahlak was forced to pay tribute to the Ethiopian Empire.[13]

In the 1520s, Midri Bahr was described by the Portuguese traveller and priest Francisco Alvares. The current Bahr Negash bore the name Dori and resided in Debarwa, a town on the very northern edge of the highlands. Dori was an uncle of emperor Lebna Dengel, to whom he paid tribute.[14] These tributes were traditionally paid with horses and imported cloth and carpets.[15] Dori was said to wield considerable power and influence, with his kingdom reaching almost as far north as Suakin, plus he was also a promoter of Christianity, gifting the churches everything they needed.[16] By the time of Alvares' visit, Dori was engaged in warfare against some Nubians after the latter had killed his son. The Nubians were known as robbers and generally had a rather bad reputation.[17] They originated somewhere five to six days away from Medri Bahri, possibly Taka (a historical province named after Jebel Taka near modern Kassala).[18][19]

During the Ethiopian-Adal War, Midri Bahr was one of the last parts of the empire to be confronted by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi due to its location in the far north. The Bahr Negash Za-Wangel was killed fighting the Adalites in the Battle of Shimbra Kure in 1529. However it wasn’t until 1535 the forces of Imam Ahmad crossed the Mareb river into Medri Bahri. The Adalite occupation was resisted bitterly by the local population lead by governor Tafsā Le’ul, who killed the Adalite governor Vizer Addole and sent his head to the Emperor. In response, an army lead by Wazir Abbas and Abu Bakr Qatin marched into Seraye where they then completely destroyed Tafsā Le’ul’s army to the last man. Tafsā Le’ul and all of his sons who had also died in the battle where then beheaded and had their heads sent to the Imam in revenge for Addole.[20] The Imam's occupation of the coastal highlands resulted in considerable destruction. In 1541 the Portuguese warrior Miguel de Castanhoso arrived in the region, he noted that the lands of the Bahr Negus was "depopulated, through fear" and the countryside was devastated. Many Christians upon seeing the Portuguese came out of their hiding with "crosses in their hands, in solemn procession, praying God for pity." The local monks informed the commander, Cristóvão da Gama, that their enemies had destroyed all their monasteries and churches. They called on de Gama to seek vengeance and many locals joined the Portuguese in their struggles against the Imam, most notably the Bahr Negus Yeshaq.[21]

After the death of Imam Ahmad in 1543, Emperor Gelawdewos immediately reestablished imperial suzerainty over the Eritrean highlands. In 1557 the Ottoman Turks conquered the port of Massawa and under Ozdemir Pasha led an expeditionary force inland where they occupied the capital Debarwa. The Turkish troops then built a large fort, but due to the local population's access to firearms, they were forced to retreat back to the coast. Around this time the Bahr Negus Yeshaq, a supporter of Gelawdewos, became very powerful due to the import of firearms through the coast. Although a ruler of a vassal state Yeshaq would heavily involve himself in internal Ethiopian affairs. After the death of Gelawdewos he attempted to place one of his nephews on the throne, but was defeated by Emperor Menas in battle. He then offered his submission to the Ottoman Turks and surrendered the fort of Debarwa, allowing him to continue his rebellion. Emperor Sarsa Dengel had attempted to make peace with the Bahr Negus, but conflict between the two men eventually erupted in 1576 after Yeshaq renewed his alliance with the Turks.[15]

Yeshaq and his Turkish allies marched into Tembien to face the army of Sarsa Dengel in battle, however this battle ended in disaster as the Bahr Negus was captured and then executed by the Emperor. Sarsa Dengel then proceeded to march into Debarwa were he captured large quantities of firearms and ordered the destruction of the Turkish fort.[21] This victory was of major importance as put an end to the hopes of the provincial nobility to achieve independence or autonomy from the Ethiopian Empire.[22]

Sarsa Dengel who was greatly angered by Yeshaq's treachery and arrogance, significantly reduced the Bahr Negash's status and autonomy. However, Emperor Susenyos I would revive the old tradition of appointing provincial rulers with the title of the Bahr Negus. According to the Scottish traveller James Bruce, the Bahr Negash was killed in 1772 fighting the warlord of Tigray, Ras Mikael Sehul. The rulers of Hamassien and Bogos were then nominally under the rule of the governor of Tigray.The region nonetheless remained independent under a uniquely non-feudal communal rule by local elders called Shimagile as one of the earliest examples of a Republic in Africa. It was referred to largely as Hamassien by the Tigrayan lords who unsuccessfully tried to impose feudal rule there, after one of the previous provinces of the Kingdom. The vast cultural differences between Tigray and Eritrea's highlands are visible to this day where Eritrea's highlands exclusively consists of villages and towns with smallholding peasantry ruled by ancient traditional laws enforced by a council of elders, while Tigray consists of feudal lands and homesteads. [23][24]

Geography

At its peak, the Kingdom of Medri Bahri stretched from the Red Sea to it's limits at the Mareb River. This vast region was subdivided into two main provinces, namely Hamassien and Serae. Of these two, Serae was the most politically important district, as the most influential and important people took up residence there. As a consequence, this was also the wealthiest, the best maintained and the best protected district.[25] In the language of Tigrinya language "Medri Bahri" means "Land of the Sea" in reference to the Red Sea which Eritrea has a long coastline of this sea. This kingdom had a border to the south with Tigray Region, a province of the Ethiopian Empire also known as Abyssinia.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Pankhurst 1997, p. 101.
  2. ^ Bruce, James (1860). Bruce's Travels and Adventures in Abyssinia. p. 83.
  3. ^ Caulk, Richard Alan (2002). "Between the Jaws of Hyenas": A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia (1876-1896). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447045582.
  4. ^ G. Marcus, Harold (1994). A History of Ethiopia. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780520925427.
  5. ^ Tamrat 1972, p. 74.
  6. ^ Tamrat 1977, pp. 121–122.
  7. ^ Pateman, Roy (1998). Eritrea Even the Stones are Burning. The Red Sea Press. p. 32. ISBN 9781569020579.
  8. ^ Daniel Kendie, The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.17-8.
  9. ^ Owens, Travis. BELEAGUERED MUSLIM FORTRESSES AND ETHIOPIAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION FROM THE 13TH TO THE 16TH CENTURY (PDF). NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2020.
  10. ^ Pouwels, Randall (31 March 2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780821444610.
  11. ^ Laure-Derat 2020, pp. 43–44.
  12. ^ Connel & Killion 2011, p. 54.
  13. ^ Connel & Killion 2011, p. 160.
  14. ^ Pankhurst 1997, p. 102-104.
  15. ^ a b Pankhurst 1997, p. 270.
  16. ^ Pankhurst 1997, p. 102-103.
  17. ^ Pankhurst 1997, p. 154-155.
  18. ^ Werner 2013, p. 149-150 & note 14. P. L. Shinnie suggests an origination from the area around Old Dongola, but could this region not be reached from Eritrea within five - six days of travelling time.
  19. ^ Connel & Killion 2011, p. 96.
  20. ^ Frederick A. Edwards (1905). The Conquest of Abyssinia pp.354.
  21. ^ a b Pankhurst 1997, p. 219.
  22. ^ Oliver, Ronald (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 546. ISBN 9780521204132.
  23. ^ Pankhurst 1997, p. 413.
  24. ^ Pateman, Roy (1998). Eritrea Even the Stones are Burning. The Red Sea Press. p. 36. ISBN 9781569020579.
  25. ^ Henry Salt: A Voyage to Abyssinia. Published in 1816 pp

References

Further reading

  • d'Avray, Anthony (1996). Lords of the Red Sea. The History of a Red Sea Society from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries. Harrassowitz.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medri_Bahri&oldid=1202812007"