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{{Infobox settlement
| name
| official_name
| native_name
| native_name_lang
| other_name
| settlement_type
| image_skyline
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
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| image6 =
}}
| image_caption
| image_seal =
| image_shield =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map
| image_map1
| map_caption1
| pushpin_map
| pushpin_label_position
| pushpin_map_caption
| coor_pinpoint
| coordinates
| subdivision_type
| subdivision_name
| subdivision_type1
| subdivision_name1
| subdivision_type2
| subdivision_name2
| subdivision_type3
| subdivision_name3
| seat_type
| seat
| established_title =
| established_date =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type
| governing_body
| leader_title
| leader_name
| leader_title1
| leader_name1
| leader_title2
| leader_name2
| leader_title3
| leader_name3
| total_type
| unit_pref
| area_footnotes
| area_total_km2
| area_land_km2
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2
| area_metro_km2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m
| elevation_ft
| population_total
| population_as_of
| population_density_km2
| population_urban
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_footnotes
| demographics_type2
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] & [[Sub-provincial city]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 1.570 trillion<br />[[US$]] 233.5 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 163,911<br />US$ 24,369
| timezone
| utc_offset
| postal_code_type
| postal_code
| area_code
| iso_code
| registration_plate
| blank1_name_sec1
| blank1_info_sec1
| blank2_name_sec1
| blank2_info_sec1
| website
| footnotes =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
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| s = 宁波
| t = 寧波 / 𡩋波
| p = Níngbō
| w = Ning<sup>2</sup>-po<sup>1</sup>
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|n|ing|2|.|b|o|1}}
| gr = Ningbo
| j = Ning<sup>4</sup>-bo<sup>1</sup>
| y = Nìhng-bō
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|n|ing|4|.|b|o|1}}
| wuu = {{nowrap|{{Audio|Wuu-Nyinpou.ogg|Nihng-bo}} {{small|([[Ningbonese dialect|locally]])}}}}
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}}
'''Ningbo'''{{efn|{{zh|s=宁波|p=Níngbō}}; [[Ningbo dialect]]: [[Romanization of Wu Chinese|''gnin² poq⁷'']] {{IPA-wuu|ɲìɲ.póʔ|}}, <small>[[Putonghua|Standard Mandarin]] pronunciation:</small> {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Ning2bo1.ogg|n|ing|2|-|b|o|1}}), [[Chinese postal romanization|formerly romanized]] as '''Ningpo'''}} is a
Ningbo is the core city and center of the [[Ningbo Metropolitan Area]].<ref name="art_1229099770_3707060"/> To the north, [[Hangzhou Bay]] separates Ningbo from [[Shanghai]]; to the east lies [[Zhoushan]] in the [[East China Sea]]; on the west and south, Ningbo borders [[Shaoxing]] and [[Taizhou, Zhejiang|Taizhou]] respectively. As of the [[Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|2020 Chinese national census]], the entire administrated area of Ningbo City had a population of 9.4 million (9,404,283).<ref>{{Cite web|title=宁波常住人口超940万|url=http://www.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2021/5/14/art_1229099763_59028614.html|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Ningbo.gov.cn}}</ref>
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== Etymology ==
The first character in the city's name ''ning'' ({{linktext|lang=zh-hans|宁}} or {{lang|zh-hant|寧}}) means "serene", while its second character ''bo'' ({{linktext|lang=zh|波}}) translates to "wave". The city is abbreviated "{{linktext|lang=zh|甬}}" ({{zh|p=Yǒng}}) for the eponymous "Yong Hill" ({{lang|zh|甬山}}), a prominent coastal hill near the city, and the [[Yong River (Zhejiang)|Yong River]] that flows through Ningbo city.
Formerly known as Mingzhou (明州; Míngzhōu), Ningbo boasts a rich historical background. The name Mingzhou is derived from the characters "{{linktext|明|lang=zh}}" (Míng), which symbolizes the presence of two lakes within the city walls: the Sun Lake (日湖) and the Moon Lake (月湖). This nomenclature traces its roots back to the Tang dynasty in 636 AD, reflecting the enduring history of Ningbo. While the original Sun Lake dried up during the 19th century, the Ningbo government embarked on its restoration in 2002, transforming it into one of the city's prominent parks. This restoration not only honors the city's historical roots but also contributes to the contemporary allure of Ningbo as a city that seamlessly blends its past and present.
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{{main|History of Ningbo}}
Ningbo is one of China's oldest cities, with a history dating to the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain Culture]] in 6300 BC and [[Hemudu culture]] in 4800 BC. Ningbo was known as a trade city on the [[
===Ancient to Sui dynasty===
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As of 2020, the earliest relics of human activity discovered in Ningbo City are from the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain site]] in Yuyao. These relics date back to 6300 BC, evidencing early human consumption of seafood and rice. A large number of cultivated rice, farming tools, remains of dry fence buildings, remains of domestic livestock, and primitive religious items have been unearthed from related sites of the [[Hemudu culture]] (5000–4500 BC), evidencing human settlement and culture in the eastern part of the Ningshao Plain, where modern-day Ningbo city is located.
Before the [[Han dynasty]], the area where Ningbo City is located today was sparsely populated. In the [[Xia dynasty]], the location of Ningbo was called "Yin". In the [[Spring and Autumn period
===Tang and Song dynasty===
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Ningbo ranges in latitude from 28° 51' to 30° 33' N and in longitude from 120° 55' to 122° 16' E, bounded on the east by the [[East China Sea]] and [[Zhoushan Archipelago]]; on the north by [[Hangzhou Bay]], across which it faces [[Jiaxing]] and [[Shanghai]]; on the west by [[Shaoxing]]; and on the south by [[Taizhou, Zhejiang|Taizhou]]. Its land area is {{convert|9816|km2||sp=us}}, while its oceanic territory amounts to {{convert|9758|km2|abbr=on}}; there is a total {{convert|1562|km|0|abbr=on}} of coastline, including {{convert|788|km|abbr=on}} of mainland coastline and {{convert|774|km|0|abbr=on}} of island coastline that together accounting for one-third of the entire provincial coastline. There are 531 islands accounting for {{convert|524|km2|abbr=on}} under the city's administration.
Ningbo's city proper is sandwiched between the ocean and low-lying mountains to the southwest, with coastal plain and valleys in between. Important peninsulas include the [[Chuanshan Peninsula]] ({{lang|zh-hans|穿山半岛}}), located in Beilun District and containing mainland Zhejiang's easternmost point, and the [[Xiangshan Peninsula]] ({{lang|zh-hans|象山半岛}}) in [[Xiangshan County, Zhejiang|Xiangshan County]]. The [[Siming Mountains]] ({{lang|zh|四明山}}) run north from [[Tiantai Mountain|Mount Tiantai]] and within Ningbo City, traversing [[Yuyao|Yuyao City]], [[Haishu, Ningbo|Haishu District]], and [[Fenghua, Ningbo|Fenghua District]], and reaching a height of {{convert|979|m|abbr=on}}.
Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however, large areas have been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Clemens |first2=R.S. |last3=Phinn |first3=S.R. |last4=Possingham |first4=H.P. |last5=Fuller |first5=R.A. |title=Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |date=2014 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=267–272 |doi=10.1890/130260|bibcode=2014FrEE...12..267M |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/60169/1/130260.pdf }}</ref>
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==Climate==
Ningbo has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfa'') with four distinctive seasons, characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and dry winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is {{convert|17.15|°C|1}}, with monthly daily averages ranging from {{convert|5.3|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|28.8|°C}} in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−8.8|°C|0}} on 12 January 1955 to {{convert|42.1|°C|0}} on 8 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag%3DdataLogger |title=无标题文档 |access-date=18 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archive-date=2013-03-18 }}</ref> The city receives an average annual rainfall of {{convert|1430|mm|abbr=on}} and is affected by the [[Meiyu|plum rains]] of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks. From August to October, Ningbo experiences the effects of [[typhoon]]s, and is affected by an average 1.8 storms annually, though the city is not often struck directly by these systems. A 2012 OECD study lists Ningbo among the top 20 cities worldwide most at risk of flooding due to anthropogenic climate change.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranking of the world's cities most exposed to coastal flooding today and in the future. Executive Summary|url=http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/39721444.pdf|website=OECD|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112004304/http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/39721444.pdf|archive-date=12 November 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Ningbo is among the cities in China which are implementing [[sponge city]] strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |pages=173 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}</ref>
{{Weather box
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==== Ningbo Free Trade Zone ====
Ningbo Free Trade Zone is one of the 15 free trade zones authorized by the State Council of China and is the only free trade zone in Zhejiang Province. It was established by State Council in 1992, covering the area of {{convert|2.3|km2|abbr=on}}. It lies in the middle of the coastline of
==== Nordic Industrial Park ====
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[[File:Beilun Port 2020-05-02.jpg|thumb|right|Ningbo port in the Beilun district]]
{{main|Port of Ningbo}}
Unlike other Chinese cities, Ningbo has the same authority as provincial governments for economic administration and is the largest port in the world in terms of annual cargo throughput. In contrast to Shanghai, the port is deep-water and capable of handling 300,000 ton vessels. The port is located mainly in Beilun district and Zhenhai district.
In 2006 Ningbo Port started its expansion towards the neighboring island city of [[Zhoushan]] to build an even larger port with higher capacity to compete with neighboring ports in the region, such as [[Shanghai]]'s Yangshan Deep-Water Port. Statistics in 2010 showed that total cargo throughput was 627,000,000 tonnes and container throughput 13,144,000 TEUs. In 2021, total cargo throughput was 1,224,050,000 tonnes, including 31,080,000 TEUs. Ningbo proper saw 623,400,000 tonnes and 29,370,000 TEUs, while Zhoushan saw 600,650,000 tonnes and 1,710 000,TEUs.
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|bachelor's degree, master's degree, doctoral degree
|https://www.nbu.edu.cn/en/
|A
|-
|[[University of Nottingham Ningbo China|University of Nottingham, Ningbo China]]
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===Secondary and primary education===
Compulsory education is from the ages 6 to 15. Students are catered to in a variety of state and private schools. Studying for the [[Gaokao]] (高考), a cumulative test taken at the end of high school, is optional.<ref>
===International education===
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