[go: nahoru, domu]
Wikipedia

North East England: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
(29 intermediate revisions by 19 users not shown)
Line 5:
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = North East England
| settlement_type = [[Regions of England|Region]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2| total_width = 250
Line 18:
| image7 = Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge, stockton side.jpg
}}
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = {{ubl|Left to right; top: ''[[Angel of the North]]''|Upper: [[Saltburn Pier]] and [[Spanish City]]|Lower: [[Hexham Abbey]] and [[Durham Cathedral]]|Bottom: [[Gateshead Millennium Bridge|Tyne Millennium]] and [[Tees Transporter Bridge|Tees Transporter]] bridges}}
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = North East England in England.svg
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = North East England, highlighted in red
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize = =
| pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|55.00|N|1.87|W|type:adm1stadm1st_region:GB-ENG|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Constituent countryCountry]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[England]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Combined authority|Combined authorities]]
| subdivision_name2 = {{unbulleted = list
{{unbulleted list
| [[North of Tyne]]
| [[North East Combined Authority|North East]]
| [[Tees Valley]]
}}
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of England|Districts]]
| subdivision_name3 = {{unbulleted = list
{{unbulleted list
| 7 [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary]]
| 5 [[Metropolitan borough|metropolitan]]
}}
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| parts_type = [[Ceremonial counties of = England|Counties]]
| parts = {{unbulleted list
[[Ceremonial counties of England|Counties]]
|parts =
{{unbulleted list
| [[County Durham]]
| [[Northumberland]]
Line 73 ⟶ 68:
| [[Tyne and Wear]]
}}
<!-- government type, leaders -->| government_footnotes =
|government_footnotes government_type =
|government_type governing_body =
|governing_body leader_party =
| leader_title = [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]
|leader_party =
| leader_name = [[Parliamentary constituencies in North East England|29 MPs]] (of 650)
|leader_title = [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]
|leader_name leader_title1 = [[Mayor of the North East|Mayor =of [[Parliamentary constituencies inthe North East England|29Combined MPsAuthority]] (of 650)
|leader_title1 leader_name1 = [[Kim = McGuinness]]
| leader_title2 = [[Tees Valley Mayor|Tees Valley Combined Authority]]
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 leader_name2 = [[Ben = Houchen]]
|leader_name2 leader_title3 =
|leader_title3 leader_name3 =
|leader_name3 leader_title4 =
|leader_title4 leader_name4 =
|leader_name4 unit_pref = Metric
|unit_pref = Metric
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = <ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement">{{cite web |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-latest-for-administrative-areas-in-the-united-kingdom/about |title=Standard Area Measurements (Latest) for Administrative Areas in the United Kingdom |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=24 April 2024 |website=[[ONS Open Geography Portal|Open Geography Portal]] |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=6 May 2024 }}</ref>
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
|area_footnotes = <ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement">{{cite web |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-latest-for-administrative-areas-in-the-united-kingdom-v2/about |title=Standard Area Measurements (Latest) for Administrative Areas in the United Kingdom (V2) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=5 April 2023 |website=Open Geography Portal |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=3 December 2023 }}</ref>
|area_urban_footnotes area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
|area_rural_footnotes area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| area_note =
|area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| area_water_percent =
|area_note =
| area_rank = [[Regions of England#List of regions|8th]] <!-- of English regions -->
|area_water_percent =
| area_blank1_title =
|area_rank = 8th <!-- of English regions -->
| area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers -->
|area_blank1_title =
| area_total_km2 = 8676
|area_blank2_title =
| area_land_km2 = 8581
<!-- square kilometers -->
| area_water_km2 = 18
|area_total_km2 = 8676
| area_urban_km2 =
|area_land_km2 = 8581
|area_water_km2 area_rural_km2 = 18
|area_urban_km2 area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_km2 =
|area_rural_km2 =
| area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares -->
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_blank1_km2 area_total_ha =
|area_blank2_km2 area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
<!-- hectares -->
|area_total_ha area_urban_ha =
|area_land_ha area_rural_ha =
|area_water_ha area_metro_ha =
|area_urban_ha area_blank1_ha =
|area_rural_ha area_blank2_ha =
|area_metro_ha length_km =
|area_blank1_ha width_km =
| dimensions_footnotes =
|area_blank2_ha =
| elevation_footnotes =
|length_km =
|width_km elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="ONS mid-year pop est">{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland |title=Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland |last=Park |first=Neil |date=21 December 2022 |website=Office for National Statistics |publisher= |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref>
|dimensions_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2021
|elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 2,646,772
|elevation_m =
| population_rank = [[Regions of England#List of regions|9th]] <!-- of English regions -->
|population_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021|id=E12000001|title=North East Region|access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 308
|population_as_of = [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]
| population_est =
|population_total = 2,647,013
| pop_est_as_of =
|population_rank = 9th <!-- of English regions -->
| pop_est_footnotes =
|population_density_km2 = 308
| population_note =
|population_density_rank = 8th <!-- of English regions -->
| population_demonym = <!-- demographics (section 1) -->
|population_est = 2,646,772
| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">([[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]])</span>
|pop_est_as_of = Mid-2021
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021|id=E12000001|title=North East Region|access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
|pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="ONS mid-year pop est">{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland |title=Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland |last=Park |first=Neil |date=21 December 2022 |website=Office for National Statistics |publisher= |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|Ethnic groups]]
|population_note =
| demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list
|population_demonym =
<!-- demographics (section 1) -->
| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity (2021)
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis"/>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnicity|Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1 =
{{Collapsible list
| 93.0% [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
| 3.7% [[British Asians|Asian]]
Line 146 ⟶ 134:
| 1.0% [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|other]]
}}
<!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span>
| demographics_type2 = Religion (2021)
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis"/>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Religion =in England|Religion]]
| demographics2_info1 = {{Collapsible = list
{{Collapsible list
| 50.8% [[Religion in England#Christianity|Christianity]]
| 40.0% [[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|no religion]]
Line 162 ⟶ 148:
| 5.0% not stated
}}
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes -->
| iso_code =
| code1_name = [[GSS coding system|GSS code]]
| code1_info = E12000001
| code2_name = [[International Territorial Level|ITL code]]
| code2_info = TLC
<!-- GVA -->| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross value added|GVA]]
<!-- GVA -->
| blank_info_sec1 = 2021 estimate<ref name="ONS GVA">{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents |title=Regional gross value added (balanced) per head and income components |last=Fenton |first=Trevor |date=25 April 2023 |website=Office for National Statistics |publisher= |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
|blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross value added|GVA]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = {{•}}Total
|blank_info_sec1 = 2021 estimate<ref name="ONS GVA">{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents |title=Regional gross value added (balanced) per head and income components |last=Fenton |first=Trevor |date=25 April 2023 |website=Office for National Statistics |publisher= |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
| blank1_info_sec1 = £56.5 billion
|blank1_name_sec1 = {{•}}Total
| blank2_name_sec1 = {{•}}Rank
|blank1_info_sec1 = £56.5 billion
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Regions of England#List of regions|9th]] <!-- of English regions -->
|blank2_name_sec1 = {{•}}Rank
| blank3_name_sec1 = {{•}}Per capita
|blank2_info_sec1 = 9th <!-- of English regions -->
| blank3_info_sec1 = £21,340
|blank3_name_sec1 = {{•}}Per capita
| blank4_name_sec1 = {{•}}Rank
|blank3_info_sec1 = £21,340
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Regions of England#List of regions|9th]] <!-- of English regions -->
|blank4_name_sec1 = {{•}}Rank
<!-- GDP -->| blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (nominal)
|blank4_info_sec1 = 9th <!-- of English regions -->
| blank_info_sec2 = 2021 estimate<ref name="ONS GDP">{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductallnutslevelregions |title=Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions |last=Fenton |first=Trevor |date=25 April 2023 |website=Office for National Statistics |publisher= |access-date=15 August 2023 }}</ref>
<!-- GDP -->
| blank1_name_sec2 = {{•}}Total
|blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (nominal)
| blank1_info_sec2 = £65.0 billion
|blank_info_sec2 = 2021 estimate<ref name="ONS GDP">{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductallnutslevelregions |title=Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions |last=Fenton |first=Trevor |date=25 April 2023 |website=Office for National Statistics |publisher= |access-date=15 August 2023 }}</ref>
|blank1_name_sec2 blank2_name_sec2 = {{•}}TotalRank
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Regions of England#List of regions|9th]] <!-- of English regions -->
|blank1_info_sec2 = £65.0 billion
|blank2_name_sec2 blank3_name_sec2 = {{•}}RankPer capita
| blank3_info_sec2 = £24,575
|blank2_info_sec2 = 9th <!-- of English regions -->
|blank3_name_sec2 blank4_name_sec2 = {{•}}Per capitaRank
| blank4_info_sec2 = [[Regions of England#List of regions|9th]] <!-- of English regions -->
|blank3_info_sec2 = £24,575
|blank4_name_sec2 website = <!-- {{•URL|example.com}}Rank -->
|blank4_info_sec2 module = 9th <!-- of English regions -->=
|website footnotes = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
|module =
|footnotes =
}}
 
{{Politics of England}}
 
'''North East England''' is one of nine official [[regions of England]] at the first level of [[ITL (UK)|ITL]] for [[Office for National Statistics|statistical]] purposes.{{efn|ITL has replaced [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] and will followfollowed the same definitions of its predecessor until 2023}} The region has three current administrative levels below the region level in the region: [[combined authority]], [[unitary authorities of England|unitary authority]] or [[metropolitan borough]], and [[civil parish]]es. TheyThere are also multiple divisions without administrative functions; [[ceremonial county]], emergency services ([[Fire services in the United Kingdom|fire-and-rescue]] and [[List of police forces of the United Kingdom|police]]), [[List of urban areas in the United Kingdom|built-up area]]s and [[Historic counties of England|historic county]]. The largest settlements in the region are [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Middlesbrough]], [[Sunderland]], [[Gateshead]], [[Darlington]], [[Hartlepool]] and [[Durham, England|Durham]].
 
==History==
Line 216 ⟶ 200:
In 793, the Vikings arrived on the shores of north-east England with a raiding party from Norway who attacked the monastic settlement on Lindisfarne.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kris|last=Hirst|publisher=About.com Guide|title=Viking Raids: The Early Medieval Practice of Viking Raids|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/vikings/qt/viking_raid.htm|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523072439/http://archaeology.about.com/od/vikings/qt/viking_raid.htm|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> The monks fled or were slaughtered, and Bishop Higbald sought refuge on the mainland. A chronicler recorded: "On the 8th June, the harrying of the heathen miserably destroyed God's church by rapine and slaughter." There were three hundred years of Viking raids, battles and settlement until [[William the Conqueror]] defeated King Harold at Hastings in 1066.<ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Simpson|publisher=EnglandsNortheast|title=History of Northumbria:Viking era 866&nbsp;AD to 1066&nbsp;AD|url=http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/VikingNorthumbria.html|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730071112/http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/VikingNorthumbria.html|archive-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' notes the change from raiding to settlement when it records that in 876 the Vikings "Shared out the land of the Northumbrians and they proceeded to plough and support themselves"<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Wood|publisher=Guild Publishing|title=Domesday:A Search for the Roots of England|year=1986|page=129}}</ref>
 
The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria extended from the Scottish borders (then [[Pictish]] borders) at the Firth of Forth to the north, and to the south of [[York]], its capital, down to the Humber. The last independent Northumbrian king from 947–8 was [[Eric Bloodaxe]], who died at the [[Battle of Stainmore]], Westmorland, in 954. After Eric Bloodaxe's death, all England was ruled by [[Eadred]], the grandson of [[Alfred the Great]]; and so began the machinery of national government.<ref>{{cite book|first=Neil|last=Oliver| author-link = Neil Oliver|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|title=Vikings A History|year=2012|isbn=978-0-297-86787-6|page=237}}</ref> Today, the Viking legacy can still be found in the language and place names of north-east England and in the [[DNA]] of its people.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sarah|last=Richardson|publisher=Laing Art Gallery|title=Migration: Geordie Vikings|date=24 June 2013 |url=http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/engage/blog/migration-geordie-vikings/|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728050724/http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/engage/blog/migration-geordie-vikings/|archive-date=28 July 2013}}</ref> The name [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] comes from the castle built shortly after the conquest in 1080 by [[Robert Curthose]], William the Conqueror's eldest son.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
 
==Local government==
Line 224 ⟶ 208:
!Local authority|| Ceremonial county || [[Combined authority]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Northumberland]]|
| rowspan="37" |[[North of TyneEast Combined Authority|North of TyneEast]]
|-
|[[Newcastle upon Tyne]]|
| rowspan="5" | [[Tyne and Wear]]
|-
|[[North Tyneside]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead|Gateshead]]|| rowspan="4" |[[North East Combined Authority|North East]]
|-
|[[South Tyneside]]
|-
|[[Gateshead]]
|-
|[[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]]
Line 320 ⟶ 306:
==Geography==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Now you see it - geograph.org.uk - 915963.jpg
| width1 = 640
| height1 = 480
| caption1 = [[Lindisfarne Castle]], [[Lindisfarne|Holy Island]]
| image2 = High Force - geograph.org.uk - 1295229.jpg
| caption2 = [[High Force]], [[Teesdale]]
| width2 = 640
| height2 = 480
| image3 = Summit of Windy Gyle - geograph.org.uk - 670034.jpg
| caption3 = [[Cheviot Hills]]
| width3 = 640
| height3 = 480
| image4 = Whitley Bay Beach - geograph.org.uk - 714360.jpg
| caption4 = [[Whitley Bay]]
| width4 = 640
| height4 = 480
| header = Geographic features
| align = right
| direction =
| alt1 =
}}
 
Line 356 ⟶ 342:
The region has a diverse landscape that includes maritime cliffs and extensive [[moorland]] that contains a number of [[rare species]] of [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. Of particular importance are the saltmarshes of [[Lindisfarne]], the [[River Tees|Tees Estuary]], the [[Heath (habitat)|heaths]], [[bog]]s and traditional upland hay meadows of the North Pennines, and the Arctic-alpine flora of Upper Teesdale.
 
The beauty of the [[Northumberland Coast National Landscape|Northumbrian coastline]] has led to its designation as an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty|area of outstanding natural beauty]] (AONB)
stretching 100 miles from [[Berwick-Upon-Tweed]] to the [[River Coquet]] estuary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Northumberland Coast ANOB |url=http://www.thisisnorthumberland.com/destinations/coast-aonb/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916024543/http://www.thisisnorthumberland.com/destinations/coast-aonb/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |access-date=23 August 2013 |publisher=This is Northumberland Newcastle & the Borders}}</ref> Among the 290 bird species identified on the [[Farne Islands]], is the rare [[seabird]] the [[roseate tern]]. One of the foremost bird sanctuaries and observatory for migratory and wading birds in the UK is now operated at "Saltholme" which is part of a wider site of special scientific interest called [[Seal Sands]]. The Saltholme reserve is managed by the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] (RSPB). This project was pronounced as one of the best places to view birds by [[Bill Oddie]], the former host of the BBC's ''Spring Watch'' Programme. In December 2012 he also presented the project with a prize as the UK's favorite [[National Lottery (United Kingdom)|National Lottery]] funded project.<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodcock |first=Laura |title=Bill Oddie presents Saltholme nature reserve volunteers with trophy |publisher=GazetteLive |url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/local-news/bill-oddie-presents-saltholme-nature-3667847 |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123905/http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/local-news/bill-oddie-presents-saltholme-nature-3667847 |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
 
The seal colony at Seal Sands on the mouth of the River Tees is thriving and in 2013 had more than 60 [[harbour seals]]. This is the only breeding colony of this species on the northeast coast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Teesmouth NNR |url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/nnr/1006937.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713121116/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/nnr/1006937.aspx |archive-date=13 July 2013 |access-date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Natural England}}</ref> "[[Rainton Meadows]]" is also a recently{{when|date=May 2023}} created bird-watching site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainton |url=http://www.durhamwildlifetrust.org.uk/visitor-centres/rainton/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202138/http://www.durhamwildlifetrust.org.uk/visitor-centres/rainton/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=23 August 2013 |publisher=Durham Wildlife Trust}}</ref> The region is also the English stronghold of black grouse<ref>{{cite web |title=Northumberland Biodiversity Action Plan:Black Grouse |url=http://www.nwt.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/Black_Grouse.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185029/http://www.nwt.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/Black_Grouse.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=23 August 2013 |url-status=usurped |publisher=Northeast Wildlife}}</ref> and contains 80–90% of the UK population of yellow marsh [[saxifraga|saxifrage]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biodiversity in the North East:In the uplands |url=http://www.nebiodiversity.org.uk/biodiversity/default.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807013301/http://nebiodiversity.org.uk/biodiversity/default.asp |archive-date=7 August 2013 |access-date=23 August 2013 |publisher=Northeast Biodiversity Forum}}</ref>
 
The [[Magnesian Limestone]] grasslands of East Durham are a unique habitat not found anywhere else in the world which is particularly important to many species of butterfly and moths.<ref>{{cite book |first1=David |last1=Miller |first2=Brian |last2=Young |first3=David |last3=Butler |first4=Julie |last4=Stobbs |first5=John |last5=Durkin |first6=Dave |last6=Mitchell |first7=Terry |last7=Coult |first8=Sam |last8=Ellis |first9=Dave |last9=Wainwright |first10=John |last10=Olley |title=Magical Meadows and the Durham Magnesian Limestone |publisher=Durham Wildlife Trust |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-9555467-0-9}}</ref>
Line 390 ⟶ 376:
The Northeast of England as a region has the lowest rate of HIV infection in the UK,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/AboutTheHPA/WhatTheHealthProtectionAgencyDoes/LocalServices/NorthEast/NorthEastPressReleases/neast111129HIVannualreport/ |title=New North East HIV diagnoses hit highest level since 2005 |publisher=HPA |access-date=7 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603013326/http://www.hpa.org.uk/AboutTheHPA/WhatTheHealthProtectionAgencyDoes/LocalServices/NorthEast/NorthEastPressReleases/neast111129HIVannualreport/ |archive-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref> but has the highest rate of heart attacks among men and of lung cancer among women in England, along with the highest male lung cancer rate in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wcrf-uk.org/cancer_prevention/health_professionals/uk_cancer_statistics.php |title=UK cancer statistics |website=World Cancer Research Fund |access-date=7 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923155406/http://www.wcrf-uk.org/cancer_prevention/health_professionals/uk_cancer_statistics.php |archive-date=23 September 2012 }}</ref>
 
In 2010, the region had the second highest trade union membership among UK men.<ref>{{cite web |first=James|last=Archer|website=Department for Business Innovation and Skills|title=Trade Union membership 2010|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32191/11-p77-trade-union-membership-2010.pdf|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101205316/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32191/11-p77-trade-union-membership-2010.pdf|archive-date=1 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|date=May 2023}}<!-- Whole paragraph-->
 
Higher education students from the North East are most likely to pick a university in their home region.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sean|last=Coughlan|title=North-south divide in university admissions|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-13782315|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609043725/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-13782315|archive-date=9 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The last immigration wave before the 21st century was in the late 1990s as a result of the government's dispersal policy scheme that relocated asylum seekers and new arrivals throughout the country. In 2017, most migrants were non-EU born, and about 60,000 EU-born.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=co-curate.ncl.ac.uk|title=Immigration and links with other countries|url=https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/immigration-and-links-with-other-countries/|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>
Line 397 ⟶ 383:
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Ethnic group
! colspan="2" |1971 estimations<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1t8915s |title=Explaining ethnic differences: Changing patterns of disadvantage in Britain |date=2003 |publisher=Bristol University Press |edition=1|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1t8915s |jstor=j.ctt1t8915s }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1981 estimations<ref>{{cite journal |date=1985 |title=Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement |url=https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806 |journal=Commission for Racial Equality |pages=Table 2.1 |last1=Equality |first1=Commission for Racial }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1991<ref name=":412">Data is taken from United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm Casweb Data services] of the United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm |date=5 April 2022 }} (Table 6)</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic group – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
Line 414 ⟶ 403:
!%
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 427 ⟶ 418:
|-
![[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]: Total
!–
!99.6%
!2,544,069
!99%
Line 439 ⟶ 432:
|-
|White: [[White British|British]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 451 ⟶ 446:
|-
|White: [[Irish Briton|Irish]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 463 ⟶ 460:
|-
|White: [[Irish Traveller]]/[[Romani people|Gypsy]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 475 ⟶ 474:
|-
|White: Roma
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 487 ⟶ 488:
|-
|White: [[White Other (United Kingdom Census)|Other]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 499 ⟶ 502:
|-
![[British Asian|Asian or Asian British]]: Total
!–
!–
!–
!–
Line 511 ⟶ 516:
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 523 ⟶ 530:
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Pakistani|Pakistani]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 535 ⟶ 544:
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 547 ⟶ 558:
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Chinese|Chinese]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 559 ⟶ 572:
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Asian|Asian Other]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 571 ⟶ 586:
|-
![[Black British people|Black or Black British]]: Total
!–
!–
!–
!–
Line 583 ⟶ 600:
|-
|Black or Black British: [[Black British|African]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 595 ⟶ 614:
|-
|Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean community|Caribbean]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 607 ⟶ 628:
|-
|Black or Black British: [[Other Black|Other]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 619 ⟶ 642:
|-
![[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]: Total
!–
!–
!–
!–
Line 631 ⟶ 656:
|-
|Mixed: [[White people|White]] and [[British African-Caribbean community|Caribbean]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 643 ⟶ 670:
|-
|Mixed: [[White people|White]] and [[Black British|African]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 655 ⟶ 684:
|-
|Mixed: [[White people|White]] and [[British Asian|Asian]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 667 ⟶ 698:
|-
|Mixed: [[Multiracial|Other Mixed]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 679 ⟶ 712:
|-
!Other: Total
!–
!–
!–
!–
Line 691 ⟶ 726:
|-
|Other: [[Arab people|Arab]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 703 ⟶ 740:
|-
|Other: Any other ethnic group
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 715 ⟶ 754:
|-
!Non-White: Total
!–
!0.4%
!26,247
!1%
Line 726 ⟶ 767:
!6.9%
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 739 ⟶ 782:
|-
!Total
!–
!100%
!2,570,316
!100%
Line 773 ⟶ 818:
The region's most deprived council districts, as measured by the LSOA data<ref>Communities and Local Government. ''[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/576659.pdf The English Indices of deprivation 2007]''</ref> before County Durham and Northumberland became unitary authorities in 2007, are in descending order [[Easington (district)|Easington]] (7th in England), Middlesbrough (9th), Hartlepool (23rd), [[Wear Valley]] (33rd), Sunderland (35th), Newcastle upon Tyne (37th), South Tyneside (38th), Wansbeck (46th), Redcar and Cleveland (50th), Gateshead (52nd), [[Sedgefield (borough)|Sedgefield]] (54th), [[Derwentside]] (73rd), [[Blyth Valley]] (80th), and Stockton on Tees (98th). The least deprived council districts in 2007 were, in descending order, Tynedale, [[Castle Morpeth]], [[Teesdale (district)|Teesdale]], then [[Alnwick (district)|Alnwick]]. Since the April 2009 abolition of these four districts, Northumberland is the least deprived, followed by North Tyneside. Unemployment is a severe problem in the North East, where many children grow up in households where no adult works. in 2010 Easington had the highest rate in the country, as 40.3% of its households with children had no working adult, followed by Sedgefield with 34%.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}{{update inline|date=May 2023}}<!-- Whole paragraph-->
 
As of April 2013, youth unemployment in the North East was 24.8%, with 51,000 out of work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ippr.org/news-and-media/press-releases/youth-unemployment-set-to-top-1-million-again|title=Youth unemployment set to top 1 million again {{!}} IPPR|date=16 April 2013 |publisher=IPPR North|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232300/https://www.ippr.org/news-and-media/press-releases/youth-unemployment-set-to-top-1-million-again|archive-date=13 January 2019}}</ref> In 2013, the Office for National Statistics report issued the statements highlighted in the table below:<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Office for National Statistics|title=Regional Labour Market Statistics, June 2013|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-labour/regional-labour-market-statistics/june-2013/index.html|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117063129/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-labour/regional-labour-market-statistics/june-2013/index.html|archive-date=17 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+The North East compared to other regions in 2013
Line 858 ⟶ 903:
|{{ubl|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle|Newcastle and Hexham]]|[[Diocese of Middlesbrough|Middlesbrough]] (south Tees in the region)}}
|[[Middlesbrough Cathedral]]<br/>[[Newcastle RC Cathedral]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in North East England
|-
! rowspan="2" |Religion
! colspan="2" |[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=TS030 - Religion Edit query|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/c2021ts030|access-date=2022-11-29|website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2011 United Kingdom census|2011]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2001 United Kingdom census|2001]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| style="background:#E0E0FF;" |[[History of Christianity in Britain|Christianity]]
| 1,343,948
| 50.8%
| 1,753,334
| 67.5%
| 2,014,608
| 80.1%
|-
| style="background:#E0FFD0;" |[[Islam in the United Kingdom|Islam]]
| 72,102
| 2.7%
| 46,764
| 1.8%
| 26,925
| 1.1%
|-
| style="background:#FFE0C0;" |[[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|Hinduism]]
| 10,924
| 0.4%
| 7,772
| 0.3%
| 4,370
| 0.2%
|-
| style="background:#F0F0C0;" |[[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|Sikhism]]
| 7,206
| 0.3%
| 5,964
| 0.2%
| 4,780
| 0.2%
|-
| style="background:#FFFFC0;" |[[Buddhism in the United Kingdom|Buddhism]]
| 7,026
| 0.3%
| 6,316
| 0.2%
| 3,097
| 0.1%
|-
| style="background:#E0F0FF;" |[[History of the Jews in the United Kingdom|Judaism]]
| 4,389
| 0.2%
| 4,503
| 0.2%
| 3,151
| 0.1%
|-
| style="background:#F0E0F0;" |Other religion
| 9,950
| 0.4%
| 6,668
| 0.3%
| 3,886
| 0.2%
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|No religion]]
| 1,058,122
| 40.0%
| 607,700
| 23.4%
| 276,196
| 11.0%
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Religion not stated
| 133,345
| 5.0%
| 157,865
| 6.1%
| 178,429
| 7.1%
|-
!Total population
! '''2,647,012'''
! '''100%'''
! '''2,596,886'''
! '''100%'''
! '''2,515,442'''
! '''100%'''
|-
|}
 
Line 878 ⟶ 1,020:
 
===Support organisations===
Businesses in Northeast England are supported by the North East England Chamber of Commerce.<ref>{{cite news |title=Double award win for NECC Network |publisher=NECC Contact |url=http://www.necontact.co.uk/double-award-win-for-necc-network/ |access-date=22 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041549/http://www.necontact.co.uk/double-award-win-for-necc-network/ |date=13 December 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2014}}</ref> The NortheastNorth East Chamber of Commerce (NECC) is based in Durham and has active sub committees working in all sub regions.
 
To further encourage [[Small & medium enterprises|SMEs]] in the North East of England to Export, the Northeast Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) has collaborated with the NortheastNorth East Chamber of Commerce (NECC) and RTC North Limited to create a jointly owned subsidiary company Go Global Limited to manage the contract they have to deliver the [[UKTI|United Kingdom Trade & Investment]] (UKTI), Government funded, support products and programme for all business sectors in their region. The UKTI business support products, to help grow international trade, are focused on supporting individual SMEs to grow their exports and they also support Trade Missions to new markets.<ref>{{cite news |last=McLauchlan |first=Karen |date=14 March 2013 |title=NEPIC trade mission opens doors in India |publisher=Gazettelive |url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/business/business-news/nepic-trade-mission-opens-doors-3665537 |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103723/http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/business/business-news/nepic-trade-mission-opens-doors-3665537 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>
 
The Northern Business Forum is an organisation created in the region to share knowledge and best practice between membership based business support organisations in the Northeast of England. The Forum creates a single voice for business when this is needed. This business led forum also links its member organisations to wider business issues, both locally and nationally, through the local and national business membership organisations that are also represented. Members of the forum include NECC, NEPIC, the [[Federation of Small Businesses]] (FSB), [[Confederation of British Industry]] (CBI) North East, the [[Make UK]] Northern, The [[Institute of Directors]] (IOD) and RTC North.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
Line 932 ⟶ 1,074:
The [[Durham Coalfield]] remains a national resource for the UK economy today and for the future. Most of the mines in the region were closed during the years of UK Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] (see [[UK miners' strike (1984–1985)]]) however several large open cast coal mines are still operational in the region.
 
Today{{when|date=May 2023}} companies like Five-Quarter are investigating the use of the latest technology for underground [[coal gasification]] to access the Durham Coalfield reserves. Professor Paul Younger of [[Newcastle University]] in 2011 reported<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sunderland University|title='Coal Exploitation in the North East' Lecture|url=http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/events/event/index.php?eid=473|access-date=18 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102074131/http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/events/event/index.php?eid=473|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> that "Around 75 per cent of the coal in the North East is still underground, even though we have been mining it on an industrial scale longer than anyone else in the world. Previously a lot of this coal was too deep for conventional mining, or too far off shore. Even today this resource this could never be exploited by conventional means, but the technology to harness that resource has now become cost effective." Accessing these reserves is of particular importance to the local chemical industry.<ref>{{cite news|first=Steven|last=Hugill|newspaper=Northern Echo|title=Dr Stan Higgins, from Nepic, says fracking could cut energy bills|url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/business/news/10512464.Chemical_body_leader_welcomes_Government_shale_gas_plans/|date=27 June 2013|access-date=18 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102083806/http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/business/news/10512464.Chemical_body_leader_welcomes_Government_shale_gas_plans/|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>
 
===Shipbuilding===
Line 963 ⟶ 1,105:
The coal and shipbuilding industry that once dominated the North East suffered a marked decline during the second half of the 20th century. [[Tyneside]] is now re-inventing itself as an international centre of art, culture and through [[Centre for Life|The Centre For Life]], [[science|scientific]] [[research]], especially in [[healthcare]] and [[biotechnology]]. [[Newcastle University]] is now a leading institution in the development of [[stem cell]] technology being the first in the United Kingdom and the second institution in Europe to obtain a licence to do such work.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Green light for stem cell clones|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/aug/12/sciencenews.genetics|access-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212062748/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/aug/12/sciencenews.genetics|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> As with the rest of the region, Sunderland suffered economic decline during the last century, but is now becoming an important area for [[quaternary industry]], bioscience, computing and [[high technology|high]] tech industries. The economy of Sunderland is now dominated by the [[Nissan Sunderland|Nissan]]'s European car manufacturing facility and supply chain which is also leading that company's development of [[electric vehicles]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Adrian|last=Pearson|publisher=The Journal|title=Nissan plans its expansion of Sunderland plant|url=http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/nissan-plans-expansion-sunderland-plant-5759091|access-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823054242/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/nissan-plans-expansion-sunderland-plant-5759091|archive-date=23 August 2013}}</ref>
 
The economy of Teesside continues to be largely based on the [[petrochemical]], [[commodity chemicals|commodity chemical]] and [[Steel industry|steel industries]] that form a significant part of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC), but newer industries such as offshore engineering and [[digital computing]], particularly in the field of [[Game design]], have emerged from Teesside University.<ref>{{cite news|first=Martin|last=Walker|publisher=BDaily|title=Cash approved for £4.2m Teesside digital centre|url=https://bdaily.co.uk/creative/20-08-2013/cash-approved-for-42m-teesside-digital-centre/|access-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821075011/https://bdaily.co.uk/creative/20-08-2013/cash-approved-for-42m-teesside-digital-centre/|archive-date=21 August 2013}}</ref> [[Northumberland]], although largely rural and an important tourist location with its castles, beaches, and history has a nationally significant concentration of pharmaceutical manufacturing companies around Cramlington and Prudhoe.<ref>{{cite webnews|publisher=Arch Corporate Holdings|title=Invest in Northumberland – Key sectors|newspaper=Perfect.uk |url=http://www.archnorthumberland.co.uk/invest-in-northumberland/key-sectors/|access-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214051736/http://www.archnorthumberland.co.uk/invest-in-northumberland/key-sectors/|archive-date=14 December 2012}}</ref> The county has also seen a huge investment into the creation of the UKs largest reservoir, [[Kielder Water]], enabling the Northeast to attract more industry. Kielder forest around the reservoir is known to have the darkest night sky in England,<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=Observatory boasts darkest skies|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/7366394.stm|access-date=22 August 2013}}</ref> making it an ideal location for both professional and amateur astronomers.
 
The [[Durham, England|City of Durham]] with its highly regarded [[Durham University|University]], Castle and Cathedral attracts many tourists and also a significant number of knowledge intensive businesses (KIBS) in architecture, engineering, technology and measurement science. At [[Sedgefield]] in County Durham, [[NETPark]] is home to the Centre for Process Innovation's [[Printable Electronics Technology Centre]], a nationally important centre for the development of [[printed electronics]] and a number of other emerging electronics companies such as Kromek.
Line 990 ⟶ 1,132:
[[Newcastle University]] was the first in the UK and the second in Europe to receive a licence to perform research on stem cells and is a leading centre for such research today. Dr [[Karim Nayernia]] was the first to isolate spermatagonial stem cells at this University. Many new healthcare developments have arisen from this stem cell expertise in the region.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
 
Today, the region has five universities with a number of research departments:
[[Durham University]], Newcastle University, [[Northumbria University]], [[University of Sunderland]] and Teesside University, which have a portfolio of many innovative businesses that have spun out of their research and teaching departments.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=spinouts UK|title=University Listings|url=http://www.spinoutsuk.co.uk/listings/university-listings/|access-date=29 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504115124/http://www.spinoutsuk.co.uk/listings/university-listings/|archive-date=4 May 2011}}</ref>
 
Line 1,235 ⟶ 1,377:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131002185100/https://www.teesvalleyunlimited.gov.uk/ Tees Valley Unlimited (TVU)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129175106/https://www.teesvalleyunlimited.gov.uk/tees-valley/enterprise-zone.aspx Tees Valley Enterprise Zone]
* [https://east-durham.co.uk/other-towns-and-villages/ East Durham towns and Villages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415224008/https://east-durham.co.uk/other-towns-and-villages/ |date=15 April 2021 }}
 
{{United Kingdom topics}}
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England"