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{{Short description|Computer bus interface for storage devices}}
{{For|others|SATA (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2024}}
{{Lead too short|date=January 2022}}
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==Revisions==
SATA revisions are typically designated with a dash followed by [[Roman numerals]], e.g. "SATA-III",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kb.sandisk.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/8142/~/difference-between-sata-i,-sata-ii-and-sata-iii| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129075859/https://kb.sandisk.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/8142/~/difference-between-sata-i%2C-sata-ii-and-sata-iii|archive-date=2021-11-29| website=www.sandisk.com| access-date=2023-08-17| title=Difference between SATA I, SATA II and SATA III}}</ref> to avoid confusion with the speed, which is always displayed in [[Arabic numerals]], e.g. "SATA 6 [[Gigabit|Gbit]]/[[Second|s]]". The speeds given are the ''[[Data signaling rate|raw interface rate]]'' in Gbit/s including [[line code]] overhead, and the ''[[Goodput|usable data rate]]'' in [[Megabyte|MB]]/s without overhead.
==={{Anchor|1.0}}SATA revision 1.0 (1.5 Gbit/s, 150 MB/s, Serial ATA-150)===
Revision 1.0a<ref name="SATA1a" /> was released on January 7, 2003. First-generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, communicate at a rate of 1.5 Gbit/s,{{Efn|{{BDprefix|p=D}}}} and do not support [[Native Command Queuing]] (NCQ). Taking [[8b/10b encoding]] overhead into account, they have an actual [[uncoded transfer rate]] of 1.2 Gbit/s (150 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5
During the initial period after SATA 1.5 Gbit/s finalization, adapter and drive manufacturers used a "bridge chip" to convert existing PATA designs for use with the SATA interface. Bridged drives have a SATA connector, may include either or both kinds of power connectors, and, in general, perform identically to their native-SATA equivalents.<ref>{{cite web
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===={{Anchor|2.6}}SATA revision 2.6====
Announced in February 2007, SATA revision 2.6 introduced the following features:<ref name="sata26">{{cite web |title=Serial ATA Revision 2.6 |url=http://read.pudn.com/downloads157/doc/project/697017/SerialATA_Revision_2_6_Gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104140/http://read.pudn.com/downloads157/doc/project/697017/SerialATA_Revision_2_6_Gold.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-06 |publisher=Serial ATA International Organization |page=115}}</ref>
* [[#Slimline connector|Slimline connector]].
* [[#Micro connector|Micro connector (initially for 1.8” HDD)]].
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}}</ref> and ratified its physical layer specification on August 18, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sata-io.org/technology/6Gbdetails.asp|publisher=[[SATA-IO]]|title=SATA Revision 3.0|date=27 May 2009|access-date=4 December 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202075739/http://www.sata-io.org/technology/6Gbdetails.asp|archive-date=2 February 2013}}</ref> The full 3.0 standard was released on May 27, 2009.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sata-io.org/documents/SATA-Revision-3.0-Press-Release-FINAL-052609.pdf |title=SATA-IO Releases SATA Revision 3.0 Specification |publisher=Serial ATA International Organization |date=May 27, 2009 |access-date=3 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611174913/http://www.sata-io.org/documents/SATA-Revision-3.0-Press-Release-FINAL-052609.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2009 }}</ref>
Third-generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 6.0 Gbit/s; taking [[8b/10b encoding]] into account, the maximum uncoded transfer rate is 4.8 Gbit/s (600 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 6.0 Gbit/s is double that of SATA revision 2.0. It is backward compatible with
The SATA 3.0 specification contains the following changes:
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|archive-date = 2016-03-04
}}</ref>
* The [[SATA Express]] specification defines an interface that combines both SATA and [[PCI Express]] buses, making it possible for both types of storage devices to coexist. By employing PCI Express, a much higher theoretical throughput of 1969
* The [[M.2|SATA M.2]] standard is a small form factor implementation of the SATA Express interface, with the addition of an internal [[USB 3.0]] port; see the [[#M.2|M.2 (NGFF)]] section below for a more detailed summary.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sata-io.org/sata-m2-card |title=SATA M.2 Card |publisher=SATA-IO |access-date=2014-01-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003103042/https://www.sata-io.org/sata-m2-card |archive-date=2013-10-03 }}</ref>
* ''microSSD'' introduces a [[ball grid array]] electrical interface for miniaturized, embedded SATA storage.<ref>[http://www.sata-io.org/technology/ussd.asp SATA
* ''USM Slim'' reduces thickness of Universal Storage Module (USM) from {{Convert|14.5|mm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}} to {{Convert|9|mm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IO%20USM%20SLIM%20PR_Final_0.pdf |title=SATA-IO Rolls Out USM Slim Specification for Thinner, Lighter External Storage |publisher=SATA-IO |access-date=2014-02-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150433/https://www.sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IO%20USM%20SLIM%20PR_Final_0.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-22 }}</ref>
* [[DevSleep]] enables lower power consumption for always-on devices while they are in low-power modes such as [[InstantGo]] (which used to be known as Connected Standby).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sata-io.org/power-management |title=SATA Enables Life Unplugged |publisher=SATA-IO |access-date=2014-01-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207100518/https://www.sata-io.org/power-management |archive-date=2014-02-07 }}</ref>
* ''Hybrid Information'' provides higher performance for [[solid-state hybrid drive]]s.<ref>{{cite web
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|archive-date = 2016-12-26
}}</ref>
* [[Shingled magnetic recording]] (SMR) host-control support
* ''Power Disable'' feature (see PWDIS pin) allows for remote power cycling of SATA drives and a Rebuild Assist function that speeds up the rebuild process to help ease maintenance in the data center.
* Transmitter Emphasis Specification increases interoperability and reliability between host and devices in electrically demanding environments.
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===={{Anchor|3.5}}SATA revision 3.5====
Released in July 2020, SATA revision 3.5
|url = https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA%20Spec%20Rev%203%205%20FINAL.pdf
|title = SATA-IO Increases Interoperability Features with Revision 3.5 Specification
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* Defined Ordered NCQ Commands: allows the host to specify the processing relationships among queued commands and sets the order in which commands are processed in the queue.
* Command Duration Limit Features: reduces latency by allowing the host to define quality of service categories, giving the host more granularity in controlling command properties. The feature helps align SATA with the "Fast Fail" requirements established by the Open Compute Project (OCP) and specified in the INCITS T13 Technical Committee standard.
SATA revision '''3.5a''' was released in March 2021.
=={{Anchor|CONNECTORS}}Cables, connectors, and ports==
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}}</ref>
Standard SATA connectors for both data and power have a conductor pitch of {{Convert|1.27|mm|in|abbr=in|sp=us}}. Low insertion force is required to mate a SATA connector. A smaller mini-SATA or mSATA connector is used by smaller devices such as 1.8-inch SATA drives, some DVD and Blu-ray drives, and mini SSDs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://techreport.com/discussions.x/17624 |title=Get ready for mini-SATA |publisher=The Tech Report |date=2009-09-21 |access-date=2010-01-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925002619/http://www.techreport.com/discussions.x/17624 |archive-date=2009-09-25 }}</ref>
A special eSATA connector is specified for external devices, and an optionally implemented provision for clips to hold internal connectors firmly in place. SATA drives may be plugged into [[Serial Attached SCSI|SAS]] controllers and communicate on the same physical cable as native SAS disks, but SATA controllers cannot handle SAS disks.
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{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; margin-top:0;"
|+ Standard connector, data segment, host side signal naming
|-
! colspan="2"| Pin # !! Mating !! Function
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|}
The SATA standard defines a data cable with seven conductors (three grounds and four active data lines in two pairs) and 8 mm wide wafer connectors on each end. SATA cables can have lengths up to {{convert|1|m|ft|sp=us}}, and connect one motherboard socket to one hard drive. PATA [[ribbon cable]]s, in comparison, connect one motherboard socket to one or two hard drives, carry either 40 or 80 wires, and are limited to {{convert|45|cm|in|sp=us}} in length by the PATA specification; however, cables up to {{convert|90|cm|in|sp=us}} are readily available. Thus, SATA connectors and cables are easier to fit in closed spaces and reduce obstructions to [[air cooling]]. Some cables even include a locking feature, whereby a small (usually metal) spring holds the plug in the socket.
SATA connectors may be straight, right-angled, or left-angled. Angled connectors allow lower-profile connections. Right-angled (also called 90-degree) connectors lead the cable immediately away from the drive, on the circuit-board side. Left-angled (also called 270-degree) connectors lead the cable across the drive towards its top.
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{{Clear}}
===SATA Power connectors{{Anchor|SATA power}}===
====Standard power connector (15 pins)====
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; margin-top:0;"
|+ Standard connector, power segment
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* Two ground pins and one pin for each supplied voltage support [[hot swapping|hot-plug]] precharging. Ground pins 4 and 12 in a hot-swap cable are the longest, so they make contact first when the connectors are mated. Drive power connector pins 3, 7, and 13 are longer than the others, so they make contact next. The drive uses them to charge its internal bypass capacitors through current-limiting resistances. Finally, the remaining power pins make contact, bypassing the resistances and providing a low-resistance source of each voltage. This two-step mating process avoids glitches to other loads and possible arcing or erosion of the SATA power-connector contacts.
* Pin 11 might be used (often by chassis or backplane hardware independent from SATA host controller and its data connection) for [[staggered spinup]], activity indication, emergency head parking, or other vendor defined functions in various combinations. It is an [[open-collector]] signal, which may be pulled down by the connector or the drive.
** Host signaling: If pulled down at the connector (as it is on most cable-style SATA power connectors), the drive spins up as soon as power is applied.
** Drive signaling: The pin is also pulled low by the drive to indicate drive activity. This may be used to give feedback to the user through an [[LED]]. Relevant definitions of pin operation have changed multiple times in published revisions of SATA standard, so the observed behavior may be dependent on device version, host version, firmware and software configuration.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Samsung Electronics |title=Device Activity Signal (DAS) Application Note |url=https://semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/others/Samsung_SSD_845DC_01_Device_Activity_Signal_DAS.pdf |access-date=27 April 2023 |date=26 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=SATA-IO |title=Serial ATA Revision 3.2 Technical Proposal #058: DAS/DSS/DHU Changes |url=https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/TPR058v3_SATA32_DAS%2BDSS%2BDHU_Changes.pdf |access-date=27 April 2023 |date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=SATA-IO |title=Serial ATA Revision 3.2 Error Correction #089: DAS/DSS support clarifications |url=https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/ECN089v6_SATA32_DSS_DAS_SupportClarifications.pdf |access-date=27 April 2023 |date=11 August 2015}}</ref> There is also a specification for transmission of drive temperature and other status values with activity signal pulses routinely used to make LED blink.<ref>{{cite web |author1=SNIA SFF TWG |title=SFF-8609: Management Interface for Drive Conditions |url=https://members.snia.org/document/dl/27389 |access-date=27 April 2023 |date=7 July 2017}}</ref>
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{{Clear}}
====Slimline power connector (6 pins)====
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; margin-top:0;"
|+ Slimline connector, power segment
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|}
<gallery widths="200">▼
SATA Slimline Powercable.jpg|A six-pin slimline SATA '''power''' connector▼
SATA connector Slimline CD-ROM.jpg|The back of a SATA-based slimline optical drive▼
</gallery>The power connector is reduced to six pins so it supplies only +5 V (red wire), and not +12 V or +3.3 V.<ref name="sata26" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Press release: SATA-IO ADVANCES TECHNOLOGY WITH THE SATA REVISION 2.6 SPEC |url=https://sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOAdvancesTechnologyWithTheSATARevision2.6Spec.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829210356/https://www.sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOAdvancesTechnologyWithTheSATARevision2.6Spec.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-29 |access-date=2017-11-10 |publisher=SATA}}</ref>
Pin 1 of the slimline power connector, denoting device presence, is shorter than the others to allow hot-swapping.
Note: The '''data''' connector used is the same as the non-slimline version.
Low-cost adapters exist to convert from standard SATA to slimline SATA.
SATA 2.6 is the first revision that defined the '''slimline''' power connector targeted for smaller form-factors drives, such as laptop optical drives.
▲<gallery widths="200">
▲SATA Slimline Powercable.jpg|A six-pin slimline SATA power connector
▲SATA connector Slimline CD-ROM.jpg|The back of a SATA-based slimline optical drive
{{Clear}}
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===Additional pins{{Anchor|EXTRAPINS}}===
Some SATA drives, in particular mechanical ones, come with an extra 4 or more pin interface which isn't uniformly
{{Clear}}
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[[File:Connector esata IMGP6050 wp.jpg|thumb|upright|eSATA ports]]
Standardized in 2004, eSATA (''e'' standing for external) provides a variant of SATA meant for external connectivity.
* Minimum transmit amplitude increased: Range is 500–600 mV instead of 400–600 mV.
* Minimum receive amplitude decreased: Range is 240–600 mV instead of 325–600 mV.
* Maximum cable length increased to {{convert|2|m|ft|sp=us}} from {{convert|1|m|ft|sp=us}}.
* The eSATA cable and connector is similar to the SATA 1.0a cable and connector, with these exceptions:
** The eSATA connector is mechanically different to prevent unshielded internal cables from being used externally. The eSATA connector discards the L-shaped key and changes the position and size of the guides.
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{{As of|2017|8}} few new computers have dedicated external SATA (eSATA) connectors, with USB3 dominating and USB3 Type C, often with the [[Thunderbolt (interface)|Thunderbolt]] alternate mode, starting to replace the earlier USB connectors. Still sometimes present are single ports supporting both USB3 and eSATA.
Desktop computers without a built-in eSATA interface can install an eSATA [[host bus adapter]] (HBA); if the motherboard supports SATA, an externally available eSATA connector can be added. Notebook computers with the now rare [[Cardbus]]<ref name="addonics_cardbus">{{cite web |url=http://www.addonics.com/products/adcb2sa-e.php |title=CardBus SATA adapter |website=addonics.com |access-date=2010-01-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104205549/http://www.addonics.com/products/adcb2sa-e.php |archive-date=2011-11-04 }}</ref> or [[ExpressCard]]<ref name="addonics_expresscard">{{cite web |url=http://www.addonics.com/products/adexc34-2e.php |title=ExpressCard SATA adapter |website=addonics.com |access-date=2010-01-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129201348/http://www.addonics.com/products/adexc34-2e.php |archive-date=2011-11-29 }}</ref> could add an eSATA HBA. With passive adapters, the maximum cable length is reduced to {{convert|1|m|ft|sp=us}} due to the absence of compliant eSATA signal-levels.
===={{Anchor|eSATAp}}eSATAp====
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|}
Slim 2.5-inch SATA devices, {{Convert|5|mm|in|abbr=in|sp=us}} in height, use the twenty-pin ''SFF-8784'' [[edge connector]] to save space. By combining the data signals and power lines into a slim connector that effectively enables direct connection to the device's [[printed circuit board]] (PCB) without additional space-consuming connectors, SFF-8784 allows further internal layout compaction for portable devices such as [[ultrabook]]s.<ref name="wdc-sff-8784">{{cite web
|url = http://www.wdc.com/wdproducts/library/SpecSheet/ENG/2579-771981.pdf
|title = SFF-8784 Edge Connector Pin Definitions: Information Sheet
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|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130809202201/https://www.sata-io.org/sata-revision-32
|archive-date = 2013-08-09
}}</ref> is an interface that supports either SATA or [[PCI Express]] storage devices.
|url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/MM_Nereus_Signage_Print_0719.pdf
|title = Connector Mating Matrix
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231134/https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/MM_Nereus_Signage_Print_0719.pdf
|archive-date = 2013-10-04
}}</ref>
|url = https://www.sata-io.org/sata-express
|title = Enabling Higher Speed Storage Applications with SATA Express
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! [[Bit rate#Gross bit rate|Raw data rate]]
! data-sort-type="number" | [[Bit rate#Information rate|Data rate]]
!
! Power provided
! Devices per channel
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| [[#1.0|SATA revision 1.0]]
|data-sort-value="1.5" | 1.5 Gbit/s
|data-sort-value="150" | 150 MB/s<ref>{{cite web|url=
|1
|-
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|data-sort-value="{{#expr:0.98*1024}}" | 0.98 GB/s
| {{plainlist|
*5 m (copper)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://download.intel.com/design/network/products/optical/cables/ornl.pdf |archive-url=https://
*<10 km (fiber)
}}
| |||