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{{Short description|Prefecture-level & sub-provincial city in China}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Liampo|the nearby settlement referred to by this name by the Portuguese in the 16th century|Shuangyu}}
{{Advert|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name
| official_name
| native_name
| native_name_lang
| other_name
| settlement_type
| image_skyline
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
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| image6 =
}}
| image_caption
| image_seal =
| image_shield =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map
| image_map1
| map_caption1
| pushpin_map
| pushpin_label_position
| pushpin_map_caption
| coor_pinpoint
| coordinates
| subdivision_type
| subdivision_name
| subdivision_type1
| subdivision_name1
| subdivision_type2
| subdivision_name2
| subdivision_type3
| subdivision_name3
| seat_type
| seat
| established_title =
| established_date =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type
| governing_body
| leader_title
| leader_name
| leader_title1
| leader_name1
| leader_title2
| leader_name2
| leader_title3
| leader_name3
| total_type
| unit_pref
| area_footnotes
| area_total_km2
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2
| area_metro_km2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m
| elevation_ft
| population_total
| population_as_of
| population_density_km2
| population_urban
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_footnotes
| demographics_type2 = GDP<ref name="NBECO2019">{{cite web |script-title=zh:2022年宁波市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |trans-title = Statistical Communiqué of Ningbo on the 2022 National Economic and Social Development |publisher = Ningbo Bureau of Statistics |website = tjj.ningbo.gov.cn |date = 28 February 2022 |language = zh |access-date = 28 February 2022 |url = http://tjj.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2018/2/6/art_18617_2731061.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191030072535/http://tjj.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2018/2/6/art_18617_2731061.html |archive-date = 30 October 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] & [[Sub-provincial city]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 1.570 trillion<br />[[US$]] 233.5 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 163,911<br />US$ 24,369
| timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
|
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 315000
|
|
| registration_plate = {{lang|zh-cn|[[License Plate (China)|浙B]]}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = City [[tree]]s
| blank1_info_sec1 = Camphor Laurel<br />''[[Cinnamomum camphora]]'' (L.) Sieb.
| blank2_name_sec1 = City [[flower]]s
|
| website = {{URL|http://www.ningbo.gov.cn/col/col1229172783/index.html|ningbo.gov.cn}}
|
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
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| s = 宁波
| t = 寧波 / 𡩋波
| p = Níngbō
| w = Ning<sup>2</sup>-po<sup>1</sup>
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|n|ing|2|.|b|o|1}}
| gr = Ningbo
| j = Ning<sup>4</sup>-bo<sup>1</sup>
| y = Nìhng-bō
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|n|ing|4|.|b|o|1}}
| wuu = {{nowrap|{{Audio|Wuu-Nyinpou.ogg|Nihng-bo}} {{small|([[Ningbonese dialect|locally]])}}}}
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}}
'''Ningbo'''
Ningbo is the core city and center of the [[Ningbo Metropolitan Area]].<ref name="art_1229099770_3707060"/> To the north, [[Hangzhou Bay]] separates Ningbo from [[Shanghai]]; to the east lies [[Zhoushan]] in the [[East China Sea]]; on the west and south, Ningbo borders [[Shaoxing]] and [[Taizhou, Zhejiang|Taizhou]] respectively. As of the [[Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|2020 Chinese national census]], the entire administrated area of Ningbo City had a population of 9.4 million (9,404,283).<ref>{{Cite web|title=宁波常住人口超940万|url=http://www.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2021/5/14/art_1229099763_59028614.html|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Ningbo.gov.cn}}</ref>
Ningbo is one of the 15 [[sub-provincial city|sub-provincial cities]] in China, and is one of the five [[:zh:计划单列市|separate state-planning cities]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |script-title=zh:中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号 |script-website=zh:豆丁网 |date=1995-02-19 |access-date=2014-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |archive-date=2014-05-29 }}</ref> in China (the other four being [[Dalian]], [[Qingdao]], [[Xiamen]], and [[Shenzhen]]), with the municipality possessing a separate state-planning status in many economic departments, rather than being governed by [[Zhejiang|Zhejiang Province]]. Therefore, Ningbo has provincial-level autonomy in making economic and financial policies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=国务院关于宁波市实行计划单列的批复(国函〔1987〕37号)_政府信息公开专栏|url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2011-10/28/content_1669.htm|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Gov.cn}}</ref>
In 2022, the [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of Ningbo was CNY 1570,43 billion<ref>{{cite web |script-title = zh:2022年宁波市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |trans-title = Statistical Communiqué of Ningbo on the 2022 National Economic and Social Development |publisher = Ningbo Bureau of Statistics |website = tjj.ningbo.gov.cn |date = 28 February 2022 |language = zh |access-date = 28 February 2022 |url = http://tjj.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2018/2/6/art_18617_2731061.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191030072535/http://tjj.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2018/2/6/art_18617_2731061.html |archive-date = 30 October 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> (US$233.479 billion), and it was ranked 12th among 293 cities in China.<ref>{{Cite web|title=宁波GDP总量跃居内地城市第12位--浙江频道--人民网|url=http://zj.people.com.cn/n2/2020/0407/c186327-33930525.html|access-date=2021-05-19|website=zj.people.com.cn}}</ref> Moreover, Ningbo is among the wealthiest cities in China; it ranked 8th in terms of average yearly disposable income in the year of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=网易|date=2021-03-31|title=2020年全国城市人均可支配收入排名20强,北方仅一城入围|url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/G6DUBJBA05353R58.html|access-date=2021-05-19|website=163.com}}</ref> As of 2020, Ningbo has global headquarters and registered offices of over 100 listed companies,<ref>{{Cite web|title=公牛集团挂牌上交所 宁波上市公司总数"破百"-新闻中心-中国宁波网|url=http://news.cnnb.com.cn/system/2020/02/06/030123390.shtml|access-date=2021-05-19|website=news.cnnb.com.cn}}</ref> and many regional business headquarters. In 2021, Ningbo featured the seventh most listed companies of all cities in China.<ref>{{Cite web|title=宁波A股上市公司数量位居全国第7!哪些行业是全国"顶流"?-新闻中心-中国宁波网|url=http://news.cnnb.com.cn/system/2021/05/05/030249712.shtml|access-date=2021-05-19|website=news.cnnb.com.cn}}</ref> Furthermore, Ningbo was among the top 10 Chinese cities in the Urban Business Environment Report released by the Chinese state media [[CCTV-1|China Central Television (CCTV)]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=程祥|title=2019中国城市营商环境报告发布 北京综合排名第一|url=http://news.cctv.com/2020/06/18/ARTIo4uVpQwkauqSU6vpAO2h200618.shtml|access-date=2021-05-19|website=news.cctv.com}}</ref>
As a city with rich culture and a long history dating back to the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain Culture]] in 6300 BC and the [[Hemudu culture]] in 4800 BC, Ningbo was awarded "City of Culture in East Asia" by the governments of China, Japan, and Korea in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-02|title=Ningbo is East Asia's new 'City of Culture'|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/life/30270044|access-date=2021-05-19|website=nationthailand|language=en}}</ref> From 1842, Ningbo was one of the first five [[treaty port]]s opened up to the West. Ningbo is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2022 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.nature.com |language=en}}</ref> <!--cited in infobox-->
== Etymology ==
The first character in the city's name ''ning'' ({{linktext|lang=zh-hans|宁}} or {{lang|zh-hant|寧}}) means "serene", while its second character ''bo'' ({{linktext|lang=zh|波}}) translates to "wave". The city is abbreviated "{{linktext|lang=zh|甬}}" ({{zh|p=Yǒng}}) for the eponymous "Yong Hill" ({{lang|zh|甬山}}), a prominent coastal hill near the city, and the [[Yong River (Zhejiang)|Yong River]] that flows through Ningbo city.
==History==
{{main|History of Ningbo}}
Ningbo is one of China's oldest cities, with a history dating to the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain Culture]] in 6300 BC and [[Hemudu culture]] in 4800 BC. Ningbo was known as a trade city on the [[
===Ancient to Sui dynasty===
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As of 2020, the earliest relics of human activity discovered in Ningbo City are from the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain site]] in Yuyao. These relics date back to 6300 BC, evidencing early human consumption of seafood and rice. A large number of cultivated rice, farming tools, remains of dry fence buildings, remains of domestic livestock, and primitive religious items have been unearthed from related sites of the [[Hemudu culture]] (5000–4500 BC), evidencing human settlement and culture in the eastern part of the Ningshao Plain, where modern-day Ningbo city is located.
Before the [[Han dynasty]], the area where Ningbo City is located today was sparsely populated. In the [[Xia dynasty]], the location of Ningbo was called "Yin". In the [[Spring and Autumn period
===Tang and Song dynasty===
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}}</ref> The Portuguese were ousted from the Ningbo area in 1548.
=== Qing dynasty ===
[[File:Map of Ningbo in 19th century .jpg|thumb|right|19th century map of Ningbo<ref name="Hagras 102" />]]
Ningbo was one of the five Chinese ''[[treaty ports]]'' opened by the [[Treaty of Nanjing]] signed in 1842 at the end of the [[First Opium War]] between the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] and China. During the war, British forces briefly took possession of the walled city of Ningbo after storming the fortified town of [[Zhenhai District|Zhenhai]] at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10, 1841. The British subsequently repulsed a Chinese attempt to retake the city in the [[Battle of Ningpo]] on 10 March 1842. In 1861, the forces of the [[Taiping Kingdom]] took the city relatively unopposed as the defending garrison and all Ningbo residents fled except for the [[Jews]] and [[Persians]]; they held the town for six months. In March 1885, during the [[Sino-French War]], Admiral Courbet's naval squadron blockaded several Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay and exchanged fire with the shore defenses.
Ningbo was also once famed for traditional Chinese furniture production, and western encyclopedias described Ningbo as a center of craftsmanship and industry.<ref>
{{cite book|title=appleton's new practical cyclopedia |year=1910 |page=432}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Appleton's new practical cyclopedia: a new work of reference based upon the best authorities, and systematically arranged for use in home and school |volume=4 of Appleton's New Practical Cyclopedia |year=1910 |editor1=Marcus Benjamin |editor2=Arthur Elmore Bostwick |editor3=Gerald Van Casteel |editor4=George Jotham Hagar |publisher=D. Appleton and company |page=432}}</ref>
During the 1800s
During the late Qing era, Western missionaries set up a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church]] in Ningbo. Li Veng-eing was a Reverend of the Ningpo Church.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Home and foreign record of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Volume 18|year=1867 |author=Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. |publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publication |page=140}}</ref> The Ningpo College was managed by Rev. Robert F. Fitch. The four trustees were natives of Ningbo, and three of them had Taotai rank.<ref>{{cite book |title=New-York observer, Volume 83 |date=27 April 1905 |publisher=Morse, Hallock & Co. |page=533}}</ref> Rev. George Evans Moule, B.A., was appointed as a missionary to China by the [[Church of England Missionary Society]], and arrived at Ningpo with Mrs. Moule in February 1858. His time was chiefly divided between Ningpo and another mission station he began at Hang-chow. He wrote Christian publications in the [[Ningbo dialect]].<ref>
{{cite book |title=Memorials of Protestant missionaries to the Chinese: giving a list of their publications, and obituary notices of the deceased. With copious indexes | year=1867 |author=Alexander Wylie |publisher=American Presbyterian Mission Press |page= 247}}</ref>
=== World War II ===
During WWII in 1940, between 80% and 90% of Ningbo's population fled Ningbo, leaving only the elderly behind<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=waklDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title = Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China|isbn = 9780520254459|last1 = MacKinnon|first1 = Stephen R.|date = 21 May 2008| publisher=University of California Press }}</ref> before the Japanese bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of [[flea]]s carrying the [[bubonic plague]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1135368.stm|title=Japan bombed China with plague-fleas |website=news.BBC.co.uk |date=25 January 2001 |access-date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603122452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1135368.stm|archive-date=3 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Daniel Barenblatt, imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo was recorded on film in 1940.<ref>Daniel Barenblatt, ''A Plague upon Humanity'', 2004, p. 32</ref>
“It has been said of the Ningbo fishermen that, 'no people in the world apparently made so great an advance in the art of fishing; and for centuries past no people have made so little further progress.'”<ref>{{cite book |title= The Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze|last= Worcester|first= G R G|year= 1971|publisher= Naval Institute Press |isbn= 9780870213359 |oclc= 216526 |page=174}}</ref>
== Geography ==
[[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nh51-10.jpg|thumb|left|Ningpo (labeled YIN-HSIEN (NINGPO) {{lang|zh-hant|鄞縣}}) (1952)]]
[[File:
[[File:Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Ningbo.jpg|thumb|150px|The Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was built between 1872 and 1876, was closed by the government in 1963, and was reopened and renamed in 1980. It was recognized as a national heritage site in 2006.]]
Ningbo ranges in latitude from 28° 51' to 30° 33' N and in longitude from 120° 55' to 122° 16' E, bounded on the east by the [[East China Sea]] and [[Zhoushan Archipelago]]; on the north by [[Hangzhou Bay]], across which it faces [[Jiaxing]] and [[Shanghai]]; on the west by [[Shaoxing]]; and on the south by [[Taizhou, Zhejiang|Taizhou]]. Its land area is {{convert|9816|km2||sp=us}}, while its oceanic territory amounts to {{convert|9758|km2|abbr=on}}; there is a total {{convert|1562|km|0|abbr=on}} of coastline, including {{convert|788|km|abbr=on}} of mainland coastline and {{convert|774|km|0|abbr=on}} of island coastline that together accounting for one-third of the entire provincial coastline. There are 531 islands accounting for {{convert|524|km2|abbr=on}} under the city's administration.
Ningbo's city proper is sandwiched between the ocean and low-lying mountains to the southwest, with coastal plain and valleys in between. Important peninsulas include the [[Chuanshan Peninsula]] ({{lang|zh-hans|穿山半岛}}), located in Beilun District and containing mainland Zhejiang's easternmost point, and the [[Xiangshan Peninsula]] ({{lang|zh-hans|象山半岛}}) in [[Xiangshan County, Zhejiang|Xiangshan County]]. The [[Siming Mountains]] ({{lang|zh|四明山}}) run north from [[Tiantai Mountain|Mount Tiantai]] and within Ningbo City, traversing [[Yuyao|Yuyao City]], [[Haishu, Ningbo|Haishu District]], and [[Fenghua, Ningbo|Fenghua District]], and reaching a height of {{convert|979|m|abbr=on}}.
Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however,
==Climate==
Ningbo has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfa'') with four distinctive seasons, characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and dry winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is {{convert|17.15|°C|1}}, with monthly daily averages ranging from {{convert|5.3|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|28.8|°C}} in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−8.8|°C|0}} on 12 January 1955 to {{convert|42.1|°C|0}} on 8 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag%3DdataLogger |title=无标题文档 |access-date=18 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archive-date=2013-03-18 }}</ref> The city receives an average annual rainfall of {{convert|1430|mm|abbr=on}} and is affected by the [[Meiyu|plum rains]] of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks. From August to October, Ningbo experiences the effects of [[typhoon]]s, and is affected by an average 1.8 storms annually, though the city is not often struck directly by these systems. A 2012 OECD study lists Ningbo among the top 20 cities worldwide most at risk of flooding due to anthropogenic climate change.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranking of the world's cities most exposed to coastal flooding today and in the future. Executive Summary|url=http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/39721444.pdf|website=OECD|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112004304/http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/39721444.pdf|archive-date=12 November 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Ningbo is among the cities in China which are implementing [[sponge city]] strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |pages=173 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}</ref>
{{Weather box
Line 333 ⟶ 272:
|metric first = Y
|width = auto
|location = Ningbo ([[Yinzhou District, Ningbo|Yinzhou District]], 1991–2020 normals, Extremes 1971–2010)
|Jan record high C = 24.4
|Feb record high C = 28.9
Line 352 ⟶ 291:
|Apr high C = 21.7
|May high C = 26.2
|Jun high C = 29.0
|Jul high C = 33.9
|Aug high C = 33.1
Line 449 ⟶ 388:
|Dec sun=113.8 |Dec percentsun = 36
|year sun=
|Jan snow days = 2.5
|Feb snow days = 1.9
|Mar snow days = 0.6
|Apr snow days = 0.1
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 0
|Dec snow days = 0.9
|year snow days =
| Jan uv = 4
| Feb uv = 5
Line 466 ⟶ 418:
|script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)
|title = Experience Template
}}</ref><ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web|url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-cn |access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> Weather China<ref name=Weatherbase>
{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101210411.shtml? |script-title=zh:鄞州城市介绍 |publisher=China Weather |language=zh-hans |access-date=2013-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712004050/http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101210411.shtml |archive-date=2012-07-12 |url-status=live
}}
</ref>
|source
}}<!--Infobox ends-->
==Administrative structure and divisions==
Line 700 ⟶ 562:
* Defunct: [[Jiangdong District]]
== Economy ==
Ningbo is an important port city located {{convert|220|km|sp=us}} south of [[Shanghai]]. The city's export industry dates back to the 7th century. Today, Ningbo is a major exporter of electrical products, textiles, food, and industrial tools. The city's private sector is especially well-developed, contributing 80 percent of total GDP in 2013.<ref name="Ningbo 2014">[http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2014/05/16/investment-opportunities-ningbo-china.html "Investment Opportunities in Ningbo, China"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120729/http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2014/05/16/investment-opportunities-ningbo-china.html |date=2014-05-17 }}, ''China Briefing'', Shanghai, 16 May 2014.</ref>
Historically, Ningbo was somewhat geographically isolated from other major cities. In 2007 the [[Hangzhou Bay Bridge]] was built, cutting highway transit time between Ningbo and Shanghai from four hours to two and a half. The city now serves as the economic center for the southern Yangtze River Delta and has been ranked among the most competitive cities in China.<ref name="Ningbo 2014"/>
In 2009
Ningbo's economy grew 9.26
=== Foreign investment ===
With several important development zones established in or around Ningbo, the city has received considerable foreign investment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reindeerstation.com/plus/list.php?tid=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701225045/http://www.reindeerstation.com/plus/list.php?tid=3|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2015|title=CORPORATE SERVICE_Reindeer Station Ningbo – Expat Services for Easy Relocation to Ningbo |website=ReindeerStation.com |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> Over 60 domestic and foreign-invested financial institutions have established operations in the city, which has also attracted more than 10,000 foreigners. The municipal government offers preferential policies designed to encourage investment in international trade, new strategic industries, manufacturing, information services, and creative industries.<ref name="Ningbo 2014"/>
=== Economic and technological development zones ===
==== Ningbo Economic
Located in the north-east of Ningbo, behind Beilun Port, NETD is {{convert|27|km|0|abbr=on}} away from the city center. With more than 20 years of great effort, NETD has already formed the general framework for large scale construction and development, and established the perfect investment environment. It is situated close to the Ningbo Port and Ningbo Lishe International Airport. Major Investors include [[ExxonMobil]], [[DuPont|Dupont]] and [[Dow Chemical Company|Dow Chemical]].<ref name="RightSite.asia">{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/ningbo-economic-development-zone/ |title=Ningbo Economic & Technological Development Zone |publisher=RightSite.asia |access-date=29 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827094542/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/ningbo-economic-development-zone |archive-date=27 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Ningbo
The Ningbo Daxie Development Zone was approved in 1993 and covers an area of {{convert|5.92|km2|abbr=on}}. Over more than ten years of development and construction, industrial and logistical foundations have been established in the zone for the transshipment of energy, liquid chemicals and containers.<ref name="RightSite.asia"/>
==== Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone ====
Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1999 and was upgraded to a national level zone in January 2007. It is {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} from Ningbo International Airport and {{convert|18|km|abbr=on}} away from Ningbo Port. The zone serves as the important technical innovation base of Yangtze River Delta. Industries encouraged include chemicals production and processing, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, raw material processing, Research and Development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/ningbo-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ |title=Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone |publisher=RightSite.asia |access-date=29 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507144921/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/ningbo-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone |archive-date=7 May 2010 |url-status=live
==== Ningbo Free Trade Zone ====
Ningbo Free Trade Zone is one of the 15 free trade zones authorized by the State Council of China
==== Nordic Industrial Park ====
The Nordic Industrial Park Co. Ltd. (NIP) is one of the first wholly foreign-owned industrial parks in China located in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. NIP is managed and operated by a Scandinavian management team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/nordic-industrial-park/ |title=Nordic Industrial Park |publisher=RightSite.asia |access-date=29 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127160234/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/nordic-industrial-park |archive-date=27 November 2010 |url-status=live
==== Ningbo Advertising Park ====
The Ningbo Advertising Park is a national level pilot park located in the Ningbo Southern Business District. The financial incentives have attracted over 300 relevant firms to establish operations.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://english.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2015/3/25/art_46_708896.html |title = Ningbo Advertising Industry Park begins to show its cluster effect |website = English.Ningbo.gov.cn |access-date = 2016-02-25 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304012816/http://english.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2015/3/25/art_46_708896.html |archive-date = 2016-03-04}}</ref>
== Ningbo
[[File:Beilun Port 2020-05-02.jpg|thumb|right|Ningbo port in the Beilun district]]
{{main|Port of Ningbo}}
Unlike other Chinese cities, Ningbo has the same authority as provincial governments for economic administration and is the largest port in the world in terms of annual cargo throughput. In contrast to Shanghai, the port is deep-water and capable of handling 300,000 ton vessels. The port is located mainly in Beilun district and Zhenhai district.
Thus, with bulk container breakdowns, hugely improved logistics, and massive chemical and foodstuff, processing developments, Ningbo is outcompeting Shanghai for the preeminent Chinese east coast port.<ref name="china-briefing.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.china-briefing.com/download.php?download_file=ChinaBriefing_200606_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090304010815/http://www.china-briefing.com/user/login?goto=download.php?download_file=ChinaBriefing_200606_EN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2009 |title=China Briefing Developing Cities: Ningbo |publisher=China-briefing.com |access-date=29 March 2011 }}</ref><ref name="2021年12月全国港口货物、集装箱吞吐量-政府信息公开-交通运输部">{{cite web | url=https://xxgk.mot.gov.cn/2020/jigou/zhghs/202201/t20220119_3637308.html | title=2021年12月全国港口货物、集装箱吞吐量-政府信息公开-交通运输部 }}</ref>
Ningbo is part of the [[21st Century Maritime Silk Road]] that runs from the Chinese coast to the south, via [[Singapore]] towards the southern tip of [[India]], via [[Mombasa]] to the Mediterranean, and from there via [[Athens]] to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of [[Trieste]] with its rail connections to [[Central Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-020-00161-8|title=Ningbo city branding and public diplomacy under the belt and road initiative in China|first1=Shixin Ivy |last1=Zhang |first2=Yi |last2=Wang |first3=Nancy X. |last3=Liu |first4=Yat-Ming |last4=Loo |date=1 June 2021 |journal=Place Branding and Public Diplomacy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=127–139 |access-date=1 December 2021|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1057/s41254-020-00161-8|s2cid=213779315}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/can-the-new-silk-road-compete-with-the-maritime-silk-road/ |title=Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road? | Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide |website=Hellenicshippingnews.com |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>Liehui WANG "The evolution of China's international maritime network based on the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road"" In: Acta Geographica Sinica ›› 2017, Vol. 72 ›› Issue (12): 2265–2280</ref>
== Tourism ==
[[File:Sarira Hall of Ashoka Temple in Ningbo.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[King Ashoka Temple]]]]
[[File:Tianyi Square 2019-06-09 01.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Haishu District, Tianyi Square]]
Due to its long history and economic prosperity, Ningbo is a city with very rich tourist resources. The following is a list of the main tourist attractions authorized by the [http://wglyj.ningbo.gov.cn/col/col1229057431/index.html Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, Television and Tourism] in each subdivision of Ningbo city.
=== Haishu District ===
[[File:The Prayer Hall of Yuehu Mosque. By Hamada Hagras.jpg|thumb|Prayer hall of Yuehu Mosque]]
* [[Moon Lake (Ningbo)|Moon Lake]] Park (Yuehu Park): A [[man-made lake|reservoir]] excavated in the Tang dynasty (636 AD) at the center of Haishu District. The park includes the lake itself, some small islands on the lake, and many ancient Chinese architectures and historical sites, such as:
** [[Tianyi Pavilion]] (Tianyi Ge or Tianyi Chamber): One of Ningbo's most popular and famous tourist attractions. Built in 1516 AD, it is the oldest library existent in Asia and is one of the 3 oldest private libraries in the world. The collection dates back to the 11th century and includes woodblock and handwritten copies of the [[Confucian classics]], rare local histories, and lists of the candidates successful in [[imperial examinations]]. The currently Tianyi Pavilion refers to the whole museum complex that includes:
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** Shuize Stele: A stone stele used to measure water level in Pingqiao River near the Moon Lake, built in 1242 AD during the [[South Song dynasty]]. A protective pavilion for the stele was built during the [[Qing dynasty]].
** He Mijian Ci (贺秘监祠): A cultural relic protection built in honor of the Chinese poet [[He Zhizhang]] (賀知章, 659 AD – 744 AD) during the Tang dynasty who called himself the "Siming Crazy Guest", where "Siming" is the name of a mountain in Ningbo. The building was completed during the Song dynasty (1144 AD) and repaired during the Qing dynasty (1865 AD).
** [[
** Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao Temple: A Ningbo-born novelist [[Qu You]] wrote a fiction called ''[[Peony Dengji]]'' (牡丹灯记, [[Japanese language|Janpanese]]: [[Botan Dōrō]] also known as 怪談牡丹灯籠 ''Tales of the Peony Lantern'') (in the collection of ''[[Jiandeng Xinhua]]''). It describes a love story between ghost and a man during [[Fang Guozhen]] period. The story took place at the Moon Lake. Japanese scholar Koyama Issei identified many of the locations, including Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao temple, that would fit geographically and architecturally of the places mentioned in the story. The story was adapted as
* Drum Tower Complex (Haishu Tower): The only remaining ruin of an old city gate tower constructed during the Tang dynasty. At the top, there is a six-meter high Romanesque bell tower added in the Republic period. Around the base of the tower is a commercial area where all the buildings are reconstructed in the traditional style.
* [[Chenghuang]] Temple (Ningbo County Temple): An ancient temple of the City God at commercial center in downtown Ningbo.
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*Ningbo Wulongtan Scenic Scenic Resort: Also called Five-dragon Pools Scenic Resort, it is one of the Ten New Sceneries in Ningbo, and a National AAAA rated scenic area.
[[File:South Gate of Ningbo Museum.jpg|thumb|right|Ningbo Museum]]
* [[Ningbo Museum]] (Yinzhou Museum, or Ningbo Historic Museum): A museum focused on Ningbo area history and traditional customs, considered the masterwork of [[Wang Shu]], the first Chinese citizen to win the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize]] in 2012. The Ningbo Museum is also the main filming location for the 2023 TV series adaptation of sci-fi author Liu Cixin's novel of the same name, [[The Three-Body Problem (novel)|Three Bodies.]]
* [[Romon U-Park]]: One of the largest urban indoor theme parks in the world.
*Ningbo Eastern New Town: A newly developed area of Ningbo City, with a well-designed CBD (including two 400m skyscrapers and other headquarters of many listed company and government offices), several museums, galleries, and shopping centers, including:
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*Ningbo Youngor Zoo
*Ningbo Sakura Park (Zhongxing Sakura Park): A sakura park built to commemorate the friendship city between Ningbo City and Nagaoka City, Japan
=== Jiangbei District ===
[[File:Cicheng Kongmiao 2013.07.27 12-48-52.jpg|thumb|right|Confucian Temple of Cicheng]]
* [[Sanjiangkou]]: The place where the Yong River, Yaojiang River, and Fenghua River meet, and the heart of old Ningbo city where the borders of 3 urban districts of Ningbo city meet.
* Old Bund (Old Waitan): A waterfront area and protected historical district in the center of Ningbo, built earlier than the [[The Bund|Bund of Shanghai]], with lots of early 19th century architectures, stores and restaurants.
* [[Baoguo Temple (Ningbo)|Baoguo Temple]]: The oldest intact wooden structure in eastern China. It is in the first batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Sites in China. Currently, it is the Baoguo Temple Ancient Architecture Museum, and has become a teaching and research base for many top architectural universities.
*
* Ningbo Museum of Garden (宁波园林博物馆)
* [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Ningbo]]
* [[Cicheng|Cicheng Ancient Town]]: A very well-maintained ancient Chinese ancient walled city built in the 8th century, including ancient-time schools, courts, temples, houses, commercial areas. In December 2009, the ancient buildings in Cicheng received the honorary award of the [[UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards|UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation]] by UNESCO.
* Yaojiang Park
=== Zhenhai District ===
[[File:Battle of Zhenhai victory monument.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The monument to victory in the Battle of Zhenhai ([[Sino-French War]])]]
* [[Jiulong Lake]]
* [[Zhaobao Mountain]]
*[http://www.zh.gov.cn/art/2008/2/18/art_1229034529_43761512.html The Seventeen Houses of Zheng's]: The seventeen Houses of Zheng exemplify the classical style of residences during the Ming and Qing dynasties in the south part of Yangtze River Basin.
*[http://www.nbbbwg.com/ Ningbo Bang Museum and Culture Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119021831/http://www.nbbbwg.com/ |date=2021-01-19 }}: Displays exhibits related to the Ningbo Gang (Ningbo Merchants Group), and the development history of the business gang. It was one of the ten largest commercial groups during the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties, and became the biggest commercial regional group of China in the late Qing dynasty.
*[[Yue-Kong Pao|Yugang Bao]]'s Old House
=== Beilun District ===
*Port Museum of China
=== Fenghua District ===
*[[Xuedou Temple]]
=== Xiangshan County ===
* [[Yushan Islands]]
* Nantian Island
* [[Xiangshan Global Studios]]
=== Ninghai County ===
* The Zhedong Grand Canyon
* Nanxi Hot Spring
* Qiantong Old Town
=== Yuyao City (County) ===
* [[Hemudu Relics|Hemudu Culture Relics Site and Museum]]: The relic site and museum of a [[Neolithic]] culture that flourished just south of [[Hangzhou Bay]].
*Dapeng Mountain
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{{clear}}
== Transportation ==
[[File:Zhaobaoshan Bridge in Zhenhai District.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Zhao bao shan Bridge, Zhenhai District, Ningbo]]
=== Bridge ===
The [[Hangzhou Bay Bridge]], a combination [[cable-stayed bridge]] and causeway across Hangzhou Bay, opened to the public on 1 May 2008. This bridge connects the municipalities of [[Shanghai]] and Ningbo and is considered the longest trans-oceanic bridge in the world. It is the world's second-longest bridge, after the [[Lake Pontchartrain Causeway]] in [[Louisiana]], United States.
The Jintang Bridge, a four-lane sea crossing bridge linking Jintang Island of Zhoushan and Zhenhai district, is a {{convert|27|km|abbr=on}} long opened on December 26, 2009.
The [[Xiangshan Harbor Bridge]] opened to traffic on December 29, 2012, connecting Ningbo with Xiangshan. The {{convert|47|km|abbr=on}} long project includes {{convert|22|km|abbr=on}} as the main body of the bridge and
=== Sea port ===
The port of Ningbo is the world's busiest port. It was ranked number 1 in total Cargo Volume (1.22 billion tonnes in 2021<ref name="2021年12月全国港口货物、集装箱吞吐量-政府信息公开-交通运输部"/>) and number 3 in total container traffic (31.1 million TEUs in 2021) since 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900#Statistics|title=Ports & World Trade|website=AAPA-ports.org|access-date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504233752/http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900#Statistics|archive-date=4 May 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===
[[Ningbo Lishe International Airport]] connects Ningbo by air to the rest of China, with regularly scheduled domestic and international flights.
=== Railway ===
[[File:Ningbo New Railway Station Interior.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Ningbo New Railway Station was reopened in December 2013 after years of on-site restoration to accommodate high speed rails and increasing passengers]]
Three railway lines intersect in Ningbo: the [[Xiaoshan–Ningbo Railway]] (Xiaoyong Line), which runs west to [[Hangzhou]]; the [[Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou Railway|Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou (Yongtaiwen) Railway]], which runs south to [[Wenzhou]]; and the [[Hangzhou–Ningbo High-Speed Railway]], which runs parallel to the Xiaoyong Line providing high-speed railway service.
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The [[Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou Railway]] is a high-speed railway that opened in September 2009. It connects Ningbo with cities along the coast to the south to [[Fujian]] Province. High-speed trains on this line operate at speeds of up to {{convert|250|km/h|abbr=on}}.
Ningbo re-opened the [[Ningbo railway station]] after three years of construction on
===Expressway===
Line 914 ⟶ 771:
* The [[G1523 Ningbo–Dongguan Expressway]]
[[File:Ningbo Rail Transit Plan (2027) zh-hans.svg|thumb|298x298px|Ningbo Rail Transit Plan (2026)]]
[[File:Train leaving Xujiacao Changle Station, 2014-07-06.JPG|thumb|right|300x300px|Line 1 train leaving [[Xujiacao Changle Station]]]]
===Rapid rail transit and subway===
Line 997 ⟶ 855:
|}
Since the Metro lines above mainly serve the six urban districts of Ningbo, the Ningbo government announced several future plans to build further rapid transit to connect the six urban districts with the county-level cities and counties.
==Military==
Ningbo serves as the headquarters of the [[East Sea Fleet]] of the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army Navy]].
==
Ningbo speech is a dialect of [[Wu Chinese]] that has preserved many aspects of ancient Chinese phonology. Its original wording mode can be found in classical reference books. After the [[unequal treaty]] port opening, western culture gradually permeated Ningbo. Thus, the prefix "{{linktext|lang=zh|洋}} yang", meaning ocean or Western, before the nouns of imported goods is a special language phenomenon of Ningbo dialect.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=zh:宁波老话概述|url = http://gtoc.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2013/9/9/art_10490_467452.html|website = gtoc.ningbo.gov.cn|access-date = 2015-09-09|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017163123/http://gtoc.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2013/9/9/art_10490_467452.html|archive-date = 2015-10-17}}</ref>
==
Ningbo is known for Ningbo [[Tangyuan (food)|Tangyuan]], small stuffed buns which are boiled. The stuffing is usually ground sesame mixed with sugar or pork fat. The stuffing is then wrapped with sticky rice powder. Ningbo is even more well known throughout China for its seafood. Seafood markets are abundant, carrying extensive varieties of fish, shellfish, snails, jellyfish and other invertebrates, and sea vegetables in all stages of preparation from "still swimming," to cleaned and ready to cook, to fully cooked.
==Education==
Line 1,038 ⟶ 887:
|bachelor's degree, master's degree, doctoral degree
|https://www.nbu.edu.cn/en/
|A
|-
|[[University of Nottingham Ningbo China|University of Nottingham, Ningbo China]]
Line 1,115 ⟶ 964:
|宁波卫生职业技术学院
|associate degree
|http://www.nbchs.net/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807165606/http://www.nbchs.net/ |date=2013-08-07 }}
|
|-
Line 1,157 ⟶ 1,006:
===Secondary and primary education===
Compulsory education is from the ages 6 to 15. Students are catered to in a variety of state and private schools. Studying for the [[Gaokao]] (高考), a cumulative test taken at the end of high school, is optional.<ref>
===International education===
Line 1,198 ⟶ 1,047:
|-
| [[Daegu]] || {{flagu|South Korea}} || 2013
|-
| [[Marrakesh]] || {{flagu|Morocco}} || 2019
|-
| [[Bitola]] || {{flagu|North Macedonia}} || 2014
|-
| [[Heraklion]] || {{flagu|Greece}} || 2019
|-
| [[Alor Setar]] || {{flagu|Malaysia}} || 2023
|}
Line 1,209 ⟶ 1,062:
* [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Ningbo]]
* [[Ningbo Library]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
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{{Authority control}}
{{coord|29.8603|N|121.6245|E|format=dms|type:adm2nd_region:CN-33_source:Gaode|display=t}}<!--Government coords-->
[[Category:Ningbo| ]]
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