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As of 2020, the earliest relics of human activity discovered in Ningbo City are from the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain site]] in Yuyao. These relics date back to 6300 BC, evidencing early human consumption of seafood and rice. A large number of cultivated rice, farming tools, remains of dry fence buildings, remains of domestic livestock, and primitive religious items have been unearthed from related sites of the [[Hemudu culture]] (5000–4500 BC), evidencing human settlement and culture in the eastern part of the Ningshao Plain, where modern-day Ningbo city is located.
Before the [[Han dynasty]], the area where Ningbo City is located today was sparsely populated. In the [[Xia dynasty]], the location of Ningbo was called "Yin". In the [[Spring and Autumn period|Spring and Autumn Period]], the area where Ningbo belonged was the [[Yue (state)|Yue State]]. At that time, the Yue King Goujian built Juzhang City in the present-day Cicheng Town, which became the earliest city in Ningbo. In the latter half of the [[Warring States period|Warring States]] period, the area of Ningbo became the jurisdiction of [[Chu (state)|Chu State]]. In 221 BC, Qin unified the six states and the Ningbo area was delegated to [[Kuaiji Commandery]], with three counties of Yin, Yin, and Juzhang (some studies assert there were four counties of Yin, Yin, Juzhang, and Yuyao). In the early years of the Western Han dynasty, [[Kuaiji Commandery]] belonged to the Kingdom of Jing and Wu. After the Seven Kingdoms was settled, [[Kuaiji Commandery]] was restored. In 589 AD (Sui Kai Huang nine years), the counties were merged under the Wu kingdom.
===Tang and Song dynasty===
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During the 1800s Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate Portuguese pirates who had raided Canton shipping around Ningbo. The massacre was "successful", with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Cantonese dead. It was dubbed "[[The Ningpo Massacre]]" by an English correspondent, who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Cantonese Chinese, and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have reined in the pirates.
During the late Qing era, Western missionaries set up a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church]] in Ningbo. Li Veng-eing was a Reverend of the Ningpo Church.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Home and foreign record of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Volume 18|year=1867 |author=Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. |publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publication |page=140}}</ref> The Ningpo College was managed by Rev. Robert F. Fitch. The four trustees were natives of Ningbo, and three of them had Taotai rank.<ref>{{cite book |title=New-York observer, Volume 83 |date=27 April 1905 |publisher=Morse, Hallock & Co. |page=533}}</ref> Rev. George Evans Moule, B.A., was appointed as a missionary to China by the [[Church of England Missionary Society]], and arrived at Ningpo with Mrs. Moule in February 1858. His time was chiefly divided between Ningpo and another mission station he began at Hang-chow. He wrote Christian publications in the [[Ningbo dialect]].<ref>
{{cite book |title=Memorials of Protestant missionaries to the Chinese: giving a list of their publications, and obituary notices of the deceased. With copious indexes | year=1867 |author=Alexander Wylie |publisher=American Presbyterian Mission Press |page= 247}}</ref>
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Ningbo ranges in latitude from 28° 51' to 30° 33' N and in longitude from 120° 55' to 122° 16' E, bounded on the east by the [[East China Sea]] and [[Zhoushan Archipelago]]; on the north by [[Hangzhou Bay]], across which it faces [[Jiaxing]] and [[Shanghai]]; on the west by [[Shaoxing]]; and on the south by [[Taizhou, Zhejiang|Taizhou]]. Its land area is {{convert|9816|km2||sp=us}}, while its oceanic territory amounts to {{convert|9758|km2|abbr=on}}; there is a total {{convert|1562|km|0|abbr=on}} of coastline, including {{convert|788|km|abbr=on}} of mainland coastline and {{convert|774|km|0|abbr=on}} of island coastline that together accounting for one-third of the entire provincial coastline. There are 531 islands accounting for {{convert|524|km2|abbr=on}} under the city's administration.
Ningbo's city proper is sandwiched between the ocean and low-lying mountains to the southwest, with coastal plain and valleys in between. Important peninsulas include the [[Chuanshan Peninsula]] ({{lang|zh-hans|穿山半岛}}), located in Beilun District and containing mainland Zhejiang's easternmost point, and the [[Xiangshan Peninsula]] ({{lang|zh-hans|象山半岛}}) in [[Xiangshan County]]. The [[Siming Mountains]] ({{lang|zh|四明山}}) run north from [[Tiantai Mountain|Mount Tiantai]] and within Ningbo City, traversing [[Yuyao|Yuyao City]], [[Haishu, Ningbo|Haishu District]], and [[Fenghua, Ningbo|Fenghua District]], and reaching a height of {{convert|979|m|abbr=on}}.
Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however,
==Climate==
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==== Ningbo Economic & Technological Development Zone ====
Located in the north-east of Ningbo, behind Beilun Port, NETD is {{convert|27|km|0|abbr=on}} away from the city center. With more than 20 years of great effort, NETD has already formed the general framework for large scale construction and development, and established the perfect investment environment. It is situated close to the Ningbo Port and Ningbo Lishe International Airport. Major Investors include [[ExxonMobil]], [[DuPont|Dupont]] and [[Dow Chemical Company|Dow Chemical]].<ref name="RightSite.asia">{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/ningbo-economic-development-zone/ |title=Ningbo Economic & Technological Development Zone |publisher=RightSite.asia |access-date=29 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827094542/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/ningbo-economic-development-zone |archive-date=27 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Ningbo Daxie Development Zone ====
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==== Ningbo Free Trade Zone ====
Ningbo Free Trade Zone is one of the 15 free trade zones authorized by the State Council of China
==== Nordic Industrial Park ====
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=== Bridge ===
The [[Hangzhou Bay Bridge]], a combination [[cable-stayed bridge]] and causeway across Hangzhou Bay, opened to the public on 1 May 2008. This bridge connects the municipalities of [[Shanghai]] and Ningbo
The Jintang Bridge, a four-lane sea crossing bridge linking Jintang Island of Zhoushan and Zhenhai district, is a {{convert|27|km|abbr=on}} long opened on December 26, 2009.
The [[Xiangshan Harbor Bridge]] opened to traffic on December 29, 2012, connecting Ningbo with Xiangshan. The {{convert|47|km|abbr=on}} long project includes {{convert|22|km|abbr=on}} as the main body of the bridge and
=== Sea
The port of Ningbo is the world's busiest port. It was ranked number 1 in total Cargo Volume (1.22 billion tonnes in 2021<ref name="2021年12月全国港口货物、集装箱吞吐量-政府信息公开-交通运输部"/>) and number 3 in total container traffic (31.1 million TEUs in 2021) since 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900#Statistics|title=Ports & World Trade|website=AAPA-ports.org|access-date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504233752/http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900#Statistics|archive-date=4 May 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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