Neanderthal: Difference between revisions

 

Neanderthals are thought to have been more closely related to [[Denisovan]]s than to modern humans. Likewise, Neanderthals and Denisovans share a more recent [[most recent common ancestor|last common ancestor]] (LCA) than to modern humans, based on [[nuclear DNA]] (nDNA). However, Neanderthals and modern humans share a more recent mitochondrial LCA (observable by studying mtDNA) and Y chromosome LCA.<ref name="Petr2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Petr |first1=Martin |last2=Hajdinjak |first2=Mateja |last3=Fu |first3=Qiaomei |last4=Essel |first4=Elena |last5=Rougier |first5=Hélène |last6=Crevecoeur |first6=Isabelle |last7=Semal |first7=Patrick |last8=Golovanova |first8=Liubov V. |last9=Doronichev |first9=Vladimir B. |last10=Lalueza-Fox |first10=Carles |last11=de la Rasilla |first11=Marco |last12=Rosas |first12=Antonio |last13=Shunkov |first13=Michael V. |last14=Kozlikin |first14=Maxim B. |last15=Derevianko |first15=Anatoli P. |date=2020-09-25 |title=The evolutionary history of Neanderthal and Denisovan Y chromosomes |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb6460 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6511 |pages=1653–1656 |doi=10.1126/science.abb6460 |pmid=32973032 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1653P |hdl=21.11116/0000-0007-11C2-A |issn=0036-8075|hdl-access=free }}</ref> This likely resulted from an interbreeding event subsequent to the Neanderthal/Denisovan split. This involved either introgression coming from an unknown archaic human into Denisovans,<ref name="Prufer2014"/><ref name=Pennisi/><ref name="Chen2019"/><ref name=rogers2017/><ref name=hajdinjak2018>{{cite journal |author-first1=M. |author-last1=Hajdinjak |author-first2=Q. |author-last2=Fu |author-first3=A. |author-last3=Hübner |year=2018 |title=Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals |journal=Nature |volume=555 |issue=7698 |pages=652–656 |doi=10.1038/nature26151 |pmid=29562232 |pmc=6485383 |bibcode=2018Natur.555..652H}}</ref> or introgression from an earlier unidentified modern human wave from Africa into Neanderthals.<ref name="Petr2020" /><ref name="Posth2017">{{cite journal |first1=C. |last1=Posth |first2=C. |last2=Wißing |first3=K. |last3=Kitagawa |display-authors=et al. |title=Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals |journal=Nature Communications |volume=8 |page=16046 |year=2017 |doi=10.1038/ncomms16046| pmid=28675384 | pmc=5500885 | bibcode=2017NatCo...816046P}}</ref><ref name="Reilly2022" /> The fact that the mtDNA of a ~430,000 years old early Neanderthal-line archaic human from [[Sima de los Huesos]] in Spain is more closely related to those of Denisovans that to other Neanderthals or modern humans has been cited as evidence in favour of the latter hypothesis.<ref name="Petr2020" /><ref name="meyer2016" /><ref name="Posth2017" />

 

==Evolution==