A national day of mourning is a day, or one of several days, marked by mourning and memorial activities observed among the majority of a country's populace. They are designated by the national government. Such days include those marking the death or funeral of a renowned individual or individuals from that country or elsewhere or the anniversary of such a death or deaths, the anniversaries of a significant natural or man-made disaster occurring either in the country or another country, wartime commemorations or in memory of the victims of a terrorist attack. Flying a national or military flag of that country at half-mast is a common symbol.
Sociologically, period of national mourning are understood "as instituting states of social exception during which state authorities enact ritual actions consisting in a sequence of choreographically staged performative acts meant to create a national community of grief in the face of what is framed as a socially meaningful loss."[1][2][3]
List
The following are lists for national days of mourning across the world:
Selected list of figures recognized
State officials
- A National Day of Mourning is typically declared for presidents of the United States, usually on the day of their funerals. Beginning with John F. Kennedy, these days are also considered federal holidays. There was no official day of mourning for Herbert Hoover.[4]
- In the Soviet Union, an official mourning period was reserved for the deaths of leaders or former leaders, with Alexei Rykov, Nikita Khrushchev and Georgy Malenkov being notable exceptions after Rykov was executed during the Great Purge and the other two were relegated to obscurity. Khrushchev's death was announced only hours before he was buried without full state honors,[5] while Malenkov's death was publicly announced more than 2 weeks after he died.[6] This custom changed in 1968 when a national day of mourning was declared for Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the first human to journey into outer space.[7][8] In the final years of the Soviet Union, official mourning was declared for 2 disasters: the 1988 Armenian earthquake and the Ufa train disaster.[9]
- Presidents of Mexico, usually on the day of their funerals. These days are usually considered municipal and religious holidays in Mexico City and federal holidays in the rest of the republic. Miguel de la Madrid in 2012 was the most recent.
International days of mourning
A similar but rarely-used concept exists at the European Union-level and Arab League-level and are called a European Day of Mourning and Arab League Day of Mourning. The European Commission first introduced the concept on 12 September 2001, when a day of mourning was declared across EU member states for the victims of the terrorist attacks in the United States. A second day of mourning was held in November 2015 for the victims of the Paris attacks. Arab League has declared days of mourning for four times until October 2023.
Remembrance events
While not the same as a national day of mourning, some remembrance events and protests are called a "day of mourning".
- National Day of Mourning (Bangladesh), held 15 August. In 1975 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was killed by a group of army personnel, along with his family.
- Circassian Day of Mourning, held May 21, commemorating the Circassian genocide and the Circassian defeat in the Russian-Circassian War
- Day of Mourning (Australia), annual protest of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians held on Australia Day, 26 January
- National Day of Mourning (United States protest), an American Indian protest held on the fourth Thursday of November
- National Day of Mourning (Canadian observance), held 28 April, a commemoration of workers killed or injured on the job
- Nakba Day, annual commemoration of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight on 15 May by Palestinians worldwide.
See also
References
- ^ Rusu, Mihai Stelian (January 1, 2020). "Nations in black: charting the national thanatopolitics of mourning across European countries". European Societies. 22 (1): 122–148. doi:10.1080/14616696.2019.1616795. ISSN 1461-6696.
- ^ Rusu, Mihai Stelian (February 1, 2020). "States of mourning: A quantitative analysis of national mournings across European countries". Death Studies. 44 (2): 117–129. doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1526830. ISSN 0748-1187.
- ^ Rusu, Mihai Stelian (July 2, 2020). "The politics of mourning in post-communist Romania: unravelling the thanatopolitics of grievable deaths". Mortality. 25 (3): 313–331. doi:10.1080/13576275.2019.1682983. ISSN 1357-6275.
- ^ "Past State Funerals". usstatefuneral.mdw.army.mil. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ Gwertzman, Bernard (September 13, 1971). "Soviet Announces Khrushchev Death in Cool Language". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- ^ Pearson, Richard (February 2, 1988). "George Malenkov Dies". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- ^ Sudakov, Dmitry (March 28, 2013). "Gagarin's death: Obvious mystery". PravdaReport. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- ^ Duranty, Walter (January 23, 1924). "Lenin Dies Of Cerebral Hemorrhage; Moscow Throngs Overcome With Grief; Trotsky Departs Ill, Radek In Disfavor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- ^ "Когда и по какому поводу в России объявляли общенациональный траур. Инфографика". BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). March 28, 2018. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.