Ningbo: Difference between revisions

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{{redirect|Liampo|the nearby settlement referred to by this name by the Portuguese in the 16th century|Shuangyu}}

 

{{Infobox settlement

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{{Infobox Chinese

| s = 宁波

| t = 寧波 / 𡩋波

| gr = Ningbo

| ci = {{IPAc-yue|n|ing|4|.|b|o|1}}

| wuu = {{nowrap|{{Audio|Wuu-Nyinpou.ogg|Nihng-bo}} {{small|([[Ningbonese dialect|locally]])}}}}

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Ningbo is one of the 15 [[sub-provincial city|sub-provincial cities]] in China, and is one of the five [[:zh:计划单列市|separate state-planning cities]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |script-title=zh:中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号 |script-website=zh:豆丁网 |date=1995-02-19 |access-date=2014-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |archive-date=2014-05-29 }}</ref> in China (the other four being [[Dalian]], [[Qingdao]], [[Xiamen]], and [[Shenzhen]]), with the municipality possessing a separate state-planning status in many economic departments, rather than being governed by [[Zhejiang|Zhejiang Province]]. Therefore, Ningbo has provincial-level autonomy in making economic and financial policies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=国务院关于宁波市实行计划单列的批复（国函〔1987〕37号）_政府信息公开专栏|url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2011-10/28/content_1669.htm|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Gov.cn}}</ref>

 

As a city with rich culture and a long history dating back to the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain Culture]] in 6300 BC and the [[Hemudu culture]] in 4800 BC, Ningbo was awarded "City of Culture in East Asia" by the governments of China, Japan, and Korea in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-02|title=Ningbo is East Asia's new 'City of Culture'|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/life/30270044|access-date=2021-05-19|website=nationthailand|language=en}}</ref> From 1842, Ningbo was one of the first five [[treaty port]]s opened up to the West. Ningbo is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2022 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.nature.com |language=en}}</ref> <!--cited in infobox-->

 

== Etymology ==

 

 

==History==

 

{{main|History of Ningbo}}

 

===Ancient to Sui dynasty===

As of 2020, the earliest relics of human activity discovered in Ningbo City are from the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain site]] in Yuyao. These relics date back to 6300 BC, evidencing early human consumption of seafood and rice. A large number of cultivated rice, farming tools, remains of dry fence buildings, remains of domestic livestock, and primitive religious items have been unearthed from related sites of the [[Hemudu culture]] (5000–4500 BC), evidencing human settlement and culture in the eastern part of the Ningshao Plain, where modern-day Ningbo city is located.

 

 

===Tang and Song dynasty===

During the 1800s Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate Portuguese pirates who had raided Canton shipping around Ningbo. The massacre was "successful", with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Cantonese dead. It was dubbed "[[The Ningpo Massacre]]" by an English correspondent, who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Cantonese Chinese, and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have reined in the pirates.

 

{{cite book |title=Memorials of Protestant missionaries to the Chinese: giving a list of their publications, and obituary notices of the deceased. With copious indexes | year=1867 |author=Alexander Wylie |publisher=American Presbyterian Mission Press |page= 247}}</ref>

 

Ningbo ranges in latitude from 28° 51' to 30° 33' N and in longitude from 120° 55' to 122° 16' E, bounded on the east by the [[East China Sea]] and [[Zhoushan Archipelago]]; on the north by [[Hangzhou Bay]], across which it faces [[Jiaxing]] and [[Shanghai]]; on the west by [[Shaoxing]]; and on the south by [[Taizhou, Zhejiang|Taizhou]]. Its land area is {{convert|9816|km2||sp=us}}, while its oceanic territory amounts to {{convert|9758|km2|abbr=on}}; there is a total {{convert|1562|km|0|abbr=on}} of coastline, including {{convert|788|km|abbr=on}} of mainland coastline and {{convert|774|km|0|abbr=on}} of island coastline that together accounting for one-third of the entire provincial coastline. There are 531 islands accounting for {{convert|524|km2|abbr=on}} under the city's administration.

 

 

 

==Climate==

Ningbo has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfa'') with four distinctive seasons, characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and dry winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is {{convert|17.15|°C|1}}, with monthly daily averages ranging from {{convert|5.3|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|28.8|°C}} in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−8.8|°C|0}} on 12 January 1955 to {{convert|42.1|°C|0}} on 8 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag%3DdataLogger |title=无标题文档 |access-date=18 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archive-date=2013-03-18 }}</ref> The city receives an average annual rainfall of {{convert|1430|mm|abbr=on}} and is affected by the [[Meiyu|plum rains]] of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks. From August to October, Ningbo experiences the effects of [[typhoon]]s, and is affected by an average 1.8 storms annually, though the city is not often struck directly by these systems. A 2012 OECD study lists Ningbo among the top 20 cities worldwide most at risk of flooding due to anthropogenic climate change.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranking of the world's cities most exposed to coastal flooding today and in the future. Executive Summary|url=http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/39721444.pdf|website=OECD|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112004304/http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/39721444.pdf|archive-date=12 November 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

 

{{Weather box

 

==== Ningbo Economic & Technological Development Zone ====

 

==== Ningbo Daxie Development Zone ====

 

==== Ningbo Free Trade Zone ====

 

==== Nordic Industrial Park ====

The Ningbo Advertising Park is a national level pilot park located in the Ningbo Southern Business District. The financial incentives have attracted over 300 relevant firms to establish operations.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://english.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2015/3/25/art_46_708896.html |title = Ningbo Advertising Industry Park begins to show its cluster effect |website = English.Ningbo.gov.cn |access-date = 2016-02-25 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304012816/http://english.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2015/3/25/art_46_708896.html |archive-date = 2016-03-04}}</ref>

 

{{main|Port of Ningbo}}

 

Thus, with bulk container breakdowns, hugely improved logistics, and massive chemical and foodstuff, processing developments, Ningbo is outcompeting Shanghai for the preeminent Chinese east coast port.<ref name="china-briefing.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.china-briefing.com/download.php?download_file=ChinaBriefing_200606_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090304010815/http://www.china-briefing.com/user/login?goto=download.php?download_file=ChinaBriefing_200606_EN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2009 |title=China Briefing Developing Cities: Ningbo |publisher=China-briefing.com |access-date=29 March 2011 }}</ref><ref name="2021年12月全国港口货物、集装箱吞吐量-政府信息公开-交通运输部">{{cite web | url=https://xxgk.mot.gov.cn/2020/jigou/zhghs/202201/t20220119_3637308.html | title=2021年12月全国港口货物、集装箱吞吐量-政府信息公开-交通运输部 }}</ref>

 

== Tourism ==

 

=== Haishu District ===

* [[Moon Lake (Ningbo)|Moon Lake]] Park (Yuehu Park): A [[man-made lake|reservoir]] excavated in the Tang dynasty (636 AD) at the center of Haishu District. The park includes the lake itself, some small islands on the lake, and many ancient Chinese architectures and historical sites, such as:

** [[Tianyi Pavilion]] (Tianyi Ge or Tianyi Chamber): One of Ningbo's most popular and famous tourist attractions. Built in 1516 AD, it is the oldest library existent in Asia and is one of the 3 oldest private libraries in the world. The collection dates back to the 11th century and includes woodblock and handwritten copies of the [[Confucian classics]], rare local histories, and lists of the candidates successful in [[imperial examinations]]. The currently Tianyi Pavilion refers to the whole museum complex that includes:

** Shuize Stele: A stone stele used to measure water level in Pingqiao River near the Moon Lake, built in 1242 AD during the [[South Song dynasty]]. A protective pavilion for the stele was built during the [[Qing dynasty]].

** He Mijian Ci (贺秘监祠): A cultural relic protection built in honor of the Chinese poet [[He Zhizhang]] (賀知章, 659 AD – 744 AD) during the Tang dynasty who called himself the "Siming Crazy Guest", where "Siming" is the name of a mountain in Ningbo. The building was completed during the Song dynasty (1144 AD) and repaired during the Qing dynasty (1865 AD).

** Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao Temple: A Ningbo-born novelist [[Qu You]] wrote a fiction called ''[[Peony Dengji]]'' (牡丹灯记, [[Japanese language|Janpanese]]: [[Botan Dōrō]] also known as 怪談牡丹灯籠 ''Tales of the Peony Lantern'') (in the collection of ''[[Jiandeng Xinhua]]''). It describes a love story between ghost and a man during [[Fang Guozhen]] period. The story took place at the Moon Lake. Japanese scholar Koyama Issei identified many of the locations, including Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao temple, that would fit geographically and architecturally of the places mentioned in the story. The story was adapted as one of three [[Kaidan (parapsychology)|Kaidan]] tales in Japan.

* Drum Tower Complex (Haishu Tower): The only remaining ruin of an old city gate tower constructed during the Tang dynasty. At the top, there is a six-meter high Romanesque bell tower added in the Republic period. Around the base of the tower is a commercial area where all the buildings are reconstructed in the traditional style.

 

=== Yinzhou District ===

* [[Romon U-Park]]: One of the largest urban indoor theme parks in the world.

*Ningbo Eastern New Town: A newly developed area of Ningbo City, with a well-designed CBD (including two 400m skyscrapers and other headquarters of many listed company and government offices), several museums, galleries, and shopping centers, including:

 

=== Jiangbei District ===

* [[Baoguo Temple (Ningbo)|Baoguo Temple]]: The oldest intact wooden structure in eastern China. It is in the first batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Sites in China. Currently, it is the Baoguo Temple Ancient Architecture Museum, and has become a teaching and research base for many top architectural universities.

 

=== Zhenhai District ===

 

=== Bridge ===

 

The Jintang Bridge, a four-lane sea crossing bridge linking Jintang Island of Zhoushan and Zhenhai district, is a {{convert|27|km|abbr=on}} long opened on December 26, 2009.

 

 

The port of Ningbo is the world's busiest port. It was ranked number 1 in total Cargo Volume (1.22 billion tonnes in 2021<ref name="2021年12月全国港口货物、集装箱吞吐量-政府信息公开-交通运输部"/>) and number 3 in total container traffic (31.1 million TEUs in 2021) since 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900#Statistics|title=Ports & World Trade|website=AAPA-ports.org|access-date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504233752/http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900#Statistics|archive-date=4 May 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

 

* The [[G1523 Ningbo–Dongguan Expressway]]

[[File:Ningbo Rail Transit Plan (2027) zh-hans.svg|thumb|298x298px|Ningbo Rail Transit Plan (2026)]]

 

===Rapid rail transit and subway===

|bachelor's degree, master's degree, doctoral degree

|https://www.nbu.edu.cn/en/

|-

|[[University of Nottingham Ningbo China|University of Nottingham, Ningbo China]]

 

===Secondary and primary education===

 

===International education===

* [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Ningbo]]

* [[Ningbo Library]]

 

== References ==