SATA: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Revision as of 21:41, 9 January 2024 edit 88.135.60.169 (talk) →{{Anchor\|1.0}}SATA revision 1.0 (1.5 Gbit/s, 150 MB/s, Serial ATA-150) Tag: Reverted ← Previous edit		Latest revision as of 22:14, 25 October 2024 edit undo Quondum (talk \| contribs) Extended confirmed users 36,519 edits some cleanup
(40 intermediate revisions by 29 users not shown)
Line 1: {{Short description\|Computer bus interface for storage devices}} {{For\|others\|SATA (disambiguation)}} {{Use American English\|date=February 2024}} {{Lead too short\|date=January 2022}} Line 28: Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from the [[Serial ATA International Organization]] (SATA-IO) which are then released by the [[INCITS]] Technical Committee T13, AT Attachment (INCITS T13).<ref name="INCITS_T13">{{cite web \|url=http://t13.org/ \|title=Technical Committee T13, AT Attachment \|date=March 1, 2011 \|publisher=Technical Committee T13 AT Attachment \|access-date=July 8, 2019}}</ref> == History == [[File:ST3400820AS.jpg\|thumb\|A 3.5-inch [[Serial ATA]] hard disk drive]] [[File:Super Talent 2.5in SATA SSD SAM64GM25S.jpg\|thumb\|A 2.5-inch [[Serial ATA]] solid-state drive]] Line 43: SATA has replaced parallel ATA in consumer desktop and laptop [[computer]]s; SATA's market share in the desktop PC market was 99% in 2008.<ref name="rev30">{{cite web\|url=http://www.serialata.org/documents/SATA-Rev-30-Presentation.pdf\|title=Serial ATA: Meeting Storage Needs Today and Tomorrow\|website=serialata.org\|access-date=2011-10-30\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417133358/http://www.serialata.org/documents/SATA-Rev-30-Presentation.pdf\|archive-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> PATA has mostly been replaced by SATA for any use; with PATA in declining use in industrial and embedded applications that use [[CompactFlash]] (CF) storage, which was designed around the legacy PATA standard. A 2008 standard, [[CFast]], to replace CompactFlash is based on SATA.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/02/25/cfast-compactflash-cards-now-said-to-be-coming-in-18-to-24-mont/\|author=Donald Melanson\|publisher=[[Engadget]]\|title=CFast CompactFlash cards now said to be coming in "18 to 24 months"\|date=2008-02-25\|access-date=2009-03-19\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303144033/http://www.engadget.com/2008/02/25/cfast-compactflash-cards-now-said-to-be-coming-in-18-to-24-mont\|archive-date=2009-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.dpreview.com/news/2009/1/9/preteccfaststoragecards\|publisher=[[DPReview]]\|title=Pretec release CFast card with SATA interface\|date=8 January 2009\|access-date=19 March 2009\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025074641/http://www.dpreview.com/news/2009/1/9/preteccfaststoragecards\|archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> == Features == [[File:SATA 6 Gbit-s controller, in form of a PCI Express card.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.2\|SATA 6 Gbit/s host controller, a PCI Express ×1 card with [[Marvell Technology Group\|Marvell]] chipset]] === Hot plug === The Serial ATA spec requires SATA devices be capable of [[hot swapping\|hot plugging]]; that is, devices that meet the specification are capable of insertion or removal of a device into or from a backplane connector (combined signal and power) that has power on. After insertion, the device initializes and then operates normally. Depending upon the operating system, the host may also initialize, resulting in a [[hot swapping\|hot swap]]. The powered host and device do not need to be in an idle state for safe insertion and removal, although unwritten data may be lost when power is removed. Line 53: For eSATA, hot plugging is supported in [[Advanced Host Controller Interface\|AHCI]] mode only. IDE mode does not support hot plugging.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.asrock.com/nettop/Intel/Core%20100HT-BD/ \|title=Specification for some motherboard with eSATA connector}}</ref> === Advanced Host Controller Interface === [[Advanced Host Controller Interface]] (AHCI) is an open host controller interface published and used by Intel, which has become a [[de facto]] standard. It allows the use of advanced features of SATA such as [[hotplug]] and [[native command queuing]] (NCQ). If AHCI is not enabled by the motherboard and chipset, SATA controllers typically operate in "IDE{{Efn\|Integrated Drive Electronics}} emulation" mode, which does not allow access to device features not supported by the ATA (also called IDE) standard. Windows device drivers that are labeled as SATA are often running in IDE emulation mode unless they explicitly state that they are AHCI mode, in [[RAID]] mode, or a mode provided by a proprietary driver and command set that allowed access to SATA's advanced features before AHCI became popular. Modern versions of [[Microsoft Windows]], [[macOS\|Mac OS X]], [[FreeBSD]], [[Linux kernel\|Linux]] with version 2.6.19 onward,<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://linux-ata.org/driver-status.html#ahci\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010549/http://linux-ata.org/driver-status.html#ahci\|archive-date=2007-03-12 \|title=Serial ATA (SATA) Linux hardware/driver status report \|website=linux-ata.org \|access-date=2010-01-26}}</ref> as well as [[Solaris (operating system)\|Solaris]] and [[OpenSolaris]], include support for AHCI, but earlier operating systems such as [[Windows XP]] do not. Even in those instances, a proprietary driver may have been created for a specific chipset, such as [[Intel]]'s.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.intel.com/support/chipsets/imst/sb/cs-020825.htm\|title=Intel® Matrix Storage Technology - Unattended Installation Instructions Under Windows* XP\|date=2 March 2007\|publisher=[[Intel]]\|url-status=~~bot: unknown~~dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302101422/http://www.intel.com/support/chipsets/imst/sb/cs-020825.htm\|archive-date=2 March 2007}}</ref> == Revisions == SATA revisions are typically designated with a dash followed by [[Roman numerals]], e.g. "SATA-III",<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://kb.sandisk.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/8142/~/difference-between-sata-i,-sata-ii-and-sata-iii\| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129075859/https://kb.sandisk.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/8142/~/difference-between-sata-i%2C-sata-ii-and-sata-iii\|archive-date=2021-11-29\| website=www.sandisk.com\| access-date=2023-08-17\| title=Difference between SATA I, SATA II and SATA III}}</ref> to avoid confusion with the speed, which is always displayed in [[Arabic numerals]], e.g. "SATA 6 [[Gigabit\|Gbit]]/[[Second\|s]]". The speeds given are the ''[[Data signaling rate\|raw interface rate]]'' in Gbit/s including [[line code]] overhead, and the ''[[Goodput\|usable data rate]]'' in [[Megabyte\|MB]]/s without overhead. ===~~{{Anchor\|1.0}}~~ SATA revision 1.0 (1.5 Gbit/s, 0150 MB/s, Serial ATA-0150) <span class="anchor" id="1.0"></span> === Revision 1.0a<ref name="SATA1a" /> was released on January 7, 2003. First-generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, communicate at a rate of 1.5 Gbit/s,~~{{Efn\|{{BDprefix\|p=D}}}}~~ and do not support [[Native Command Queuing]] (NCQ). Taking [[8b/10b encoding]] overhead into account, they have an actual [[uncoded transfer rate]] of 1.2 Gbit/s (150 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5  Gbit/s is similar to that of [[Parallel ATA\|PATA]]/133, but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ, which improve performance in a multitasking environment. During the initial period after SATA 1.5 Gbit/s finalization, adapter and drive manufacturers used a "bridge chip" to convert existing PATA designs for use with the SATA interface. Bridged drives have a SATA connector, may include either or both kinds of power connectors, and, in general, perform identically to their native-SATA equivalents.<ref> {{cite web \|url = http://techreport.com/review/6390/western-digital-raptor-wd740gd-sata-hard-drive \|title = Western Digital's Raptor WD740GD SATA hard drive: Single-user performance, multi-user potential Line 74 ⟶ 75: \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150325001151/http://techreport.com/review/6390/western-digital-raptor-wd740gd-sata-hard-drive \|archive-date = 2015-03-25 }}</ref> }}</ref> However, most bridged drives lack support for some SATA-specific features such as NCQ. Native SATA products quickly took over the bridged products with the introduction of the second generation of SATA drives.{{Citation needed\|date=July 2007}} {{As of\|2010\|4}}, the fastest 10,000 rpm SATA [[hard disk drive]]s could transfer data at maximum (not average) rates of up to 157 MB/s,<ref name="Tom2010HardDrives">{{Cite news\|title=VelociRaptor Returns: 6Gbit/s, 600GB, And 10,000 RPM \|website=tomshardware.com \|author=Patrick Schmid and Achim Roos \|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/wd6000hlhx-velociraptor-600gb,2600-5.html \|date=2010-04-06 \|access-date=2010-06-26}}</ref> which is beyond the capabilities of the older PATA/133 specification and also exceeds the capabilities of SATA 1.5 Gbit/s. ===~~{{Anchor\|2.0}}~~ SATA revision 2.0 (3 Gbit/s, 300 MB/s, Serial ATA-300) <span class="anchor" id="2.0"></span> === [[File:SATA2.jpg\|thumb\|SATA 2 connectors on a computer motherboard, all but two with cables plugged in. Note that there is no visible difference, other than the labeling, between SATA 1, SATA 2, and SATA 3 cables and connectors.]] SATA revision 2.0 was released in April 2004, introducing Native Command Queuing (NCQ). It is [[backward compatible]] with SATA 1.5 Gbit/s.<ref name="SATA-IO website">{{cite web \|url=http://www.sata-io.org/developers/naming_guidelines.asp \|title=SATA-IO Specifications and Naming Conventions \|website=sata-io.org \|access-date=2012-08-30 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829113659/http://www.sata-io.org/developers/naming_guidelines.asp \|archive-date=2012-08-29 }}</ref> Line 86 ⟶ 87: All SATA data cables meeting the SATA spec are rated for 3.0 Gbit/s and handle modern mechanical drives without any loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance. However, high-performance flash-based drives can exceed the SATA 3 Gbit/s transfer rate; this is addressed with the SATA 6 Gbit/s interoperability standard. ====~~{{Anchor\|~~ SATA revision 2.5~~}}SATA~~ ~~revision~~<span class="anchor" id="2.5"></span> ==== Announced in August 2005, SATA revision 2.5 consolidated the specification to a single document.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOCompletesSATARevision2.5IntegratedSpec.pdf \|title=SATA-IO COMPLETES SATA REVISION 2.5 INTEGRATED SPEC \|access-date=2017-11-10 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316122649/https://www.sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOCompletesSATARevision2.5IntegratedSpec.pdf \|archive-date=2015-03-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release\|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050823005355/en/SATA-IO-Completes-SATA-Revision-2.5-Integrated-Spec\|title=SATA-IO Completes SATA Revision 2.5 Integrated Spec; Slimline Connector Spec and Interoperability Program Plans Also Released\|website=www.businesswire.com\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114621/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050823005355/en/SATA-IO-Completes-SATA-Revision-2.5-Integrated-Spec\|archive-date=2017-11-10}}</ref> ====~~{{Anchor\|~~ SATA revision 2.6~~}}SATA~~ ~~revision~~<span class="anchor" id="2.6"></span> ==== Announced in February 2007, SATA revision 2.6 introduced the following features:<ref name="sata26">{{cite web \|title=Serial ATA Revision 2.6 \|url=http://read.pudn.com/downloads157/doc/project/697017/SerialATA_Revision_2_6_Gold.pdf \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104140/http://read.pudn.com/downloads157/doc/project/697017/SerialATA_Revision_2_6_Gold.pdf \|archive-date=2014-10-06 \|publisher=Serial ATA International Organization \|page=115}}</ref> * [[#Slimline connector\|Slimline connector]]. * [[#Micro connector\|Micro connector (initially for 1.8” HDD)]]. Line 100 ⟶ 101: * Enhancements for robust reception of the Signature FIS. ===~~{{Anchor\|3.0}}~~ SATA revision 3.0 (6 Gbit/s, 600 MB/s, Serial ATA-600) <span class="anchor" id="3.0"></span> === [[Serial ATA International Organization]] (SATA-IO) presented the draft specification of SATA 6 Gbit/s physical layer in July 2008,<ref name="SATA-600 announce"> {{cite press release \|url = http://www.sata-io.org/documents/SATA_6gbphy_pressrls_finalrv2.pdf \|date = 2008-08-18 Line 112 ⟶ 114: }}</ref> and ratified its physical layer specification on August 18, 2008.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sata-io.org/technology/6Gbdetails.asp\|publisher=[[SATA-IO]]\|title=SATA Revision 3.0\|date=27 May 2009\|access-date=4 December 2009\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202075739/http://www.sata-io.org/technology/6Gbdetails.asp\|archive-date=2 February 2013}}</ref> The full 3.0 standard was released on May 27, 2009.<ref>{{cite press release \|url=http://www.sata-io.org/documents/SATA-Revision-3.0-Press-Release-FINAL-052609.pdf \|title=SATA-IO Releases SATA Revision 3.0 Specification \|publisher=Serial ATA International Organization \|date=May 27, 2009 \|access-date=3 July 2009 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611174913/http://www.sata-io.org/documents/SATA-Revision-3.0-Press-Release-FINAL-052609.pdf \|archive-date=11 June 2009 }}</ref> Third-generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 6.0 Gbit/s; taking [[8b/10b encoding]] into account, the maximum uncoded transfer rate is 4.8 Gbit/s (600 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 6.0 Gbit/s is double that of SATA revision 2.0. It is backward compatible with ~~SATA 3 Gbit/s and~~earlier SATA ~~1.5 Gbit/s~~implementations.<ref name="SATA-600 announce"/> The SATA 3.0 specification contains the following changes: Line 124 ⟶ 126: * Alignment with the [[International Committee for Information Technology Standards\|INCITS]] ATA8-ACS standard. In general, the enhancements are aimed at improving quality of service for [[streaming media\|video streaming]] and high-priority interrupts. In addition, the standard continues to support distances up to one meter. The newer speeds may require higher power consumption for supporting chips, though improved process technologies and power management techniques may mitigate this. The later specification can use existing SATA cables and connectors, though it was reported in 2008 that some [[Original equipment manufacturer\|OEM]]s were expected to upgrade host connectors for the higher speeds.<ref> {{cite web \| url = http://eetimes.com/electronics-news/4078315/Serial-ATA-doubles-data-rate-to-6-Gbits-s \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121027110553/http://eetimes.com/electronics-news/4078315/Serial-ATA-doubles-data-rate-to-6-Gbits-s Line 135 ⟶ 138: }}</ref> ==== SATA revision 3.1 <span class="anchor" id="3.1"></span><span class="anchor" id="USM"></span> ==== ~~===={{Anchor\|3.1\|USM}}SATA revision 3.1====~~ Released in July 2011, SATA revision 3.1 introduced or changed the following features:<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA-IORevision31_PRfinal.pdf \|title=SATA-IO Releases Revision 3.1 Specification \|publisher=SATA-IO \|date=2011-07-18 \|access-date=2013-07-22 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150501/https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA-IORevision31_PRfinal.pdf \|archive-date=2014-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|author=Hilbert Hagedoorn \|url=http://www.guru3d.com/news_story/sata_3_1_specifications_have_been_published.html \|title=SATA 3.1 specifications have been published \|website=guru3d.com \|date=2011-07-20 \|access-date=2012-09-26 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517045720/http://www.guru3d.com/news_story/sata_3_1_specifications_have_been_published.html \|archive-date=2013-05-17 }}</ref> * ''mSATA'', for solid-state drives in mobile computing devices, a [[PCI Express Mini Card]]-like connector that is electrically SATA.<ref>{{cite web \|date=1 May 2011 \|title=Msata Faq \|url=http://forum.notebookreview.com/lenovo-ibm/574993-msata-faq-basic-primer.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212164949/http://forum.notebookreview.com/lenovo-ibm/574993-msata-faq-basic-primer.html \|archive-date=2012-02-12 \|access-date= \|website=forum.notebookreview.com}}</ref> The connector was also used in some desktop computers, such as certain [[HP business desktops\|HP business PCs]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=HP Compaq Elite 8300 PC Product Specifications \|url=https://support.hp.com/us-en/document/c03345460 \|access-date=7 August 2022 \|website=HP}}</ref> Line 144 ⟶ 147: * ''Universal Storage Module'' (USM), a new standard for cableless plug-in (slot) powered storage for [[consumer electronics]] devices.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.sata-io.org/technology/usm.asp \|title=Serial ATA International Organization: SATA Universal Storage Module (USM) \|website=sata-io.org \|access-date=2011-10-30 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101214459/http://www.sata-io.org/technology/usm.asp \|archive-date=2011-11-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last=Perenson \|first=Melissa J. \|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/215475/New_Universal_Storage_Module_Promises_To_Evolve_Portable_Data.html \|title=New Universal Storage Module Promises to Evolve Portable Data \|publisher=PCWorld \|access-date=2014-02-12 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221214811/http://www.pcworld.com/article/215475/New_Universal_Storage_Module_Promises_To_Evolve_Portable_Data.html \|archive-date=2014-02-21 }}</ref> ==== SATA revision 3.2 <span class="anchor" id="3.2"></span><span class="anchor" id="USM-SLIM"></span><span class="anchor" id="MICRO-SSD"></span><span class="anchor" id="HYB-INFO"></span> ==== ~~==== {{Anchor\|3.2\|USM-SLIM\|MICRO-SSD\|HYB-INFO}}SATA revision 3.2 ====~~ Released in August 2013, SATA revision 3.2 introduced the following features:<ref name="sata-3.2-announcement"> {{cite web \|url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA_v3%202_PR__Final_BusinessWire_8.20.13.pdf \|title = SATA-IO Unveils Revision 3.2 Specification Line 155 ⟶ 159: \|archive-date = 2016-03-04 }}</ref> * The [[SATA Express]] specification defines an interface that combines both SATA and [[PCI Express]] buses, making it possible for both types of storage devices to coexist. By employing PCI Express, a much higher theoretical throughput of 1969  MB/s is possible.<ref>[http://www.sata-io.org/technology/sataexpress.asp Enabling Higher Speed Storage Applications with SATA Express] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127010238/http://www.sata-io.org/technology/sataexpress.asp \|date=2012-11-27 }}, Serial ATA International Organization.</ref><ref>[http://www.bit-tech.net/news/hardware/2013/08/13/sata-32/1 SATA-IO announces 16Gb/s SATA 3.2 specification] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330051453/http://www.bit-tech.net/news/hardware/2013/08/13/sata-32/1 \|date=2014-03-30 }}.</ref> * The [[M.2\|SATA M.2]] standard is a small form factor implementation of the SATA Express interface, with the addition of an internal [[USB 3.0]] port; see the [[#M.2\|M.2 (NGFF)]] section below for a more detailed summary.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.sata-io.org/sata-m2-card \|title=SATA M.2 Card \|publisher=SATA-IO \|access-date=2014-01-16 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003103042/https://www.sata-io.org/sata-m2-card \|archive-date=2013-10-03 }}</ref> * ''microSSD'' introduces a [[ball grid array]] electrical interface for miniaturized, embedded SATA storage.<ref>[http://www.sata-io.org/technology/ussd.asp SATA ~~µSSD~~μSSD] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508023414/http://www.sata-io.org/technology/ussd.asp \|date=2013-05-08 }}, Serial ATA International Organization.</ref> * ''USM Slim'' reduces thickness of Universal Storage Module (USM) from {{Convert\|14.5\|mm\|in\|abbr=off\|sp=us}} to {{Convert\|9\|mm\|in\|abbr=off\|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IO%20USM%20SLIM%20PR_Final_0.pdf \|title=SATA-IO Rolls Out USM Slim Specification for Thinner, Lighter External Storage \|publisher=SATA-IO \|access-date=2014-02-12 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150433/https://www.sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IO%20USM%20SLIM%20PR_Final_0.pdf \|archive-date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> * [[DevSleep]] enables lower power consumption for always-on devices while they are in low-power modes such as [[InstantGo]] (which used to be known as Connected Standby).<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.sata-io.org/power-management \|title=SATA Enables Life Unplugged \|publisher=SATA-IO \|access-date=2014-01-16 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207100518/https://www.sata-io.org/power-management \|archive-date=2014-02-07 }}</ref> * ''Hybrid Information'' provides higher performance for [[solid-state hybrid drive]]s.<ref> {{cite web \|url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/images/SATA-IO%20FAQ%20-%20071813a%20%283%29.pdf \|title = SATA-IO FAQ Line 172 ⟶ 177: }}</ref><ref>[http://www.guruht.com/2013/08/sata-32-specifications-speed-and-design.html First specifications leaked from SATA-IO] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812043308/http://www.guruht.com/2013/08/sata-32-specifications-speed-and-design.html \|date=2013-08-12 }}, Serial ATA International Organization, GuruHT.com</ref> ====~~{{Anchor\|~~ SATA revision 3.3~~}}SATA~~ ~~revision~~<span class="anchor" id="3.3"></span> ==== Released in February 2016, SATA revision 3.3 introduced the following features:<ref name="sata-3.3-announcement"> {{cite web \|url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/images/SATA%20Spec%203%203%20Press%20Release_FINAL.pdf \|title = SATA-IO Expands Supported Features in Revision 3.3 Specification Line 182 ⟶ 188: \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170703095413/http://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/images/SATA%20Spec%203%203%20Press%20Release_FINAL.pdf \|archive-date = 2017-07-03 }}</ref><ref name="sata-io-faq"> {{cite web \|url = https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA-IO%20FAQ%20.pdf \|title = SATA-IO Frequently Asked Questions Line 192 ⟶ 199: \|archive-date = 2016-12-26 }}</ref> * [[Shingled magnetic recording]] (SMR) host-control support ~~that~~(device-controlled SMR HDDs are the same as standard CMR HDDs with respect to SATA compatibility). SMR provides a 25 percent or greater increase in hard disk drive capacity by overlapping tracks on the media. * Optional ''Zoned ATA Command Set'' (ZAC) feature.<ref>ATA/ATAPI Command Set 4 (ACS-4)</ref> * ''Power Disable'' feature (see PWDIS pin) allows for remote power cycling of SATA drives and a Rebuild Assist function that speeds up the rebuild process to help ease maintenance in the data center. * Transmitter Emphasis Specification increases interoperability and reliability between host and devices in electrically demanding environments. * An activity indicator and staggered spin-up can be controlled by the same pin, adding flexibility and providing users with more choices. The new Power Disable feature (similar to the SAS Power Disable feature) uses Pin 3 of the SATA power connector. Some legacy power supplies that provide 3.3  V power on Pin 3 would force drives with Power Disable feature to get stuck in a hard reset condition preventing them from spinning up. The problem can usually be eliminated by using a simple “[[Molex connector\|Molex]] to SATA” power adaptor to supply power to these drives.<ref name="power-disable"> {{cite web \|url = https://www.hgst.com/sites/default/files/resources/HGST-Power-Disable-Pin-TB.pdf \|title = Power Disable Feature Tech Brief Line 208 ⟶ 217: }}</ref> ====~~{{Anchor\|~~ SATA revision 3.4~~}}SATA~~ ~~revision~~<span class="anchor" id="3.4"></span> ==== Released in June 2018, SATA revision 3.4 introduced the following features that enable monitoring of device conditions and execution of housekeeping tasks, both with minimal impact on performance:<ref name="sata-3.4-announcement"> {{cite web \|url = https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA%20Spec%20Rev%203%204%20PR%20FINAL.pdf \|title = SATA-IO Expands Supported Features in Revision 3.4 Specification Line 223 ⟶ 233: * Device Sleep Signal Timing: provides additional definition to enhance compatibility between manufacturers’ implementations. ====~~{{Anchor\|~~ SATA revision 3.5~~}}SATA~~ ~~revision~~<span class="anchor" id="3.5"></span> ==== Released in July 2020, SATA revision 3.5 ~~Introduces~~introduces features that enable increased performance benefits and promote greater integration of SATA devices and products with other industry I/O standards:<ref name="sata-3.5-announcement"> {{cite web \|url = https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA%20Spec%20Rev%203%205%20FINAL.pdf \|title = SATA-IO Increases Interoperability Features with Revision 3.5 Specification Line 238 ⟶ 249: * Command Duration Limit Features: reduces latency by allowing the host to define quality of service categories, giving the host more granularity in controlling command properties. The feature helps align SATA with the "Fast Fail" requirements established by the Open Compute Project (OCP) and specified in the INCITS T13 Technical Committee standard. SATA revision '''3.5a''' was released in March 2021. ~~=={{Anchor\|CONNECTORS}}Cables, connectors, and ports==~~ == Cables, connectors, and ports <span class="anchor" id="CONNECTORS"></span> == [[File:2.5-inch SATA drive on top of a 3.5-inch SATA drive, close-up of data and power connectors.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.2\|2.5-inch SATA drive on top of a 3.5-inch SATA drive, close-up of data and power connectors. Also visible are [[#Additional pins\|8 jumper pins]] on the 3.5-inch drive.]] Connectors and cables present the most visible differences between SATA and parallel ATA drives. Unlike PATA, the same connectors are used on 3.5-inch<!-- No unit conversion: this is a nominal size class and not a measurement. --> SATA hard disks (for desktop and server computers) and 2.5-inch<!-- No unit conversion: this is a nominal size class and not a measurement. --> disks (for portable or small computers).<ref> {{cite web \|url = http://superuser.com/questions/2086/can-i-install-a-laptop-2-5-sata-drive-on-a-desktop-without-any-adapters \|title = Can I install a laptop 2.5" SATA drive on a desktop without any adapters? Line 252 ⟶ 266: }}</ref> Standard SATA connectors for both data and power have a conductor pitch of {{Convert\|1.27\|mm\|in\|abbr=in\|sp=us}}. Low insertion force is required to mate a SATA connector. A smaller mini-SATA or mSATA connector is used by smaller devices such as 1.8-inch SATA drives, some DVD and Blu-ray drives, and mini SSDs.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://techreport.com/discussions.x/17624 \|title=Get ready for mini-SATA \|publisher=The Tech Report \|date=2009-09-21 \|access-date=2010-01-26 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925002619/http://www.techreport.com/discussions.x/17624 \|archive-date=2009-09-25 }}</ref> A special eSATA connector is specified for external devices, and an optionally implemented provision for clips to hold internal connectors firmly in place. SATA drives may be plugged into [[Serial Attached SCSI\|SAS]] controllers and communicate on the same physical cable as native SAS disks, but SATA controllers cannot handle SAS disks. Line 259 ⟶ 273: {{Clear}} ===~~{{Anchor\|DATACONN}}~~ Data connector <span class="anchor" id="DATACONN"></span> === {{See also\|SATA Express#CONNECTORS\|l1=SATA Express connectors}} {\| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; margin-top:0;" \|+ Standard connector, data segment, host side signal naming \|+ Standard connector, data segment<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://pinoutsguide.com/HD/serialATA_pinout.shtml \|title=Serial ATA (SATA) pinout diagram \|website=pinoutsguide.com \|date=2013-12-16 \|access-date=2014-04-02 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013243/http://pinoutsguide.com/HD/serialATA_pinout.shtml \|archive-date=2014-02-20 }}</ref> \|- ! colspan="2"\| Pin # !! Mating !! Function Line 303 ⟶ 317: \|} The SATA standard defines a data cable with seven conductors (three grounds and four active data lines in two pairs) and 8 mm wide wafer connectors on each end. SATA cables can have lengths up to {{convert\|1\|m\|ft\|sp=us}}, and connect one motherboard socket to one hard drive. PATA [[ribbon cable]]s, in comparison, connect one motherboard socket to one or two hard drives, carry either 40 or 80 wires, and are limited to {{convert\|45\|cm\|in\|sp=us}} in length by the PATA specification; however, cables up to {{convert\|90\|cm\|in\|sp=us}} are readily available. Thus, SATA connectors and cables are easier to fit in closed spaces and reduce obstructions to [[air cooling]]. Some cables even include a locking feature, whereby a small (usually metal) spring holds the plug in the socket. SATA connectors may be straight, ~~right~~upward-angled, downward-angled, leftward-angled, or ~~left~~rightward-angled. Angled connectors allow lower-profile connections. ~~Right~~Downward-angled ~~(also called 90-degree)~~ connectors lead the cable immediately away from the drive, on the circuit-board side. ~~Left~~Upward-angled ~~(also called 270-degree)~~ connectors lead the cable across the drive towards its top. One of the problems associated with the transmission of data at high speed over electrical connections is described as ''noise'', which is due to electrical coupling between data circuits and other circuits. As a result, the data circuits can both affect other circuits and be affected by them. Designers use a number of techniques to reduce the undesirable effects of such unintentional coupling. One such technique used in SATA links is [[differential signaling]]. This is an enhancement over PATA, which uses [[single-ended signaling]]. The use of fully shielded, dual [[coaxial cabling\|coax]] conductors, with multiple ground connections, for each differential pair<ref>Serial ATA Revision 3.0 ''6.1.8 Internal single-lane cable''</ref> improves isolation between the channels and reduces the chances of lost data in difficult electrical environments. <gallery widths="250" heights="150"> File:SATA Data Cable.jpg\|A seven-pin SATA data cable (~~left~~upward-angled version of the connector) File:2.5-inch SATA drive on top of a 3.5-inch SATA drive, close-up of data and power connectors.jpg\|SATA connectors on 2.5 and 3.5-inch hard drives, with data pins on the left and power pins on the right. The two different pin lengths ensure a specific mating order; the longer lengths are ground pins and make contact first. (The cable side has similar variations to achieve three levels of mating order.) File:SATA3-TwinAxCable.jpg\|SATA cable showing the two foil shielded differential pairs Line 317 ⟶ 331: {{Clear}} === SATA Power connectors~~{{Anchor\|~~ <span class="anchor" id="SATA power}}"></span> === ==== Standard power connector (15 pins) ==== {\| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; margin-top:0;" \|+ Standard connector, power segment Line 386 ⟶ 400: SATA specifies a different [[DC connector\|power connector]] than the four-pin [[Molex connector]] used on [[Parallel ATA]] (PATA) devices (and earlier small storage devices, going back to [[ST-506]] hard disk drives and even to floppy disk drives that predated the IBM PC). It is a wafer-type connector, like the SATA data connector, but much wider (fifteen pins versus seven) to avoid confusion between the two. Some early SATA drives included the four-pin Molex power connector together with the new fifteen-pin connector, but most SATA drives now have only the latter. The new SATA power connector contains many more pins for several reasons:<ref name="allpinouts-sata"> {{cite web \|url=http://www.allpinouts.org/index.php/Serial_ATA_%28SATA,_Serial_Advanced_Technology_Attachment%29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108043955/http://www.allpinouts.org/index.php/Serial_ATA_%28SATA%2C_Serial_Advanced_Technology_Attachment%29 Line 396 ⟶ 411: }}</ref> * 3.3 V is supplied along with the traditional 5 V and 12 V supplies. However, very few drives actually use it. * Pin 3 in SATA revision 3.3 has been redefined as PWDIS and is used to enter and exit the POWER DISABLE mode in line with SAS-3.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Chu \|first1=Frank (HGST) \|last2=Frank \|first2=James (Seagate) \|last3=Cox \|first3=Alvin (Seagate) \|title=SATA3.2 TPR056 Enable new Power Disable feature on standard SATA connector P3 \|url=https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/TPR056r13_SATA32_EnableNewPowerDisableFeatureOnStandardSATA.pdf \|access-date=17 June 2023 \|date=3 March 2014}}</ref> If Pin 3 is driven HIGH (2.1–3.6 V max), power to the drive circuitry is cut. Drives with this feature enabled do not power up in systems designed to SATA revision 3.1 or earlier, because Pin 3 driven HIGH prevents the drive from powering up.<ref name="power-disable" /> ~~The~~Workarounds ~~workaround~~include ~~is to use~~using a Molex adapter without 3.3 V or ~~to put~~putting insulating tape over the PWDIS pin. * To reduce resistance and increase current capability, each voltage is supplied by three pins in parallel, though one pin in each group is intended for precharging (see below). Each pin should be able to carry 1.5 A. * Five parallel pins provide a low-resistance ground connection. * Two ground pins and one pin for each supplied voltage support [[hot swapping\|hot-plug]] precharging. Ground pins 4 and 12 in a hot-swap cable are the longest, so they make contact first when the connectors are mated. Drive power connector pins 3, 7, and 13 are longer than the others, so they make contact next. The drive uses them to charge its internal bypass capacitors through current-limiting resistances. Finally, the remaining power pins make contact, bypassing the resistances and providing a low-resistance source of each voltage. This two-step mating process avoids glitches to other loads and possible arcing or erosion of the SATA power-connector contacts. * Pin 11 might be used (often by chassis or backplane hardware independent from SATA host controller and its data connection) for [[staggered spinup]], activity indication, emergency head parking, or other vendor defined functions in various combinations. It is an [[open-collector]] signal, which may be pulled down by the connector or the drive. Host signaling: If pulled down at the connector (as it is on most cable-style SATA power connectors), the drive spins up as soon as power is applied. If left floating, the drive waits until it is spoken to. This prevents many drives from spinning up simultaneously, which might draw too much power. Drive signaling: The pin is also pulled low by the drive to indicate drive activity. This may be used to give feedback to the user through an [[LED]]. Relevant definitions of pin operation have changed multiple times in published revisions of SATA standard, so the observed behavior may be dependent on device version, host version, firmware and software configuration.<ref>{{cite web \|author1=Samsung Electronics \|title=Device Activity Signal (DAS) Application Note \|url=https://semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/others/Samsung_SSD_845DC_01_Device_Activity_Signal_DAS.pdf \|access-date=27 April 2023 \|date=26 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|author1=SATA-IO \|title=Serial ATA Revision 3.2 Technical Proposal #058: DAS/DSS/DHU Changes \|url=https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/TPR058v3_SATA32_DAS%2BDSS%2BDHU_Changes.pdf \|access-date=27 April 2023 \|date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|author1=SATA-IO \|title=Serial ATA Revision 3.2 Error Correction #089: DAS/DSS support clarifications \|url=https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/ECN089v6_SATA32_DSS_DAS_SupportClarifications.pdf \|access-date=27 April 2023 \|date=11 August 2015}}</ref> There is also a specification for transmission of drive temperature and other status values with activity signal pulses routinely used to make LED blink.<ref>{{cite web \|author1=SNIA SFF TWG \|title=SFF-8609: Management Interface for Drive Conditions \|url=https://members.snia.org/document/dl/27389 \|access-date=27 April 2023 \|date=7 July 2017}}</ref> Passive adapters are available that convert a four-pin [[Molex connector]] to a SATA power connector, providing the 5 V and 12 V lines available on the Molex connector, but not 3.3 V. There are also four-pin Molex-to-SATA power adapters that include electronics to additionally provide the 3.3 V power supply.<ref>[http://www.akasa.com.tw/update.php?tpl=product/product.detail.tpl&no=181&type=Cables&type_sub=SATA%20Cable%20Adapters&model=SATA2-20-PW Example of active power adapter] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712125222/http://www.akasa.com.tw/update.php?tpl=product%2Fproduct.detail.tpl&no=181&type=Cables&type_sub=SATA%20Cable%20Adapters&model=SATA2-20-PW \|date=2017-07-12 }}.</ref> However, most drives do not require the 3.3 V power line.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://pinouts.ru/Power/sata-power_pinout.shtml \|title=Serial ATA (SATA) power connector pinout and connections @ \|website=pinouts.ru \|date=2013-05-31 \|access-date=2013-06-14 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628184420/http://pinouts.ru/Power/sata-power_pinout.shtml \|archive-date=2013-06-28 }}</ref> Just like SATA data connectors, SATA power connectors may be straight, upward-angled, or downward-angled. {{Clear}} ==== Slimline power connector (6 pins) ==== {\| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; margin-top:0;" \|+ Slimline connector, power segment Line 445 ⟶ 462: \|} <gallery widths="200">▼ SATA 2.6 is the first revision that defined the slimline connector, intended for smaller form-factors such as notebook optical drives. Pin 1 of the slimline power connector, denoting device presence, is shorter than the others to allow hot-swapping. The slimline signal connector is identical and compatible with the standard version, while the power connector is reduced to six pins so it supplies only +5 V, and not +12 V or +3.3 V.<ref name="sata26">{{cite web\|url=http://read.pudn.com/downloads157/doc/project/697017/SerialATA_Revision_2_6_Gold.pdf\|page=115\|title=Serial ATA Revision 2.6\|publisher=Serial ATA International Organization\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104140/http://read.pudn.com/downloads157/doc/project/697017/SerialATA_Revision_2_6_Gold.pdf\|archive-date=2014-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOAdvancesTechnologyWithTheSATARevision2.6Spec.pdf \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2017-11-10 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829210356/https://www.sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOAdvancesTechnologyWithTheSATARevision2.6Spec.pdf \|archive-date=2017-08-29 }}</ref> SATA Slimline Powercable.jpg\|A six-pin slimline SATA '''power''' connector▼ SATA connector Slimline CD-ROM.jpg\|The back of a SATA-based slimline optical drive▼ </gallery>The power connector is reduced to six pins so it supplies only +5 V (red wire), and not +12 V or +3.3 V.<ref name="sata26" /><ref>{{cite web \|title=Press release: SATA-IO ADVANCES TECHNOLOGY WITH THE SATA REVISION 2.6 SPEC \|url=https://sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOAdvancesTechnologyWithTheSATARevision2.6Spec.pdf \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829210356/https://www.sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOAdvancesTechnologyWithTheSATARevision2.6Spec.pdf \|archive-date=2017-08-29 \|access-date=2017-11-10 \|publisher=SATA}}</ref> Pin 1 of the slimline power connector, denoting device presence, is shorter than the others to allow hot-swapping. Note: The '''data''' connector used is the same as the non-slimline version. Low-cost adapters exist to convert from standard SATA to slimline SATA. SATA 2.6 is the first revision that defined the '''slimline''' power connector targeted for smaller form-factors drives, such as laptop optical drives. ▲<gallery widths="200"> ▲SATA Slimline Powercable.jpg\|A six-pin slimline SATA power connector ▲SATA connector Slimline CD-ROM.jpg\|The back of a SATA-based slimline optical drive ~~</gallery>~~ {{Clear}} ==== Micro connector ==== {\| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; margin-top:0;" \|+ Micro connector, power segment Line 522 ⟶ 543: {{Clear}} === Additional pins~~{{Anchor\|~~ <span class="anchor" id="EXTRAPINS}}"></span> === Some SATA drives, in particular mechanical ones, come with an extra 4 or more pin interface which isn't uniformly ~~standardised~~standardized but nevertheless serves similar purpose defined by each drive manufacturer. As IDE drives used those extra pins for setting up Master and Slave drives, on SATA drives, those pins are generally used to select different Power modes for use in USB-SATA bridges or enables additional features like Spread Spectrum Clocking, SATA Speed Limit or Factory Mode for Diagnostics and Recovery, by the use of a jumper.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.seagate.com/www-content/support-content/samsung/internal-products/spinpoint-m-series/en-us/docs/100772113c.pdf\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206224112/https://www.seagate.com/www-content/support-content/samsung/internal-products/spinpoint-m-series/en-us/docs/100772113c.pdf\|title=Seagate® Laptop HDD SATA 2.5" Product Manual\|date=January 2016\|website=seagate.com\|archive-date=2020-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.howtogeek.com/347878/what-do-the-electrical-pins-on-the-back-of-your-hard-drive-do/\|title=What Do The Jumper Pins On The Back Of Your Hard Drive Do?\|date=5 April 2018\|website=howtogeek.com}}</ref> {{Clear}} === eSATA === {{distinguish\|SATAe}} <!-- linked to from redirects --> Line 535 ⟶ 556: [[File:Connector esata IMGP6050 wp.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|eSATA ports]] Standardized in 2004, eSATA (''e'' standing for external) provides a variant of SATA meant for external connectivity. It uses a more robust connector, longer shielded cables, and stricter (but backward-compatible) electrical standards. The protocol and logical signaling (link/transport layers and above) are identical to internal SATA. The differences are: * Minimum transmit amplitude increased: Range is 500–600 mV instead of 400–600 mV. * Minimum receive amplitude decreased: Range is 240–600 mV instead of 325–600 mV. * Maximum cable length increased to {{convert\|2\|m\|ft\|sp=us}} from {{convert\|1\|m\|ft\|sp=us}}. * The eSATA cable and connector is similar to the SATA 1.0a cable and connector, with these exceptions: ** The eSATA connector is mechanically different to prevent unshielded internal cables from being used externally. The eSATA connector discards the L-shaped key and changes the position and size of the guides. Line 557 ⟶ 577: {{As of\|2017\|8}} few new computers have dedicated external SATA (eSATA) connectors, with USB3 dominating and USB3 Type C, often with the [[Thunderbolt (interface)\|Thunderbolt]] alternate mode, starting to replace the earlier USB connectors. Still sometimes present are single ports supporting both USB3 and eSATA. Desktop computers without a built-in eSATA interface can install an eSATA [[host bus adapter]] (HBA); if the motherboard supports SATA, an externally available eSATA connector can be added. Notebook computers with the now rare [[Cardbus]]<ref name="addonics_cardbus">{{cite web \|url=http://www.addonics.com/products/adcb2sa-e.php \|title=CardBus SATA adapter \|website=addonics.com \|access-date=2010-01-26 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104205549/http://www.addonics.com/products/adcb2sa-e.php \|archive-date=2011-11-04 }}</ref> or [[ExpressCard]]<ref name="addonics_expresscard">{{cite web \|url=http://www.addonics.com/products/adexc34-2e.php \|title=ExpressCard SATA adapter \|website=addonics.com \|access-date=2010-01-26 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129201348/http://www.addonics.com/products/adexc34-2e.php \|archive-date=2011-11-29 }}</ref> could add an eSATA HBA. With passive adapters, the maximum cable length is reduced to {{convert\|1\|m\|ft\|sp=us}} due to the absence of compliant eSATA signal-levels. ====~~{{Anchor\|~~ eSATAp}} <span class="anchor" id="eSATAp"></span> ==== {{Main\|eSATAp}} [[File:Esatap port.JPG\|thumb\|upright\|eSATAp port]] Line 569 ⟶ 589: An eSATAp connector can be built into a computer with internal SATA and USB, by fitting a bracket with connections for internal SATA, USB, and power connectors and an externally accessible eSATAp port. Though eSATAp connectors have been built into several devices, manufacturers do not refer to an official standard. ==== Pre-standard implementations ==== * Prior to the final eSATA 3 Gbit/s specification, a number of products were designed for external connection of SATA drives. Some of these use the internal SATA connector, or even connectors designed for other interface specifications, such as [[FireWire]]. These products are not eSATA compliant. The final eSATA specification features a specific connector designed for rough handling, similar to the regular SATA connector, but with reinforcements in both the male and female sides, inspired by the USB connector. eSATA resists inadvertent unplugging, and can withstand yanking or wiggling, which could break a male SATA connector (the hard-drive or host adapter, usually fitted inside the computer). With an eSATA connector, considerably more force is needed to damage the connector—and if it does break, it is likely to be the female side, on the cable itself,{{Citation needed\|date=February 2007}} which is relatively easy to replace. * Prior to the final eSATA 6 Gbit/s specification many add-on cards and some motherboards advertised eSATA 6 Gbit/s support because they had 6 Gbit/s SATA 3.0 controllers for internal-only solutions. Those implementations are non-standard, and eSATA 6 Gbit/s requirements were ratified in the July 18, 2011 SATA 3.1 specification.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA-Revision-3.0-FAQ-FINAL.pdf \|title=Frequently Asked Questions About SATA 6 Gbit/s and the SATA Revision 3.0 Specification \|date=May–June 2009 \|access-date=2011-10-30 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150446/https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA-Revision-3.0-FAQ-FINAL.pdf \|archive-date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> Some products might not be fully eSATA 6 Gbit/s compliant. ===~~{{Anchor\|mSATA}}~~ Mini-SATA (mSATA) <span class="anchor" id="mSATA"></span> === {{See also\|PCI Express#MSATA\|l1=PCI Express § Mini-SATA (mSATA) variant}} [[File:Intel 525 mSATA SSD.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|An mSATA SSD]] Mini-SATA (abbreviated as mSATA), which is distinct from the micro connector,<ref name="amazon-msata" /> was announced by the Serial ATA International Organization on September 21, 2009.<ref>{{cite news\|title=mSATA Press Release\|url=http://www.sata-io.org/documents/mSATA-press%20release-v9.pdf\|access-date=11 March 2011\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726065816/http://www.sata-io.org/documents/mSATA-press%20release-v9.pdf\|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> Applications include [[netbook]]s, [[laptop]]s and other devices that require a [[solid-state drive]] in a small footprint. The physical dimensions of the mSATA connector are identical to those of the [[Mini-PCIe#PCI Express Mini Card\|PCI Express Mini Card]] interface,<ref>{{cite web \|title=Intel 310 SSD \|url=http://download.intel.com/design/flash/nand/324042.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112092850/http://download.intel.com/design/flash/nand/324042.pdf \|publisher=[[Intel]] \|access-date=11 March 2011 \|archive-date=12 January 2011}}</ref> but the interfaces are electrically incompatible; the data signals (TX±/RX± SATA, PETn0 PETp0 PERn0 PERp0 PCI Express) need a connection to the SATA host controller instead of the [[PCI Express]] host controller. The [[M.2]] specification has superseded both mSATA and [[mini-PCIe]].<ref name="snia-webcast"> {{cite web \| url = http://snia.org/sites/default/files/SSSI%20M%202%20Webcast%20Slides%20v10fnl.pdf \| title = SNIA Webcast: All About M.2 SSDs Line 591 ⟶ 611: {{Clear}} ===~~{{Anchor\|~~ SFF-8784}} connector <span class="anchor" id="SFF-8784"></span> ~~connector~~=== {\| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1.5em;" \|+ SFF-8784 connector<ref name="wdc-sff-8784" /> Line 610 ⟶ 630: \|} Slim 2.5-inch SATA devices, {{Convert\|5\|mm\|in\|abbr=in\|sp=us}} in height, use the twenty-pin ''SFF-8784'' [[edge connector]] to save space. By combining the data signals and power lines into a slim connector that effectively enables direct connection to the device's [[printed circuit board]] (PCB) without additional space-consuming connectors, SFF-8784 allows further internal layout compaction for portable devices such as [[ultrabook]]s.<ref name="wdc-sff-8784"> {{cite web \|url = http://www.wdc.com/wdproducts/library/SpecSheet/ENG/2579-771981.pdf \|title = SFF-8784 Edge Connector Pin Definitions: Information Sheet Line 625 ⟶ 646: {{Clear}} ===~~{{Anchor\|~~ SATA Express <span class="anchor" id="SATA-EXPRESS~~}}SATA~~"></span> ~~Express~~=== [[File:SATA Express connectors on a computer motherboard.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|Two SATA Express connectors (light gray) on a [[computer motherboard]]; to the right of them are common SATA connectors (dark gray).]] {{Main\|SATA Express}} [[SATA Express]], initially standardized in the SATA 3.2 specification,<ref> {{cite web \|url = https://www.sata-io.org/sata-revision-32 \|title = SATA Revision 3.2 Line 637 ⟶ 659: \|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130809202201/https://www.sata-io.org/sata-revision-32 \|archive-date = 2013-08-09 }}</ref> is an interface that supports either SATA or [[PCI Express]] storage devices. The host connector is backward compatible with the standard 3.5-inch SATA data connector, allowing up to two legacy SATA devices to connect.<ref> {{cite web \|url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/MM_Nereus_Signage_Print_0719.pdf \|title = Connector Mating Matrix Line 645 ⟶ 668: \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231134/https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/MM_Nereus_Signage_Print_0719.pdf \|archive-date = 2013-10-04 }}</ref> At the same time, the host connector provides up to two [[PCI Express 3.0]] lanes as a pure PCI Express connection to the storage device, allowing bandwidths of up to 2 GB/s.<ref name="sata-3.2-announcement" /><ref name="sata-io-sata-express"> {{cite web \|url = https://www.sata-io.org/sata-express \|title = Enabling Higher Speed Storage Applications with SATA Express Line 656 ⟶ 680: }}</ref> Instead of the otherwise usual approach of doubling the native speed of the SATA interface, PCI Express was selected for achieving data transfer speeds greater than 6 Gbit/s. It was concluded that doubling the native SATA speed would take too much time, too many changes would be required to the SATA standard, and would result in a much greater power consumption when compared to the existing PCI Express bus.<ref> {{cite web \|url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA%20Express%20-%20CS%202013.pdf \|title = SATA Express: PCIe Client Storage Line 668 ⟶ 693: }}</ref> In addition to supporting legacy [[Advanced Host Controller Interface]] (AHCI), SATA Express also makes it possible for [[NVM Express]] (NVMe) to be used as the logical device interface for connected PCI Express storage devices.<ref> {{cite web \|url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/NVMe%20and%20AHCI%20as%20SATA%20Express%20Interface%20Options%20-%20Whitepaper_.pdf \|title = AHCI and NVMe as Interfaces for SATA Express Devices – Overview Line 683 ⟶ 709: {{Clear}} ===~~{{Anchor\|M.2}}~~ M.2 (NGFF) <span class="anchor" id="M.2"></span> === [[File:M.2 and mSATA SSDs comparison.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.3\|Size comparison of mSATA (left) and M.2 (size 2242, right) SSDs]] [[File:M.2 2242 SSD connected into USB 3.0 adapter.jpg\|thumb\|An [[M.2]] (2242) solid-state-drive ([[SSD]]) connected into [[USB]] 3.0 adapter and connected to computer]] {{Main\|M.2}} [[M.2]], formerly known as the [[Next Generation Form Factor]] (NGFF), is a specification for computer [[expansion card]]s and associated connectors. It replaces the mSATA standard, which uses the PCI Express Mini Card physical layout. Having a smaller and more flexible physical specification, together with more advanced features, the M.2 is more suitable for [[Solid-state drive\|solid-state]] storage applications in general, especially when used in small devices such as ultrabooks or tablets.<ref name="sata-io-m.2"> {{cite web \|url = https://www.sata-io.org/sata-m2-card \|title = SATA M.2 Card Line 698 ⟶ 725: }}</ref> The M.2 standard is designed as a revision and improvement to the mSATA standard, so that larger [[printed circuit board]]s (PCBs) can be manufactured. While mSATA took advantage of the existing PCI Express Mini Card form factor and connector, M.2 has been designed to maximize usage of the card space, while minimizing the footprint.<ref name="sata-io-m.2" /><ref> {{cite web \|url = http://wccftech.com/intel-ssd-530-series-arriving-august-2013-feature-ngff-m2-interface/ \|title = Intel SSD 530 Series Arriving Next Week – Feature NGFF M.2 Interface Line 707 ⟶ 735: \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130905063322/http://wccftech.com/intel-ssd-530-series-arriving-august-2013-feature-ngff-m2-interface/ \|archive-date = 2013-09-05 }}</ref><ref> {{cite web \|url = http://www.te.com/commerce/DocumentDelivery/DDEController?Action=srchrtrv&DocNm=1-1773702-1NGFFQRG-EN&DocType=DS&DocLang=EN \|title = M.2 (NGFF) Quick Reference Guide Line 718 ⟶ 747: }}</ref> Supported host controller interfaces and internally provided ports are a superset to those defined by the SATA Express interface. Essentially, the M.2 standard is a small form factor implementation of the SATA Express interface, with the addition of an internal [[USB]] 3.0 port.<ref name="sata-io-m.2" /> {{Clear}} ===~~{{Anchor\|U.2}}~~ U.2 (SFF-8639) <span class="anchor" id="U.2"></span> === [[U.2]], formerly known as SFF-8639. Like M.2, it carries a PCI Express electrical signal, however U.2 uses a PCIe 3.0 ×4 link providing a higher bandwidth of 32 Gbit/s in each direction. In order to provide maximum backward compatibility the U.2 connector also supports SATA and multi-path SAS.<ref>{{cite web\|title=U.2 connector SATA, SAS, PCI-e signals assignments\|url=http://pinoutguide.com/HD/U.2_SATA_connector_pinout.shtml\|website=pinoutguide.com}}</ref> Line 728 ⟶ 757: {{Clear}} ==~~Protocol~~ Topology == ~~{{unreferenced section\|date=January 2016}}~~ ~~The SATA specification defines three distinct protocol layers: physical, link, and transport.~~ ~~===Physical layer===~~ The physical layer defines SATA's electrical and physical characteristics (such as cable dimensions and parasitics, driver voltage level and receiver operating range), as well as the physical coding subsystem (bit-level encoding, device detection on the wire, and link initialization). Physical transmission uses differential signaling. The SATA PHY contains a transmit pair and receive pair. When the SATA-link is not in use (example: no device attached), the transmitter allows the transmit pins to float to their common-mode voltage level. When the SATA-link is either active or in the link-initialization phase, the transmitter drives the transmit pins at the specified differential voltage (1.5 V in SATA/I). SATA physical coding uses a line encoding system known as [[8b/10b encoding]]. This scheme serves multiple functions required to sustain a differential serial link. First, the stream contains necessary synchronization information that allows the SATA host/drive to extract clocking. The 8b/10b encoded sequence embeds periodic edge transitions to allow the receiver to achieve bit-alignment without the use of a separately transmitted reference clock waveform. The sequence also maintains a neutral ([[DC-balanced]]) bitstream, which lets transmit drivers and receiver inputs be [[AC-coupled]]. Generally, the actual SATA signalling is [[half-duplex]], meaning that it can only read or write data at any one time. Also, SATA uses some of the special characters defined in 8b/10b. In particular, the PHY layer uses the comma (K28.5) character to maintain symbol-alignment. A specific four-symbol sequence, the ALIGN primitive, is used for clock rate-matching between the two devices on the link. Other special symbols communicate flow control information produced and consumed in the higher layers (link and transport). ~~Separate point-to-point AC-coupled [[low-voltage differential signaling]] (LVDS) links are used for physical transmission between host and drive.~~ The PHY layer is responsible for detecting the other SATA/device on a cable, and link initialization. During the link-initialization process, the PHY is responsible for locally generating special out-of-band signals by switching the transmitter between electrical-idle and specific 10b-characters in a defined pattern, negotiating a mutually supported signalling rate (1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 Gbit/s), and finally synchronizing to the far-end device's PHY-layer data stream. During this time, no data is sent from the link-layer. ~~Once link-initialization has completed, the link-layer takes over data-transmission, with the PHY providing only the 8b/10b conversion before bit transmission.~~ ~~==={{Anchor\|FIS}}Link layer===~~ After the PHY-layer has established a link, the link layer is responsible for transmission and reception of Frame Information Structures (FISs) over the SATA link. FISs are packets containing control information or payload data. Each packet contains a header (identifying its type), and payload whose contents are dependent on the type. The link layer also manages flow control over the link. ~~===Transport layer===~~ Layer number three in the serial ATA specification is the transport layer. This layer has the responsibility of acting on the frames and transmitting/receiving the frames in an appropriate sequence. The transport layer handles the assembly and disassembly of FIS structures, which includes, for example, extracting content from register FISs into the task-file and informing the command layer. In an abstract fashion, the transport layer is responsible for creating and encoding FIS structures requested by the command layer, and removing those structures when the frames are received. When [[Direct memory access\|DMA]] data is to be transmitted and is received from the higher command layer, the transport layer appends the FIS control header to the payload, and informs the link layer to prepare for transmission. The same procedure is performed when data is received, but in reverse order. The link layer signals to the transport layer that there is incoming data available. Once the data is processed by the link layer, the transport layer inspects the FIS header and removes it before forwarding the data to the command layer. ~~==Topology==~~ {{See also\|Port multiplier}} [[File:Sata controlador multiplicador cropped.svg\|thumb\|SATA topology: host (H), multiplier (M), and device (D)]] Line 763 ⟶ 765: {{As of\|2012\|alt=Modern}} PC systems have SATA controllers built into the motherboard, typically featuring two to eight ports. Additional ports can be installed through add-in SATA host adapters (available in variety of bus-interfaces: USB, PCI, PCIe). == Backward and forward compatibility == === SATA and PATA === [[File:PATA hard disk with SATA converter.png\|thumb\|PATA hard disk with SATA converter attached]] At the hardware interface level, SATA and PATA ([[Parallel ATA\|Parallel AT Attachment]]) devices are completely incompatible: they cannot be interconnected without an adapter. Line 778 ⟶ 780: The market has produced powered enclosures for both PATA and SATA drives that interface to the PC through USB, Firewire or eSATA, with the restrictions noted above. [[Peripheral Component Interconnect\|PCI]] cards with a SATA connector exist that allow SATA drives to connect to legacy systems without SATA connectors. ===~~{{Anchor\|FORCE-150\|OPT1-ENABLED}}~~ SATA 1.5 Gbit/s and SATA 3 Gbit/s <span class="anchor" id="FORCE-150"></span><span class="anchor" id="OPT1-ENABLED"></span> === The designers of SATA standard as an overall goal aimed for backward and [[forward compatibility]] with future revisions of the SATA standard. To prevent interoperability problems that could occur when next generation SATA drives are installed on motherboards with standard legacy SATA 1.5 Gbit/s host controllers, many manufacturers have made it easy to switch those newer drives to the previous standard's mode. Line 788 ⟶ 790: The "force 150" switch (or equivalent) is also useful for attaching SATA 3 Gbit/s hard drives to SATA controllers on PCI cards, since many of these controllers (such as the [[Silicon Image]] chips) run at 3 Gbit/s, even though the PCI bus cannot reach 1.5 Gbit/s speeds. This can cause data corruption in operating systems that do not specifically test for this condition and limit the disk transfer speed.{{Citation needed\|date=June 2014}} === SATA 3 Gbit/s and SATA 6 Gbit/s === {{Expand section\|date=October 2011}} SATA 3 Gbit/s and SATA 6 Gbit/s are compatible with each other. Most devices that are only SATA 3 Gbit/s can connect with devices that are SATA 6 Gbit/s, and vice versa, though SATA 3 Gbit/s devices connect with SATA 6 Gbit/s devices only at the slower 3 Gbit/s speed. === SATA 1.5 Gbit/s and SATA 6 Gbit/s === {{Expand section\|date=July 2013}} SATA 1.5 Gbit/s and SATA 6 Gbit/s are compatible with each other. Most devices that are only SATA 1.5 Gbit/s can connect with devices that are SATA 6 Gbit/s, and vice versa, though SATA 1.5 Gbit/s devices only connect with SATA 6 Gbit/s devices at the slower 1.5 Gbit/s speed. == Comparison to other interfaces == === SATA and SCSI === Parallel [[SCSI]] uses a more complex bus than SATA, usually resulting in higher manufacturing costs. SCSI buses also allow connection of several drives on one shared channel, whereas SATA allows one drive per channel, unless using a port multiplier. Serial Attached SCSI uses the same physical interconnects as SATA, and most SAS HBAs also support 3 and 6 Gbit/s SATA devices (an HBA requires support for ''Serial ATA Tunneling Protocol''). SATA 3 Gbit/s theoretically offers a maximum bandwidth of 300 MB/s per device, which is only slightly lower than the rated speed for SCSI Ultra 320 with a maximum of 320 MB/s total for all devices on a bus.<ref>Ultra-640 is specified, but devices do not exist</ref> SCSI drives provide greater sustained throughput than multiple SATA drives connected via a simple (i.e., command-based) [[port multiplier]] because of disconnect-reconnect and aggregating performance.<ref>FIS-based switching is comparable to SCSI's tagged command queueing</ref> In general, SATA devices link compatibly to SAS enclosures and adapters, whereas SCSI devices cannot be directly connected to a SATA bus. SCSI, SAS{{Citation needed\|date=January 2024}}, and fibre-channel (FC) drives are more expensive than SATA, so they are used in [[server (computing)\|server]]s and [[disk array]]s where the better performance justifies the additional cost. Inexpensive ATA and SATA drives evolved in the [[home computer\|home-computer]] market, hence there is a view that they are less reliable. As those two worlds overlapped, the subject of reliability [[Hard disk drive#Integrity and failure\|became somewhat controversial]]. Note that, in general, the failure rate of a disk drive is related to the quality of its heads, platters and supporting manufacturing processes, not to its interface. Use of serial ATA in the business market increased from 22% in 2006 to 28% in 2008.<ref name="rev30" /> === Comparison with other buses === {{See also\|List of device bit rates#Storage\|l1=List of device bit rates}} Line 818 ⟶ 820: ! [[Bit rate#Gross bit rate\|Raw data rate]] ! data-sort-type="number" \| [[Bit rate#Information rate\|Data rate]] ! ~~Max.~~Maximum cable length ! Power provided ! Devices per channel Line 826 ⟶ 828: \|data-sort-value="600" \| 600 MB/s \|rowspan="2" \| {{plainlist\| * 2 m * 1 m with passive SATA adapter }} \|No Line 853 ⟶ 855: \| [[#1.0\|SATA revision 1.0]] \|data-sort-value="1.5" \| 1.5 Gbit/s \|data-sort-value="150" \| 150 MB/s<ref>{{cite web\|url=~~http~~https://~~www.~~sata-io.org/~~documents~~sites/default/files/images/SATA-IO-English-Brochure-May-2009.pdf \|title=Designing Serial ATA For Today's Applications and Tomorrow's Storage Needs \|website=sata-io.org \|access-date=2011-10-25 \|url-status=~~bot: unknown~~live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101171659/https://www.sata-io.org/documents/SATA-IO-English-Brochure-May-2009.pdf \|archive-date=2011-11-01 }}</ref> \|1 \|- Line 915 ⟶ 917: \| [[Universal Serial Bus\|USB]] 3.0{{Efn\|[[Universal Serial Bus\|USB]] 3.0 specification was released to hardware vendors on 17 November 2008.}} (USB 3.2, Generation 1) \|data-sort-value="5" \| 5 Gbit/s \|data-sort-value="610" \| 610 MB/s or more ({{abbr\|excl.\|excluding}} protocol <br />overhead, flow control, and framing)<!-- uses 8B10B encoding --><ref> {{~~Cite~~cite book \| title=Universal Serial Bus Specification Revision 3.0 \| page=75 (4–4.11) Line 962 ⟶ 965: \|data-sort-value="{{#expr:0.981024}}" \| 0.98 GB/s \| {{plainlist\| 5 m (copper)<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://download.intel.com/design/network/products/optical/cables/ornl.pdf \|archive-url=https://~~www~~web.~~webcitation~~archive.org/~~65LPZ9M5L?url=~~web/20080315111431/http://download.intel.com/design/network/products/optical/cables/ornl.pdf \|archive-date=1015 ~~February~~March ~~2012~~2008 \|title=Infiniband Based Cable Comparison \|access-date=11 February 2008 \|last=Minich \|first=Makia \|date=25 June 2007 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \| first=Michael \| last=Feldman \| title=Optical Cables Light Up InfiniBand \| date=17 July 2007 \| publisher=Tabor Publications & Events \| url=http://archive.hpcwire.com/hpc/1729056.html \| work=HPCwire \| page=1 \| access-date=2008-02-11 \| url-status=dead \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329103925/http://archive.hpcwire.com/hpc/1729056.html \| archive-date=29 March 2012 }}</ref> <10 km (fiber) }} Line 987 ⟶ 990: \|} == See also == {{Portal\|Electronics}} [[FATA (hard disk drive)]] Line 993 ⟶ 996: * [[List of interface bit rates]] == Notes == {{~~Notelist~~notelist}} == References == {{~~Reflist~~reflist\|30em}} == External links == {{Commons and category\|Serial ATA\|Serial ATA}} * [http://www.sata-io.org/ Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO)] * [http://eetimes.com/design/eda-design/4018543/Serial-ATA-and-the-evolution-in-data-storage-technology EETimes Serial ATA and the evolution in data storage technology, Mohamed A. Salem] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130615000000*/http://www.sata-io.org/documents/serialata10a.zip "SATA-1" specification, as a zipped pdf; Serial ATA: High Speed Serialized AT Attachment, Revision 1.0a, 7-January-2003]. {{Computer bus}}