Content deleted Content added
→Expressway: moved pic |
Formatting |
||
(24 intermediate revisions by 17 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Prefecture-level & sub-provincial city in China}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Liampo|the nearby settlement referred to by this name by the Portuguese in the 16th century|Shuangyu}}
Line 4 ⟶ 5:
{{Infobox settlement
| name
| official_name
| native_name
| native_name_lang
| other_name
| settlement_type
| image_skyline
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
Line 22 ⟶ 23:
| image6 =
}}
| image_caption
| image_seal =
| image_shield =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map
| image_map1
| map_caption1
| pushpin_map
| pushpin_label_position
| pushpin_map_caption
| coor_pinpoint
| coordinates
| subdivision_type
| subdivision_name
| subdivision_type1
| subdivision_name1
| subdivision_type2
| subdivision_name2
| subdivision_type3
| subdivision_name3
| seat_type
| seat
| established_title =
| established_date =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type
| governing_body
| leader_title
| leader_name
| leader_title1
| leader_name1
| leader_title2
| leader_name2
| leader_title3
| leader_name3
| total_type
| unit_pref
| area_footnotes
| area_total_km2
| area_land_km2
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2
| area_metro_km2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m
| elevation_ft
| population_total
| population_as_of
| population_density_km2
| population_urban
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_footnotes
|
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] & [[Sub-provincial city]]
▲| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="NBECO2019">{{cite web |script-title=zh:2022年宁波市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |trans-title = Statistical Communiqué of Ningbo on the 2022 National Economic and Social Development |publisher = Ningbo Bureau of Statistics |website = tjj.ningbo.gov.cn |date = 28 February 2022 |language = zh |access-date = 28 February 2022 |url = http://tjj.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2018/2/6/art_18617_2731061.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191030072535/http://tjj.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2018/2/6/art_18617_2731061.html |archive-date = 30 October 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref>
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 1.570 trillion<br />[[US$]] 233.5 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 163,911<br />US$ 24,369
|
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
▲| timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
|
|
▲| postal_code = 315000
| blank1_name_sec1 = City [[tree]]s
| blank2_name_sec1 = City [[flower]]s
▲| registration_plate = {{lang|zh-cn|[[License Plate (China)|浙B]]}}
|
▲| blank1_info_sec1 = Camphor Laurel<br />''[[Cinnamomum camphora]]'' (L.) Sieb.
|
▲| website = {{URL|http://www.ningbo.gov.cn/col/col1229172783/index.html|ningbo.gov.cn}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
Line 109 ⟶ 107:
| s = 宁波
| t = 寧波 / 𡩋波
| p = Níngbō
| w = Ning<sup>2</sup>-po<sup>1</sup>
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|n|ing|2|.|b|o|1}}
| gr = Ningbo
| j = Ning<sup>4</sup>-bo<sup>1</sup>
| y = Nìhng-bō
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|n|ing|4|.|b|o|1}}
| wuu = {{nowrap|{{Audio|Wuu-Nyinpou.ogg|Nihng-bo}} {{small|([[Ningbonese dialect|locally]])}}}}
Line 122 ⟶ 120:
}}
'''Ningbo'''
Ningbo is the core city and center of the [[Ningbo Metropolitan Area]].<ref name="art_1229099770_3707060"/> To the north, [[Hangzhou Bay]] separates Ningbo from [[Shanghai]]; to the east lies [[Zhoushan]] in the [[East China Sea]]; on the west and south, Ningbo borders [[Shaoxing]] and [[Taizhou, Zhejiang|Taizhou]] respectively. As of the [[Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|2020 Chinese national census]], the entire administrated area of Ningbo City had a population of 9.4 million (9,404,283).<ref>{{Cite web|title=宁波常住人口超940万|url=http://www.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2021/5/14/art_1229099763_59028614.html|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Ningbo.gov.cn}}</ref> Ningbo is one of the 15 [[sub-provincial city|sub-provincial cities]] in China, and is one of the five [[:zh:计划单列市|separate state-planning cities]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |script-title=zh:中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号 |script-website=zh:豆丁网 |date=1995-02-19 |access-date=2014-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |archive-date=2014-05-29 }}</ref> in China (the other four being [[Dalian]], [[Qingdao]], [[Xiamen]], and [[Shenzhen]]), with the municipality possessing a separate state-planning status in many economic departments, rather than being governed by [[Zhejiang|Zhejiang Province]]. Therefore, Ningbo has provincial-level autonomy in making economic and financial policies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=国务院关于宁波市实行计划单列的批复(国函〔1987〕37号)_政府信息公开专栏|url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2011-10/28/content_1669.htm|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Gov.cn}}</ref>
Line 129:
As a city with rich culture and a long history dating back to the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain Culture]] in 6300 BC and the [[Hemudu culture]] in 4800 BC, Ningbo was awarded "City of Culture in East Asia" by the governments of China, Japan, and Korea in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-02|title=Ningbo is East Asia's new 'City of Culture'|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/life/30270044|access-date=2021-05-19|website=nationthailand|language=en}}</ref> From 1842, Ningbo was one of the first five [[treaty port]]s opened up to the West. Ningbo is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2022 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.nature.com |language=en}}</ref> <!--cited in infobox-->
== Etymology ==
The first character in the city's name ''ning'' ({{linktext|lang=zh-hans|宁}} or {{lang|zh-hant|寧}}) means "serene", while its second character ''bo'' ({{linktext|lang=zh|波}}) translates to "wave". The city is abbreviated "{{linktext|lang=zh|甬}}" ({{zh|p=Yǒng}}) for the eponymous "Yong Hill" ({{lang|zh|甬山}}), a prominent coastal hill near the city, and the [[Yong River (Zhejiang)|Yong River]] that flows through Ningbo city.
==History==
{{main|History of Ningbo}}
Ningbo is one of China's oldest cities, with a history dating to the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain Culture]] in 6300 BC and [[Hemudu culture]] in 4800 BC. Ningbo was known as a trade city on the [[
===Ancient to Sui dynasty===
Line 147 ⟶ 145:
As of 2020, the earliest relics of human activity discovered in Ningbo City are from the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain site]] in Yuyao. These relics date back to 6300 BC, evidencing early human consumption of seafood and rice. A large number of cultivated rice, farming tools, remains of dry fence buildings, remains of domestic livestock, and primitive religious items have been unearthed from related sites of the [[Hemudu culture]] (5000–4500 BC), evidencing human settlement and culture in the eastern part of the Ningshao Plain, where modern-day Ningbo city is located.
Before the [[Han dynasty]], the area where Ningbo City is located today was sparsely populated. In the [[Xia dynasty]], the location of Ningbo was called "Yin". In the [[Spring and Autumn period
===Tang and Song dynasty===
Line 246 ⟶ 244:
During the 1800s Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate Portuguese pirates who had raided Canton shipping around Ningbo. The massacre was "successful", with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Cantonese dead. It was dubbed "[[The Ningpo Massacre]]" by an English correspondent, who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Cantonese Chinese, and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have reined in the pirates.
During the late Qing era, Western missionaries set up a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church]] in Ningbo. Li Veng-eing was a Reverend of the Ningpo Church.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Home and foreign record of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Volume 18|year=1867 |author=Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. |publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publication |page=140}}</ref> The Ningpo College was managed by Rev. Robert F. Fitch. The four trustees were natives of Ningbo, and three of them had Taotai rank.<ref>{{cite book |title=New-York observer, Volume 83 |date=27 April 1905 |publisher=Morse, Hallock & Co. |page=533}}</ref> Rev. George Evans Moule, B.A., was appointed as a missionary to China by the [[Church of England Missionary Society]], and arrived at Ningpo with Mrs. Moule in February 1858. His time was chiefly divided between Ningpo and another mission station he began at Hang-chow. He wrote Christian publications in the [[Ningbo dialect]].<ref>
{{cite book |title=Memorials of Protestant missionaries to the Chinese: giving a list of their publications, and obituary notices of the deceased. With copious indexes | year=1867 |author=Alexander Wylie |publisher=American Presbyterian Mission Press |page= 247}}</ref>
Line 261 ⟶ 259:
Ningbo ranges in latitude from 28° 51' to 30° 33' N and in longitude from 120° 55' to 122° 16' E, bounded on the east by the [[East China Sea]] and [[Zhoushan Archipelago]]; on the north by [[Hangzhou Bay]], across which it faces [[Jiaxing]] and [[Shanghai]]; on the west by [[Shaoxing]]; and on the south by [[Taizhou, Zhejiang|Taizhou]]. Its land area is {{convert|9816|km2||sp=us}}, while its oceanic territory amounts to {{convert|9758|km2|abbr=on}}; there is a total {{convert|1562|km|0|abbr=on}} of coastline, including {{convert|788|km|abbr=on}} of mainland coastline and {{convert|774|km|0|abbr=on}} of island coastline that together accounting for one-third of the entire provincial coastline. There are 531 islands accounting for {{convert|524|km2|abbr=on}} under the city's administration.
Ningbo's city proper is sandwiched between the ocean and low-lying mountains to the southwest, with coastal plain and valleys in between. Important peninsulas include the [[Chuanshan Peninsula]] ({{lang|zh-hans|穿山半岛}}), located in Beilun District and containing mainland Zhejiang's easternmost point, and the [[Xiangshan Peninsula]] ({{lang|zh-hans|象山半岛}}) in [[Xiangshan County, Zhejiang|Xiangshan County]]. The [[Siming Mountains]] ({{lang|zh|四明山}}) run north from [[Tiantai Mountain|Mount Tiantai]] and within Ningbo City, traversing [[Yuyao|Yuyao City]], [[Haishu, Ningbo|Haishu District]], and [[Fenghua, Ningbo|Fenghua District]], and reaching a height of {{convert|979|m|abbr=on}}.
Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however,
==Climate==
Ningbo has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfa'') with four distinctive seasons, characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and dry winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is {{convert|17.15|°C|1}}, with monthly daily averages ranging from {{convert|5.3|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|28.8|°C}} in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−8.8|°C|0}} on 12 January 1955 to {{convert|42.1|°C|0}} on 8 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag%3DdataLogger |title=无标题文档 |access-date=18 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archive-date=2013-03-18 }}</ref> The city receives an average annual rainfall of {{convert|1430|mm|abbr=on}} and is affected by the [[Meiyu|plum rains]] of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks. From August to October, Ningbo experiences the effects of [[typhoon]]s, and is affected by an average 1.8 storms annually, though the city is not often struck directly by these systems. A 2012 OECD study lists Ningbo among the top 20 cities worldwide most at risk of flooding due to anthropogenic climate change.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranking of the world's cities most exposed to coastal flooding today and in the future. Executive Summary|url=http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/39721444.pdf|website=OECD|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112004304/http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/39721444.pdf|archive-date=12 November 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Ningbo is among the cities in China which are implementing [[sponge city]] strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |pages=173 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}</ref>
{{Weather box
Line 577:
==== Ningbo Economic & Technological Development Zone ====
Located in the north-east of Ningbo, behind Beilun Port, NETD is {{convert|27|km|0|abbr=on}} away from the city center. With more than 20 years of great effort, NETD has already formed the general framework for large scale construction and development, and established the perfect investment environment. It is situated close to the Ningbo Port and Ningbo Lishe International Airport. Major Investors include [[ExxonMobil]], [[DuPont|Dupont]] and [[Dow Chemical Company|Dow Chemical]].<ref name="RightSite.asia">{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/ningbo-economic-development-zone/ |title=Ningbo Economic & Technological Development Zone |publisher=RightSite.asia |access-date=29 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827094542/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/ningbo-economic-development-zone |archive-date=27 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Ningbo Daxie Development Zone ====
Line 586:
==== Ningbo Free Trade Zone ====
Ningbo Free Trade Zone is one of the 15 free trade zones authorized by the State Council of China
==== Nordic Industrial Park ====
Line 594:
The Ningbo Advertising Park is a national level pilot park located in the Ningbo Southern Business District. The financial incentives have attracted over 300 relevant firms to establish operations.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://english.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2015/3/25/art_46_708896.html |title = Ningbo Advertising Industry Park begins to show its cluster effect |website = English.Ningbo.gov.cn |access-date = 2016-02-25 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304012816/http://english.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2015/3/25/art_46_708896.html |archive-date = 2016-03-04}}</ref>
== Ningbo
[[File:Beilun Port 2020-05-02.jpg|thumb|right|Ningbo port in the Beilun district]]
{{main|Port of Ningbo}}
Unlike other Chinese cities, Ningbo has the same authority as provincial governments for economic administration and is the largest port in the world in terms of annual cargo throughput. In contrast to Shanghai, the port is deep-water and capable of handling 300,000 ton vessels. The port is located mainly in Beilun district and Zhenhai district.
Thus, with bulk container breakdowns, hugely improved logistics, and massive chemical and foodstuff, processing developments, Ningbo is outcompeting Shanghai for the preeminent Chinese east coast port.<ref name="china-briefing.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.china-briefing.com/download.php?download_file=ChinaBriefing_200606_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090304010815/http://www.china-briefing.com/user/login?goto=download.php?download_file=ChinaBriefing_200606_EN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2009 |title=China Briefing Developing Cities: Ningbo |publisher=China-briefing.com |access-date=29 March 2011 }}</ref><ref name="2021年12月全国港口货物、集装箱吞吐量-政府信息公开-交通运输部">{{cite web | url=https://xxgk.mot.gov.cn/2020/jigou/zhghs/202201/t20220119_3637308.html | title=2021年12月全国港口货物、集装箱吞吐量-政府信息公开-交通运输部 }}</ref>
== Tourism ==
Line 608 ⟶ 611:
=== Haishu District ===
[[File:The Prayer Hall of Yuehu Mosque. By Hamada Hagras.jpg|thumb|Prayer hall of Yuehu Mosque
* [[Moon Lake (Ningbo)|Moon Lake]] Park (Yuehu Park): A [[man-made lake|reservoir]] excavated in the Tang dynasty (636 AD) at the center of Haishu District. The park includes the lake itself, some small islands on the lake, and many ancient Chinese architectures and historical sites, such as:
** [[Tianyi Pavilion]] (Tianyi Ge or Tianyi Chamber): One of Ningbo's most popular and famous tourist attractions. Built in 1516 AD, it is the oldest library existent in Asia and is one of the 3 oldest private libraries in the world. The collection dates back to the 11th century and includes woodblock and handwritten copies of the [[Confucian classics]], rare local histories, and lists of the candidates successful in [[imperial examinations]]. The currently Tianyi Pavilion refers to the whole museum complex that includes:
Line 620 ⟶ 623:
** Shuize Stele: A stone stele used to measure water level in Pingqiao River near the Moon Lake, built in 1242 AD during the [[South Song dynasty]]. A protective pavilion for the stele was built during the [[Qing dynasty]].
** He Mijian Ci (贺秘监祠): A cultural relic protection built in honor of the Chinese poet [[He Zhizhang]] (賀知章, 659 AD – 744 AD) during the Tang dynasty who called himself the "Siming Crazy Guest", where "Siming" is the name of a mountain in Ningbo. The building was completed during the Song dynasty (1144 AD) and repaired during the Qing dynasty (1865 AD).
** [[
** Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao Temple: A Ningbo-born novelist [[Qu You]] wrote a fiction called ''[[Peony Dengji]]'' (牡丹灯记, [[Japanese language|Janpanese]]: [[Botan Dōrō]] also known as 怪談牡丹灯籠 ''Tales of the Peony Lantern'') (in the collection of ''[[Jiandeng Xinhua]]''). It describes a love story between ghost and a man during [[Fang Guozhen]] period. The story took place at the Moon Lake. Japanese scholar Koyama Issei identified many of the locations, including Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao temple, that would fit geographically and architecturally of the places mentioned in the story. The story was adapted as one of three [[Kaidan (parapsychology)|Kaidan]] tales in Japan.
* Drum Tower Complex (Haishu Tower): The only remaining ruin of an old city gate tower constructed during the Tang dynasty. At the top, there is a six-meter high Romanesque bell tower added in the Republic period. Around the base of the tower is a commercial area where all the buildings are reconstructed in the traditional style.
Line 633 ⟶ 636:
=== Yinzhou District ===
[[File:South Gate of Ningbo Museum.jpg|thumb|right|Ningbo Museum]]
* [[Ningbo Museum]] (Yinzhou Museum, or Ningbo Historic Museum
* [[Romon U-Park]]: One of the largest urban indoor theme parks in the world.
*Ningbo Eastern New Town: A newly developed area of Ningbo City, with a well-designed CBD (including two 400m skyscrapers and other headquarters of many listed company and government offices), several museums, galleries, and shopping centers, including:
Line 656 ⟶ 660:
=== Jiangbei District ===
[[File:Cicheng Kongmiao 2013.07.27 12-48-52.jpg|thumb|right|Confucian Temple of Cicheng]]
* [[
* Old Bund (Old Waitan): A waterfront area and protected historical district in the center of Ningbo, built earlier than the [[The Bund|Bund of Shanghai]], with lots of early 19th century architectures, stores and restaurants.
* [[Baoguo Temple (Ningbo)|Baoguo Temple]]: The oldest intact wooden structure in eastern China. It is in the first batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Sites in China. Currently, it is the Baoguo Temple Ancient Architecture Museum, and has become a teaching and research base for many top architectural universities.
*
* Ningbo Museum of Garden (宁波园林博物馆)
* [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Ningbo]]
* [[Cicheng|Cicheng Ancient Town]]: A very well-maintained ancient Chinese ancient walled city built in the 8th century, including ancient-time schools, courts, temples, houses, commercial areas. In December 2009, the ancient buildings in Cicheng received the honorary award of the [[UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards|UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation]] by UNESCO.
* Yaojiang Park
=== Zhenhai District ===
Line 734 ⟶ 739:
=== Bridge ===
The [[Hangzhou Bay Bridge]], a combination [[cable-stayed bridge]] and causeway across Hangzhou Bay, opened to the public on 1 May 2008. This bridge connects the municipalities of [[Shanghai]] and Ningbo
The Jintang Bridge, a four-lane sea crossing bridge linking Jintang Island of Zhoushan and Zhenhai district, is a {{convert|27|km|abbr=on}} long opened on December 26, 2009.
The [[Xiangshan Harbor Bridge]] opened to traffic on December 29, 2012, connecting Ningbo with Xiangshan. The {{convert|47|km|abbr=on}} long project includes {{convert|22|km|abbr=on}} as the main body of the bridge and
=== Sea
The port of Ningbo is the world's busiest port. It was ranked number 1 in total Cargo Volume (1.22 billion tonnes in 2021<ref name="2021年12月全国港口货物、集装箱吞吐量-政府信息公开-交通运输部"/>) and number 3 in total container traffic (31.1 million TEUs in 2021) since 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900#Statistics|title=Ports & World Trade|website=AAPA-ports.org|access-date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504233752/http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900#Statistics|archive-date=4 May 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Line 882 ⟶ 887:
|bachelor's degree, master's degree, doctoral degree
|https://www.nbu.edu.cn/en/
|A
|-
|[[University of Nottingham Ningbo China|University of Nottingham, Ningbo China]]
Line 1,001 ⟶ 1,006:
===Secondary and primary education===
Compulsory education is from the ages 6 to 15. Students are catered to in a variety of state and private schools. Studying for the [[Gaokao]] (高考), a cumulative test taken at the end of high school, is optional.<ref>
===International education===
Line 1,057 ⟶ 1,062:
* [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Ningbo]]
* [[Ningbo Library]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
|