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Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from the [[Serial ATA International Organization]] (SATA-IO) which are then released by the [[INCITS]] Technical Committee T13, AT Attachment (INCITS T13).<ref name="INCITS_T13">{{cite web |url=http://t13.org/ |title=Technical Committee T13, AT Attachment |date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=Technical Committee T13 AT Attachment |access-date=July 8, 2019}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:ST3400820AS.jpg|thumb|A 3.5-inch [[Serial ATA]] hard disk drive]]
[[File:Super Talent 2.5in SATA SSD SAM64GM25S.jpg|thumb|A 2.5-inch [[Serial ATA]] solid-state drive]]
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SATA has replaced parallel ATA in consumer desktop and laptop [[computer]]s; SATA's market share in the desktop PC market was 99% in 2008.<ref name="rev30">{{cite web|url=http://www.serialata.org/documents/SATA-Rev-30-Presentation.pdf|title=Serial ATA: Meeting Storage Needs Today and Tomorrow|website=serialata.org|access-date=2011-10-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417133358/http://www.serialata.org/documents/SATA-Rev-30-Presentation.pdf|archive-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> PATA has mostly been replaced by SATA for any use; with PATA in declining use in industrial and embedded applications that use [[CompactFlash]] (CF) storage, which was designed around the legacy PATA standard. A 2008 standard, [[CFast]], to replace CompactFlash is based on SATA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/02/25/cfast-compactflash-cards-now-said-to-be-coming-in-18-to-24-mont/|author=Donald Melanson|publisher=[[Engadget]]|title=CFast CompactFlash cards now said to be coming in "18 to 24 months"|date=2008-02-25|access-date=2009-03-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303144033/http://www.engadget.com/2008/02/25/cfast-compactflash-cards-now-said-to-be-coming-in-18-to-24-mont|archive-date=2009-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpreview.com/news/2009/1/9/preteccfaststoragecards|publisher=[[DPReview]]|title=Pretec release CFast card with SATA interface|date=8 January 2009|access-date=19 March 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025074641/http://www.dpreview.com/news/2009/1/9/preteccfaststoragecards|archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref>
== Features ==
[[File:SATA 6 Gbit-s controller, in form of a PCI Express card.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|SATA 6 Gbit/s host controller, a PCI Express ×1 card with [[Marvell Technology Group|Marvell]] chipset]]
=== Hot plug ===
The Serial ATA spec requires SATA devices be capable of [[hot swapping|hot plugging]]; that is, devices that meet the specification are capable of insertion or removal of a device into or from a backplane connector (combined signal and power) that has power on. After insertion, the device initializes and then operates normally. Depending upon the operating system, the host may also initialize, resulting in a [[hot swapping|hot swap]]. The powered host and device do not need to be in an idle state for safe insertion and removal, although unwritten data may be lost when power is removed.
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For eSATA, hot plugging is supported in [[Advanced Host Controller Interface|AHCI]] mode only. IDE mode does not support hot plugging.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asrock.com/nettop/Intel/Core%20100HT-BD/ |title=Specification for some motherboard with eSATA connector}}</ref>
=== Advanced Host Controller Interface ===
[[Advanced Host Controller Interface]] (AHCI) is an open host controller interface published and used by Intel, which has become a [[de facto]] standard. It allows the use of advanced features of SATA such as [[hotplug]] and [[native command queuing]] (NCQ). If AHCI is not enabled by the motherboard and chipset, SATA controllers typically operate in "IDE{{Efn|Integrated Drive Electronics}} emulation" mode, which does not allow access to device features not supported by the ATA (also called IDE) standard.
Windows device drivers that are labeled as SATA are often running in IDE emulation mode unless they explicitly state that they are AHCI mode, in [[RAID]] mode, or a mode provided by a proprietary driver and command set that allowed access to SATA's advanced features before AHCI became popular. Modern versions of [[Microsoft Windows]], [[macOS|Mac OS X]], [[FreeBSD]], [[Linux kernel|Linux]] with version 2.6.19 onward,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://linux-ata.org/driver-status.html#ahci|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010549/http://linux-ata.org/driver-status.html#ahci|archive-date=2007-03-12 |title=Serial ATA (SATA) Linux hardware/driver status report |website=linux-ata.org |access-date=2010-01-26}}</ref> as well as [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] and [[OpenSolaris]], include support for AHCI, but earlier operating systems such as [[Windows XP]] do not. Even in those instances, a proprietary driver may have been created for a specific chipset, such as [[Intel]]'s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intel.com/support/chipsets/imst/sb/cs-020825.htm|title=Intel® Matrix Storage Technology - Unattended Installation Instructions Under Windows* XP|date=2 March 2007|publisher=[[Intel]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302101422/http://www.intel.com/support/chipsets/imst/sb/cs-020825.htm|archive-date=2 March 2007}}</ref>
== Revisions ==
SATA revisions are typically designated with a dash followed by [[Roman numerals]], e.g. "SATA-III",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kb.sandisk.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/8142/~/difference-between-sata-i,-sata-ii-and-sata-iii| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129075859/https://kb.sandisk.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/8142/~/difference-between-sata-i%2C-sata-ii-and-sata-iii|archive-date=2021-11-29| website=www.sandisk.com| access-date=2023-08-17| title=Difference between SATA I, SATA II and SATA III}}</ref> to avoid confusion with the speed, which is always displayed in [[Arabic numerals]], e.g. "SATA 6 [[Gigabit|Gbit]]/[[Second|s]]". The speeds given are the ''[[Data signaling rate|raw interface rate]]'' in Gbit/s including [[line code]] overhead, and the ''[[Goodput|usable data rate]]'' in [[Megabyte|MB]]/s without overhead.
===
Revision 1.0a<ref name="SATA1a" /> was released on January 7, 2003. First-generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, communicate at a rate of 1.5 Gbit/s,
During the initial period after SATA 1.5 Gbit/s finalization, adapter and drive manufacturers used a "bridge chip" to convert existing PATA designs for use with the SATA interface. Bridged drives have a SATA connector, may include either or both kinds of power connectors, and, in general, perform identically to their native-SATA equivalents.<ref>
{{cite web |url = http://techreport.com/review/6390/western-digital-raptor-wd740gd-sata-hard-drive
|title = Western Digital's Raptor WD740GD SATA hard drive: Single-user performance, multi-user potential
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{{As of|2010|4}}, the fastest 10,000 rpm SATA [[hard disk drive]]s could transfer data at maximum (not average) rates of up to 157 MB/s,<ref name="Tom2010HardDrives">{{Cite news|title=VelociRaptor Returns: 6Gbit/s, 600GB, And 10,000 RPM |website=tomshardware.com |author=Patrick Schmid and Achim Roos |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/wd6000hlhx-velociraptor-600gb,2600-5.html |date=2010-04-06 |access-date=2010-06-26}}</ref> which is beyond the capabilities of the older PATA/133 specification and also exceeds the capabilities of SATA 1.5 Gbit/s.
===
[[File:SATA2.jpg|thumb|SATA 2 connectors on a computer motherboard, all but two with cables plugged in. Note that there is no visible difference, other than the labeling, between SATA 1, SATA 2, and SATA 3 cables and connectors.]]
SATA revision 2.0 was released in April 2004, introducing Native Command Queuing (NCQ). It is [[backward compatible]] with SATA 1.5 Gbit/s.<ref name="SATA-IO website">{{cite web |url=http://www.sata-io.org/developers/naming_guidelines.asp |title=SATA-IO Specifications and Naming Conventions |website=sata-io.org |access-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829113659/http://www.sata-io.org/developers/naming_guidelines.asp |archive-date=2012-08-29 }}</ref>
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All SATA data cables meeting the SATA spec are rated for 3.0 Gbit/s and handle modern mechanical drives without any loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance. However, high-performance flash-based drives can exceed the SATA 3 Gbit/s transfer rate; this is addressed with the SATA 6 Gbit/s interoperability standard.
====
Announced in August 2005, SATA revision 2.5 consolidated the specification to a single document.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOCompletesSATARevision2.5IntegratedSpec.pdf |title=SATA-IO COMPLETES SATA REVISION 2.5 INTEGRATED SPEC |access-date=2017-11-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316122649/https://www.sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOCompletesSATARevision2.5IntegratedSpec.pdf |archive-date=2015-03-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050823005355/en/SATA-IO-Completes-SATA-Revision-2.5-Integrated-Spec|title=SATA-IO Completes SATA Revision 2.5 Integrated Spec; Slimline Connector Spec and Interoperability Program Plans Also Released|website=www.businesswire.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114621/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050823005355/en/SATA-IO-Completes-SATA-Revision-2.5-Integrated-Spec|archive-date=2017-11-10}}</ref>
====
Announced in February 2007, SATA revision 2.6 introduced the following features:<ref name="sata26">{{cite web |title=Serial ATA Revision 2.6 |url=http://read.pudn.com/downloads157/doc/project/697017/SerialATA_Revision_2_6_Gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104140/http://read.pudn.com/downloads157/doc/project/697017/SerialATA_Revision_2_6_Gold.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-06 |publisher=Serial ATA International Organization |page=115}}</ref>
* [[#Slimline connector|Slimline connector]].
* [[#Micro connector|Micro connector (initially for 1.8” HDD)]].
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* Enhancements for robust reception of the Signature FIS.
===
[[Serial ATA International Organization]] (SATA-IO) presented the draft specification of SATA 6 Gbit/s physical layer in July 2008,<ref name="SATA-600 announce">
{{cite press release |url = http://www.sata-io.org/documents/SATA_6gbphy_pressrls_finalrv2.pdf
|date = 2008-08-18
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}}</ref> and ratified its physical layer specification on August 18, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sata-io.org/technology/6Gbdetails.asp|publisher=[[SATA-IO]]|title=SATA Revision 3.0|date=27 May 2009|access-date=4 December 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202075739/http://www.sata-io.org/technology/6Gbdetails.asp|archive-date=2 February 2013}}</ref> The full 3.0 standard was released on May 27, 2009.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sata-io.org/documents/SATA-Revision-3.0-Press-Release-FINAL-052609.pdf |title=SATA-IO Releases SATA Revision 3.0 Specification |publisher=Serial ATA International Organization |date=May 27, 2009 |access-date=3 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611174913/http://www.sata-io.org/documents/SATA-Revision-3.0-Press-Release-FINAL-052609.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2009 }}</ref>
Third-generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 6.0 Gbit/s; taking [[8b/10b encoding]] into account, the maximum uncoded transfer rate is 4.8 Gbit/s (600 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 6.0 Gbit/s is double that of SATA revision 2.0. It is backward compatible with
The SATA 3.0 specification contains the following changes:
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* Alignment with the [[International Committee for Information Technology Standards|INCITS]] ATA8-ACS standard.
In general, the enhancements are aimed at improving quality of service for [[streaming media|video streaming]] and high-priority interrupts. In addition, the standard continues to support distances up to one meter. The newer speeds may require higher power consumption for supporting chips, though improved process technologies and power management techniques may mitigate this. The later specification can use existing SATA cables and connectors, though it was reported in 2008 that some [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]]s were expected to upgrade host connectors for the higher speeds.<ref>
{{cite web | url = http://eetimes.com/electronics-news/4078315/Serial-ATA-doubles-data-rate-to-6-Gbits-s
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121027110553/http://eetimes.com/electronics-news/4078315/Serial-ATA-doubles-data-rate-to-6-Gbits-s
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}}</ref>
==== SATA revision 3.1 <span class="anchor" id="3.1"></span><span class="anchor" id="USM"></span> ====
Released in July 2011, SATA revision 3.1 introduced or changed the following features:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA-IORevision31_PRfinal.pdf |title=SATA-IO Releases Revision 3.1 Specification |publisher=SATA-IO |date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150501/https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA-IORevision31_PRfinal.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hilbert Hagedoorn |url=http://www.guru3d.com/news_story/sata_3_1_specifications_have_been_published.html |title=SATA 3.1 specifications have been published |website=guru3d.com |date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2012-09-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517045720/http://www.guru3d.com/news_story/sata_3_1_specifications_have_been_published.html |archive-date=2013-05-17 }}</ref>
* ''mSATA'', for solid-state drives in mobile computing devices, a [[PCI Express Mini Card]]-like connector that is electrically SATA.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Msata Faq |url=http://forum.notebookreview.com/lenovo-ibm/574993-msata-faq-basic-primer.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212164949/http://forum.notebookreview.com/lenovo-ibm/574993-msata-faq-basic-primer.html |archive-date=2012-02-12 |access-date= |website=forum.notebookreview.com}}</ref> The connector was also used in some desktop computers, such as certain [[HP business desktops|HP business PCs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HP Compaq Elite 8300 PC Product Specifications |url=https://support.hp.com/us-en/document/c03345460 |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=HP}}</ref>
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* ''Universal Storage Module'' (USM), a new standard for cableless plug-in (slot) powered storage for [[consumer electronics]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sata-io.org/technology/usm.asp |title=Serial ATA International Organization: SATA Universal Storage Module (USM) |website=sata-io.org |access-date=2011-10-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101214459/http://www.sata-io.org/technology/usm.asp |archive-date=2011-11-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Perenson |first=Melissa J. |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/215475/New_Universal_Storage_Module_Promises_To_Evolve_Portable_Data.html |title=New Universal Storage Module Promises to Evolve Portable Data |publisher=PCWorld |access-date=2014-02-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221214811/http://www.pcworld.com/article/215475/New_Universal_Storage_Module_Promises_To_Evolve_Portable_Data.html |archive-date=2014-02-21 }}</ref>
==== SATA revision 3.2 <span class="anchor" id="3.2"></span><span class="anchor" id="USM-SLIM"></span><span class="anchor" id="MICRO-SSD"></span><span class="anchor" id="HYB-INFO"></span> ====
Released in August 2013, SATA revision 3.2 introduced the following features:<ref name="sata-3.2-announcement">
{{cite web |url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA_v3%202_PR__Final_BusinessWire_8.20.13.pdf
|title = SATA-IO Unveils Revision 3.2 Specification
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|archive-date = 2016-03-04
}}</ref>
* The [[SATA Express]] specification defines an interface that combines both SATA and [[PCI Express]] buses, making it possible for both types of storage devices to coexist. By employing PCI Express, a much higher theoretical throughput of 1969
* The [[M.2|SATA M.2]] standard is a small form factor implementation of the SATA Express interface, with the addition of an internal [[USB 3.0]] port; see the [[#M.2|M.2 (NGFF)]] section below for a more detailed summary.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sata-io.org/sata-m2-card |title=SATA M.2 Card |publisher=SATA-IO |access-date=2014-01-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003103042/https://www.sata-io.org/sata-m2-card |archive-date=2013-10-03 }}</ref>
* ''microSSD'' introduces a [[ball grid array]] electrical interface for miniaturized, embedded SATA storage.<ref>[http://www.sata-io.org/technology/ussd.asp SATA
* ''USM Slim'' reduces thickness of Universal Storage Module (USM) from {{Convert|14.5|mm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}} to {{Convert|9|mm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IO%20USM%20SLIM%20PR_Final_0.pdf |title=SATA-IO Rolls Out USM Slim Specification for Thinner, Lighter External Storage |publisher=SATA-IO |access-date=2014-02-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150433/https://www.sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IO%20USM%20SLIM%20PR_Final_0.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-22 }}</ref>
* [[DevSleep]] enables lower power consumption for always-on devices while they are in low-power modes such as [[InstantGo]] (which used to be known as Connected Standby).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sata-io.org/power-management |title=SATA Enables Life Unplugged |publisher=SATA-IO |access-date=2014-01-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207100518/https://www.sata-io.org/power-management |archive-date=2014-02-07 }}</ref>
* ''Hybrid Information'' provides higher performance for [[solid-state hybrid drive]]s.<ref>
{{cite web |url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/images/SATA-IO%20FAQ%20-%20071813a%20%283%29.pdf
|title = SATA-IO FAQ
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}}</ref><ref>[http://www.guruht.com/2013/08/sata-32-specifications-speed-and-design.html First specifications leaked from SATA-IO] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812043308/http://www.guruht.com/2013/08/sata-32-specifications-speed-and-design.html |date=2013-08-12 }}, Serial ATA International Organization, GuruHT.com</ref>
====
Released in February 2016, SATA revision 3.3 introduced the following features:<ref name="sata-3.3-announcement">
{{cite web |url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/images/SATA%20Spec%203%203%20Press%20Release_FINAL.pdf
|title = SATA-IO Expands Supported Features in Revision 3.3 Specification
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170703095413/http://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/images/SATA%20Spec%203%203%20Press%20Release_FINAL.pdf
|archive-date = 2017-07-03
}}</ref><ref name="sata-io-faq">
{{cite web |url = https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA-IO%20FAQ%20.pdf
|title = SATA-IO Frequently Asked Questions
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|archive-date = 2016-12-26
}}</ref>
* [[Shingled magnetic recording]] (SMR) host-control support
* Optional ''Zoned ATA Command Set'' (ZAC) feature.<ref>ATA/ATAPI Command Set 4 (ACS-4)</ref>
* ''Power Disable'' feature (see PWDIS pin) allows for remote power cycling of SATA drives and a Rebuild Assist function that speeds up the rebuild process to help ease maintenance in the data center.
* Transmitter Emphasis Specification increases interoperability and reliability between host and devices in electrically demanding environments.
* An activity indicator and staggered spin-up can be controlled by the same pin, adding flexibility and providing users with more choices.
The new Power Disable feature (similar to the SAS Power Disable feature) uses Pin 3 of the SATA power connector. Some legacy power supplies that provide 3.3
{{cite web |url = https://www.hgst.com/sites/default/files/resources/HGST-Power-Disable-Pin-TB.pdf
|title = Power Disable Feature Tech Brief
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}}</ref>
====
Released in June 2018, SATA revision 3.4 introduced the following features that enable monitoring of device conditions and execution of housekeeping tasks, both with minimal impact on performance:<ref name="sata-3.4-announcement">
{{cite web |url = https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA%20Spec%20Rev%203%204%20PR%20FINAL.pdf
|title = SATA-IO Expands Supported Features in Revision 3.4 Specification
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* Device Sleep Signal Timing: provides additional definition to enhance compatibility between manufacturers’ implementations.
====
Released in July 2020, SATA revision 3.5
{{cite web |url = https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA%20Spec%20Rev%203%205%20FINAL.pdf
|title = SATA-IO Increases Interoperability Features with Revision 3.5 Specification
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* Command Duration Limit Features: reduces latency by allowing the host to define quality of service categories, giving the host more granularity in controlling command properties. The feature helps align SATA with the "Fast Fail" requirements established by the Open Compute Project (OCP) and specified in the INCITS T13 Technical Committee standard.
SATA revision '''3.5a''' was released in March 2021.
== Cables, connectors, and ports <span class="anchor" id="CONNECTORS"></span> ==
[[File:2.5-inch SATA drive on top of a 3.5-inch SATA drive, close-up of data and power connectors.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|2.5-inch SATA drive on top of a 3.5-inch SATA drive, close-up of data and power connectors. Also visible are [[#Additional pins|8 jumper pins]] on the 3.5-inch drive.]]
Connectors and cables present the most visible differences between SATA and parallel ATA drives. Unlike PATA, the same connectors are used on 3.5-inch<!-- No unit conversion: this is a nominal size class and not a measurement. --> SATA hard disks (for desktop and server computers) and 2.5-inch<!-- No unit conversion: this is a nominal size class and not a measurement. --> disks (for portable or small computers).<ref>
{{cite web |url = http://superuser.com/questions/2086/can-i-install-a-laptop-2-5-sata-drive-on-a-desktop-without-any-adapters
|title = Can I install a laptop 2.5" SATA drive on a desktop without any adapters?
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{{Clear}}
===
{{See also|SATA Express#CONNECTORS|l1=SATA Express connectors}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; margin-top:0;"
|+ Standard connector, data segment, host side signal naming
|-
! colspan="2"| Pin # !! Mating !! Function
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The SATA standard defines a data cable with seven conductors (three grounds and four active data lines in two pairs) and 8 mm wide wafer connectors on each end. SATA cables can have lengths up to {{convert|1|m|ft|sp=us}}, and connect one motherboard socket to one hard drive. PATA [[ribbon cable]]s, in comparison, connect one motherboard socket to one or two hard drives, carry either 40 or 80 wires, and are limited to {{convert|45|cm|in|sp=us}} in length by the PATA specification; however, cables up to {{convert|90|cm|in|sp=us}} are readily available. Thus, SATA connectors and cables are easier to fit in closed spaces and reduce obstructions to [[air cooling]]. Some cables even include a locking feature, whereby a small (usually metal) spring holds the plug in the socket.
SATA connectors may be straight,
One of the problems associated with the transmission of data at high speed over electrical connections is described as ''noise'', which is due to electrical coupling between data circuits and other circuits. As a result, the data circuits can both affect other circuits and be affected by them. Designers use a number of techniques to reduce the undesirable effects of such unintentional coupling. One such technique used in SATA links is [[differential signaling]]. This is an enhancement over PATA, which uses [[single-ended signaling]]. The use of fully shielded, dual [[coaxial cabling|coax]] conductors, with multiple ground connections, for each differential pair<ref>Serial ATA Revision 3.0 ''6.1.8 Internal single-lane cable''</ref> improves isolation between the channels and reduces the chances of lost data in difficult electrical environments.
<gallery widths="250" heights="150">
File:SATA Data Cable.jpg|A seven-pin SATA data cable (
File:2.5-inch SATA drive on top of a 3.5-inch SATA drive, close-up of data and power connectors.jpg|SATA connectors on 2.5 and 3.5-inch hard drives, with data pins on the left and power pins on the right. The two different pin lengths ensure a specific mating order; the longer lengths are ground pins and make contact first. (The cable side has similar variations to achieve three levels of mating order.)
File:SATA3-TwinAxCable.jpg|SATA cable showing the two foil shielded differential pairs
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{{Clear}}
=== SATA Power connectors
==== Standard power connector (15 pins) ====
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; margin-top:0;"
|+ Standard connector, power segment
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SATA specifies a different [[DC connector|power connector]] than the four-pin [[Molex connector]] used on [[Parallel ATA]] (PATA) devices (and earlier small storage devices, going back to [[ST-506]] hard disk drives and even to floppy disk drives that predated the IBM PC). It is a wafer-type connector, like the SATA data connector, but much wider (fifteen pins versus seven) to avoid confusion between the two. Some early SATA drives included the four-pin Molex power connector together with the new fifteen-pin connector, but most SATA drives now have only the latter.
The new SATA power connector contains many more pins for several reasons:<ref name="allpinouts-sata">
{{cite web |url=http://www.allpinouts.org/index.php/Serial_ATA_%28SATA,_Serial_Advanced_Technology_Attachment%29
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108043955/http://www.allpinouts.org/index.php/Serial_ATA_%28SATA%2C_Serial_Advanced_Technology_Attachment%29
Line 396 ⟶ 411:
}}</ref>
* 3.3 V is supplied along with the traditional 5 V and 12 V supplies. However, very few drives actually use it.
* Pin 3 in SATA revision 3.3 has been redefined as PWDIS and is used to enter and exit the POWER DISABLE mode in line with SAS-3.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chu |first1=Frank (HGST) |last2=Frank |first2=James (Seagate) |last3=Cox |first3=Alvin (Seagate) |title=SATA3.2 TPR056 Enable new Power Disable feature on standard SATA connector P3 |url=https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/TPR056r13_SATA32_EnableNewPowerDisableFeatureOnStandardSATA.pdf |access-date=17 June 2023 |date=3 March 2014}}</ref> If Pin 3 is driven HIGH (2.1–3.6 V max), power to the drive circuitry is cut. Drives with this feature enabled do not power up in systems designed to SATA revision 3.1 or earlier, because Pin 3 driven HIGH prevents the drive from powering up.<ref name="power-disable" />
* To reduce resistance and increase current capability, each voltage is supplied by three pins in parallel, though one pin in each group is intended for precharging (see below). Each pin should be able to carry 1.5 A.
* Five parallel pins provide a low-resistance ground connection.
* Two ground pins and one pin for each supplied voltage support [[hot swapping|hot-plug]] precharging. Ground pins 4 and 12 in a hot-swap cable are the longest, so they make contact first when the connectors are mated. Drive power connector pins 3, 7, and 13 are longer than the others, so they make contact next. The drive uses them to charge its internal bypass capacitors through current-limiting resistances. Finally, the remaining power pins make contact, bypassing the resistances and providing a low-resistance source of each voltage. This two-step mating process avoids glitches to other loads and possible arcing or erosion of the SATA power-connector contacts.
* Pin 11 might be used (often by chassis or backplane hardware independent from SATA host controller and its data connection) for [[staggered spinup]], activity indication, emergency head parking, or other vendor defined functions in various combinations. It is an [[open-collector]] signal, which may be pulled down by the connector or the drive.
** Host signaling: If pulled down at the connector (as it is on most cable-style SATA power connectors), the drive spins up as soon as power is applied.
** Drive signaling: The pin is also pulled low by the drive to indicate drive activity. This may be used to give feedback to the user through an [[LED]]. Relevant definitions of pin operation have changed multiple times in published revisions of SATA standard, so the observed behavior may be dependent on device version, host version, firmware and software configuration.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Samsung Electronics |title=Device Activity Signal (DAS) Application Note |url=https://semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/others/Samsung_SSD_845DC_01_Device_Activity_Signal_DAS.pdf |access-date=27 April 2023 |date=26 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=SATA-IO |title=Serial ATA Revision 3.2 Technical Proposal #058: DAS/DSS/DHU Changes |url=https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/TPR058v3_SATA32_DAS%2BDSS%2BDHU_Changes.pdf |access-date=27 April 2023 |date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=SATA-IO |title=Serial ATA Revision 3.2 Error Correction #089: DAS/DSS support clarifications |url=https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/ECN089v6_SATA32_DSS_DAS_SupportClarifications.pdf |access-date=27 April 2023 |date=11 August 2015}}</ref> There is also a specification for transmission of drive temperature and other status values with activity signal pulses routinely used to make LED blink.<ref>{{cite web |author1=SNIA SFF TWG |title=SFF-8609: Management Interface for Drive Conditions |url=https://members.snia.org/document/dl/27389 |access-date=27 April 2023 |date=7 July 2017}}</ref>
Passive adapters are available that convert a four-pin [[Molex connector]] to a SATA power connector, providing the 5 V and 12 V lines available on the Molex connector, but not 3.3 V. There are also four-pin Molex-to-SATA power adapters that include electronics to additionally provide the 3.3 V power supply.<ref>[http://www.akasa.com.tw/update.php?tpl=product/product.detail.tpl&no=181&type=Cables&type_sub=SATA%20Cable%20Adapters&model=SATA2-20-PW Example of active power adapter] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712125222/http://www.akasa.com.tw/update.php?tpl=product%2Fproduct.detail.tpl&no=181&type=Cables&type_sub=SATA%20Cable%20Adapters&model=SATA2-20-PW |date=2017-07-12 }}.</ref> However, most drives do not require the 3.3 V power line.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pinouts.ru/Power/sata-power_pinout.shtml |title=Serial ATA (SATA) power connector pinout and connections @ |website=pinouts.ru |date=2013-05-31 |access-date=2013-06-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628184420/http://pinouts.ru/Power/sata-power_pinout.shtml |archive-date=2013-06-28 }}</ref>
Just like SATA data connectors, SATA power connectors may be straight, upward-angled, or downward-angled.
{{Clear}}
==== Slimline power connector (6 pins) ====
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; margin-top:0;"
|+ Slimline connector, power segment
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|}
<gallery widths="200">▼
SATA Slimline Powercable.jpg|A six-pin slimline SATA '''power''' connector▼
SATA connector Slimline CD-ROM.jpg|The back of a SATA-based slimline optical drive▼
</gallery>The power connector is reduced to six pins so it supplies only +5 V (red wire), and not +12 V or +3.3 V.<ref name="sata26" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Press release: SATA-IO ADVANCES TECHNOLOGY WITH THE SATA REVISION 2.6 SPEC |url=https://sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOAdvancesTechnologyWithTheSATARevision2.6Spec.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829210356/https://www.sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOAdvancesTechnologyWithTheSATARevision2.6Spec.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-29 |access-date=2017-11-10 |publisher=SATA}}</ref>
Pin 1 of the slimline power connector, denoting device presence, is shorter than the others to allow hot-swapping.
Note: The '''data''' connector used is the same as the non-slimline version.
Low-cost adapters exist to convert from standard SATA to slimline SATA.
SATA 2.6 is the first revision that defined the '''slimline''' power connector targeted for smaller form-factors drives, such as laptop optical drives.
▲<gallery widths="200">
▲SATA Slimline Powercable.jpg|A six-pin slimline SATA power connector
▲SATA connector Slimline CD-ROM.jpg|The back of a SATA-based slimline optical drive
{{Clear}}
==== Micro connector ====
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; margin-top:0;"
|+ Micro connector, power segment
Line 522 ⟶ 543:
{{Clear}}
=== Additional pins
Some SATA drives, in particular mechanical ones, come with an extra 4 or more pin interface which isn't uniformly standardized but nevertheless serves similar purpose defined by each drive manufacturer. As IDE drives used those extra pins for setting up Master and Slave drives, on SATA drives, those pins are generally used to select different Power modes for use in USB-SATA bridges or enables additional features like Spread Spectrum Clocking, SATA Speed Limit or Factory Mode for Diagnostics and Recovery, by the use of a jumper.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seagate.com/www-content/support-content/samsung/internal-products/spinpoint-m-series/en-us/docs/100772113c.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206224112/https://www.seagate.com/www-content/support-content/samsung/internal-products/spinpoint-m-series/en-us/docs/100772113c.pdf|title=Seagate® Laptop HDD SATA 2.5" Product Manual|date=January 2016|website=seagate.com|archive-date=2020-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howtogeek.com/347878/what-do-the-electrical-pins-on-the-back-of-your-hard-drive-do/|title=What Do The Jumper Pins On The Back Of Your Hard Drive Do?|date=5 April 2018|website=howtogeek.com}}</ref>
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{{Clear}}
=== eSATA ===
{{distinguish|SATAe}}
<!-- linked to from redirects -->
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[[File:Connector esata IMGP6050 wp.jpg|thumb|upright|eSATA ports]]
Standardized in 2004, eSATA (''e'' standing for external) provides a variant of SATA meant for external connectivity.
* Minimum transmit amplitude increased: Range is 500–600 mV instead of 400–600 mV.
* Minimum receive amplitude decreased: Range is 240–600 mV instead of 325–600 mV.
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Desktop computers without a built-in eSATA interface can install an eSATA [[host bus adapter]] (HBA); if the motherboard supports SATA, an externally available eSATA connector can be added. Notebook computers with the now rare [[Cardbus]]<ref name="addonics_cardbus">{{cite web |url=http://www.addonics.com/products/adcb2sa-e.php |title=CardBus SATA adapter |website=addonics.com |access-date=2010-01-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104205549/http://www.addonics.com/products/adcb2sa-e.php |archive-date=2011-11-04 }}</ref> or [[ExpressCard]]<ref name="addonics_expresscard">{{cite web |url=http://www.addonics.com/products/adexc34-2e.php |title=ExpressCard SATA adapter |website=addonics.com |access-date=2010-01-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129201348/http://www.addonics.com/products/adexc34-2e.php |archive-date=2011-11-29 }}</ref> could add an eSATA HBA. With passive adapters, the maximum cable length is reduced to {{convert|1|m|ft|sp=us}} due to the absence of compliant eSATA signal-levels.
====
{{Main|eSATAp}}
[[File:Esatap port.JPG|thumb|upright|eSATAp port]]
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An eSATAp connector can be built into a computer with internal SATA and USB, by fitting a bracket with connections for internal SATA, USB, and power connectors and an externally accessible eSATAp port. Though eSATAp connectors have been built into several devices, manufacturers do not refer to an official standard.
==== Pre-standard implementations ====
* Prior to the final eSATA 6 Gbit/s specification many add-on cards and some motherboards advertised eSATA 6 Gbit/s support because they had 6 Gbit/s SATA 3.0 controllers for internal-only solutions. Those implementations are non-standard, and eSATA 6 Gbit/s requirements were ratified in the July 18, 2011 SATA 3.1 specification.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA-Revision-3.0-FAQ-FINAL.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions About SATA 6 Gbit/s and the SATA Revision 3.0 Specification |date=May–June 2009 |access-date=2011-10-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150446/https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA-Revision-3.0-FAQ-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> Some products might not be fully eSATA 6 Gbit/s compliant.
===
{{See also|PCI Express#MSATA|l1=PCI Express § Mini-SATA (mSATA) variant}}
[[File:Intel 525 mSATA SSD.jpg|thumb|upright|An mSATA SSD]]
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The physical dimensions of the mSATA connector are identical to those of the [[Mini-PCIe#PCI Express Mini Card|PCI Express Mini Card]] interface,<ref>{{cite web |title=Intel 310 SSD |url=http://download.intel.com/design/flash/nand/324042.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112092850/http://download.intel.com/design/flash/nand/324042.pdf |publisher=[[Intel]] |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-date=12 January 2011}}</ref> but the interfaces are electrically incompatible; the data signals (TX±/RX± SATA, PETn0 PETp0 PERn0 PERp0 PCI Express) need a connection to the SATA host controller instead of the [[PCI Express]] host controller.
The [[M.2]] specification has superseded both mSATA and [[mini-PCIe]].<ref name="snia-webcast">
{{cite web | url = http://snia.org/sites/default/files/SSSI%20M%202%20Webcast%20Slides%20v10fnl.pdf
| title = SNIA Webcast: All About M.2 SSDs
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{{Clear}}
===
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1.5em;"
|+ SFF-8784 connector<ref name="wdc-sff-8784" />
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|}
Slim 2.5-inch SATA devices, {{Convert|5|mm|in|abbr=in|sp=us}} in height, use the twenty-pin ''SFF-8784'' [[edge connector]] to save space. By combining the data signals and power lines into a slim connector that effectively enables direct connection to the device's [[printed circuit board]] (PCB) without additional space-consuming connectors, SFF-8784 allows further internal layout compaction for portable devices such as [[ultrabook]]s.<ref name="wdc-sff-8784">
{{cite web |url = http://www.wdc.com/wdproducts/library/SpecSheet/ENG/2579-771981.pdf
|title = SFF-8784 Edge Connector Pin Definitions: Information Sheet
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{{Clear}}
===
[[File:SATA Express connectors on a computer motherboard.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Two SATA Express connectors (light gray) on a [[computer motherboard]]; to the right of them are common SATA connectors (dark gray).]]
{{Main|SATA Express}}
[[SATA Express]], initially standardized in the SATA 3.2 specification,<ref>
{{cite web |url = https://www.sata-io.org/sata-revision-32
|title = SATA Revision 3.2
Line 636 ⟶ 659:
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130809202201/https://www.sata-io.org/sata-revision-32
|archive-date = 2013-08-09
}}</ref> is an interface that supports either SATA or [[PCI Express]] storage devices.
{{cite web |url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/MM_Nereus_Signage_Print_0719.pdf
|title = Connector Mating Matrix
Line 644 ⟶ 668:
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231134/https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/MM_Nereus_Signage_Print_0719.pdf
|archive-date = 2013-10-04
}}</ref>
{{cite web |url = https://www.sata-io.org/sata-express
|title = Enabling Higher Speed Storage Applications with SATA Express
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}}</ref>
Instead of the otherwise usual approach of doubling the native speed of the SATA interface, PCI Express was selected for achieving data transfer speeds greater than 6 Gbit/s. It was concluded that doubling the native SATA speed would take too much time, too many changes would be required to the SATA standard, and would result in a much greater power consumption when compared to the existing PCI Express bus.<ref>
{{cite web |url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA%20Express%20-%20CS%202013.pdf
|title = SATA Express: PCIe Client Storage
Line 667 ⟶ 693:
}}</ref>
In addition to supporting legacy [[Advanced Host Controller Interface]] (AHCI), SATA Express also makes it possible for [[NVM Express]] (NVMe) to be used as the logical device interface for connected PCI Express storage devices.<ref>
{{cite web |url = https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/NVMe%20and%20AHCI%20as%20SATA%20Express%20Interface%20Options%20-%20Whitepaper_.pdf
|title = AHCI and NVMe as Interfaces for SATA Express Devices – Overview
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{{Clear}}
===
[[File:M.2 and mSATA SSDs comparison.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Size comparison of mSATA (left) and M.2 (size 2242, right) SSDs]]
[[File:M.2 2242 SSD connected into USB 3.0 adapter.jpg|thumb|An [[M.2]] (2242) solid-state-drive ([[SSD]]) connected into [[USB]] 3.0 adapter and connected to computer]]
{{Main|M.2}}
[[M.2]], formerly known as the [[Next Generation Form Factor]] (NGFF), is a specification for computer [[expansion card]]s and associated connectors. It replaces the mSATA standard, which uses the PCI Express Mini Card physical layout. Having a smaller and more flexible physical specification, together with more advanced features, the M.2 is more suitable for [[Solid-state drive|solid-state]] storage applications in general, especially when used in small devices such as ultrabooks or tablets.<ref name="sata-io-m.2">
{{cite web |url = https://www.sata-io.org/sata-m2-card
|title = SATA M.2 Card
Line 697 ⟶ 725:
}}</ref>
The M.2 standard is designed as a revision and improvement to the mSATA standard, so that larger [[printed circuit board]]s (PCBs) can be manufactured. While mSATA took advantage of the existing PCI Express Mini Card form factor and connector, M.2 has been designed to maximize usage of the card space, while minimizing the footprint.<ref name="sata-io-m.2" /><ref>
{{cite web |url = http://wccftech.com/intel-ssd-530-series-arriving-august-2013-feature-ngff-m2-interface/
|title = Intel SSD 530 Series Arriving Next Week – Feature NGFF M.2 Interface
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130905063322/http://wccftech.com/intel-ssd-530-series-arriving-august-2013-feature-ngff-m2-interface/
|archive-date = 2013-09-05
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url = http://www.te.com/commerce/DocumentDelivery/DDEController?Action=srchrtrv&DocNm=1-1773702-1NGFFQRG-EN&DocType=DS&DocLang=EN
|title = M.2 (NGFF) Quick Reference Guide
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{{Clear}}
===
[[U.2]], formerly known as SFF-8639. Like M.2, it carries a PCI Express electrical signal, however U.2 uses a PCIe 3.0 ×4 link providing a higher bandwidth of 32 Gbit/s in each direction. In order to provide maximum backward compatibility the U.2 connector also supports SATA and multi-path SAS.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.2 connector SATA, SAS, PCI-e signals assignments|url=http://pinoutguide.com/HD/U.2_SATA_connector_pinout.shtml|website=pinoutguide.com}}</ref>
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{{Clear}}
== Topology ==
{{See also|Port multiplier}}
[[File:Sata controlador multiplicador cropped.svg|thumb|SATA topology: host (H), multiplier (M), and device (D)]]
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{{As of|2012|alt=Modern}} PC systems have SATA controllers built into the motherboard, typically featuring two to eight ports. Additional ports can be installed through add-in SATA host adapters (available in variety of bus-interfaces: USB, PCI, PCIe).
== Backward and forward compatibility ==
=== SATA and PATA ===
[[File:PATA hard disk with SATA converter.png|thumb|PATA hard disk with SATA converter attached]]
At the hardware interface level, SATA and PATA ([[Parallel ATA|Parallel AT Attachment]]) devices are completely incompatible: they cannot be interconnected without an adapter.
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The market has produced powered enclosures for both PATA and SATA drives that interface to the PC through USB, Firewire or eSATA, with the restrictions noted above. [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] cards with a SATA connector exist that allow SATA drives to connect to legacy systems without SATA connectors.
===
The designers of SATA standard as an overall goal aimed for backward and [[forward compatibility]] with future revisions of the SATA standard.
To prevent interoperability problems that could occur when next generation SATA drives are installed on motherboards with standard legacy SATA 1.5 Gbit/s host controllers, many manufacturers have made it easy to switch those newer drives to the previous standard's mode.
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The "force 150" switch (or equivalent) is also useful for attaching SATA 3 Gbit/s hard drives to SATA controllers on PCI cards, since many of these controllers (such as the [[Silicon Image]] chips) run at 3 Gbit/s, even though the PCI bus cannot reach 1.5 Gbit/s speeds. This can cause data corruption in operating systems that do not specifically test for this condition and limit the disk transfer speed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}}
=== SATA 3 Gbit/s and SATA 6 Gbit/s ===
{{Expand section|date=October 2011}}
SATA 3 Gbit/s and SATA 6 Gbit/s are compatible with each other. Most devices that are only SATA 3 Gbit/s can connect with devices that are SATA 6 Gbit/s, and vice versa, though SATA 3 Gbit/s devices connect with SATA 6 Gbit/s devices only at the slower 3 Gbit/s speed.
=== SATA 1.5 Gbit/s and SATA 6 Gbit/s ===
{{Expand section|date=July 2013}}
SATA 1.5 Gbit/s and SATA 6 Gbit/s are compatible with each other. Most devices that are only SATA 1.5 Gbit/s can connect with devices that are SATA 6 Gbit/s, and vice versa, though SATA 1.5 Gbit/s devices only connect with SATA 6 Gbit/s devices at the slower 1.5 Gbit/s speed.
== Comparison to other interfaces ==
=== SATA and SCSI ===
Parallel [[SCSI]] uses a more complex bus than SATA, usually resulting in higher manufacturing costs. SCSI buses also allow connection of several drives on one shared channel, whereas SATA allows one drive per channel, unless using a port multiplier. Serial Attached SCSI uses the same physical interconnects as SATA, and most SAS HBAs also support 3 and 6 Gbit/s SATA devices (an HBA requires support for ''Serial ATA Tunneling Protocol'').
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Use of serial ATA in the business market increased from 22% in 2006 to 28% in 2008.<ref name="rev30" />
=== Comparison with other buses ===
{{See also|List of device bit rates#Storage|l1=List of device bit rates}}
Line 790 ⟶ 820:
! [[Bit rate#Gross bit rate|Raw data rate]]
! data-sort-type="number" | [[Bit rate#Information rate|Data rate]]
!
! Power provided
! Devices per channel
Line 798 ⟶ 828:
|data-sort-value="600" | 600 MB/s
|rowspan="2" | {{plainlist|
* 2 m
* 1 m with passive SATA adapter
}}
|No
Line 887 ⟶ 917:
| [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] 3.0{{Efn|[[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] 3.0 specification was released to hardware vendors on 17 November 2008.}} (USB 3.2, Generation 1)
|data-sort-value="5" | 5 Gbit/s
|data-sort-value="610" | 610 MB/s or more ({{abbr|excl.|excluding}} protocol <br />overhead, flow control, and framing)<!-- uses 8B10B encoding --><ref>
{{ | title=Universal Serial Bus Specification Revision 3.0
| page=75 (4–4.11)
Line 934 ⟶ 965:
|data-sort-value="{{#expr:0.98*1024}}" | 0.98 GB/s
| {{plainlist|
*5 m (copper)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://download.intel.com/design/network/products/optical/cables/ornl.pdf |archive-url=https://
*<10 km (fiber)
}}
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|}
== See also ==
{{Portal|Electronics}}
* [[FATA (hard disk drive)]]
Line 965 ⟶ 996:
* [[List of interface bit rates]]
== Notes ==
{{
== References ==
{{
== External links ==
{{Commons and category|Serial ATA|Serial ATA}}
* [http://www.sata-io.org/ Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO)]
* [http://eetimes.com/design/eda-design/4018543/Serial-ATA-and-the-evolution-in-data-storage-technology EETimes Serial ATA and the evolution in data storage technology, Mohamed A. Salem]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130615000000*/http://www.sata-io.org/documents/serialata10a.zip "SATA-1" specification, as a zipped pdf; Serial ATA: High Speed Serialized AT Attachment, Revision 1.0a, 7-January-2003].
{{Computer bus}}
| |||