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| name = Somatic symptom disorder
| synonyms = Somatoform disorder
| image =
| caption =
| pronounce =
| field = [[Psychiatry]], [[psychology]]
| symptoms = [[Maladaptation|Maladaptive]] thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in response to chronic physical symptoms.<ref name=merck/>
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| begins in childhood, however, onset is variable.<ref name=StatPearls/>
| duration = At least 6 months.<ref name=dsm>{{cite book|year=2013|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |edition=5|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|location=Washington DC|pages=354–372 |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8}}</ref>
| types =
| causes = Heightened awareness of bodily sensations and the tendency to misinterpret bodily sensations.<ref name=afp/>
| risks = [[Child neglect|Childhood neglect]] and [[child abuse|abuse]], chaotic lifestyle, history of [[Substance abuse|substance]] and [[alcohol abuse]], and [[psychosocial]] stressors.<ref name=personality/>
| diagnosis = [[Psychiatric assessment]].<ref name=StatPearls/>
| differential = [[Adjustment disorder]], [[body dysmorphic disorder]], [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder|obsessive-compulsive disorder]], [[conversion disorder]], and [[Hypochondriasis|illness anxiety disorder]].<ref name=StatPearls/>
| prevention =
| treatment = [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|Cognitive-behavioral therapy]],<ref name=Psychopharmacotherapy/> [[psychiatric medication]], and [[Interpersonal therapy|brief psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy]].<ref name="PIT"/>
| medication = [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s and [[serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]]s.<ref name=Psychopharmacotherapy>{{cite journal|first1=Bettahalasoor|last1=Somashekar|first2=Ashok|last2=Jainer|first3=Balaji|last3=Wuntakal|title=Psychopharmacotherapy of somatic symptoms disorders|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09540261.2012.729758|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|date=February 2013|issn=0954-0261|pages=107–115|volume=25|issue=1|doi=10.3109/09540261.2012.729758|pmid=23383672 |s2cid=25646632 }}</ref>
| prognosis = Often chronic but can be managed with the proper treatment.<ref name=StatPearls/>
| frequency = About 13–23% of the general population.<ref name="Sauer Witthöft Rief 2023 p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Sauer | first1=Karoline S. | last2=Witthöft | first2=Michael | last3=Rief | first3=Winfried | title=Somatic Symptom Disorder and Health Anxiety | journal=Neurologic Clinics | publisher=Elsevier BV | year=2023 | volume=41 | issue=4 | pages=745–758 | issn=0733-8619 | doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2023.02.009 | pmid=37775202 | s2cid=258266448 }}</ref>
| deaths =
}}
'''Somatic symptom disorder''', also known as somatoform disorder, is defined by one or more chronic physical symptoms that coincide with excessive and [[Maladaptation|maladaptive]] thoughts, emotions, and behaviors connected to those symptoms. The symptoms are not purposefully produced or [[Feigned disease|feigned]], and they may or may not coexist with a known medical ailment.<ref name=merck/>
Manifestations of somatic symptom disorder are variable; symptoms can be widespread, specific, and often fluctuate. Somatic symptom disorder corresponds to the way an individual views and reacts to symptoms as rather than the symptoms themselves. Somatic symptom disorder may develop in those who suffer from an existing [[Chronic condition|chronic illness]] or medical condition.<ref name=mayo/>
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[[Somatic Symptom Scale - 8|The Somatic Symptom Scale – 8 (SSS-8)]] is a short self-report questionnaire that is used to evaluate somatic symptoms. It examines the perceived severity of common somatic symptoms.<ref name=sss8>{{cite journal|first1=Benjamin|last1=Gierk|first2=Sebastian|last2=Kohlmann|first3=Kurt|last3=Kroenke|first4=Lena|last4=Spangenberg|title=The Somatic Symptom Scale–8 (SSS-8): A Brief Measure of Somatic Symptom Burden|url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12179|journal=JAMA Internal Medicine|date=1 March 2014|issn=2168-6106|pages=399–407|volume=174|issue=3|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12179|first5=Markus|last5=Zenger|first6=Elmar|last6=Brähler|first7=Bernd|last7=Löwe|pmid=24276929 }}</ref> The [[Somatic Symptom Scale - 8|SSS-8]] is a condensed version of the well-known [[Patient Health Questionnaire|Patient Health Questionnaire-15]] ([[Phq9 questionnaire|PHQ-15]]).<ref name=sss8valid>{{cite journal|first1=Kurt|last1=Kroenke|first2=Robert L.|last2=Spitzer|first3=Janet B. W.|last3=Williams|title=The PHQ-15: Validity of a New Measure for Evaluating the Severity of Somatic Symptoms|url=https://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/2002/03000/The_PHQ_15__Validity_of_a_New_Measure_for.8.aspx|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|date=March 2002|issn=0033-3174|pages=258–266|volume=64|issue=2|doi=10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008 |pmid=11914441 |s2cid=28701848 }}</ref>
On a five-point scale, respondents rate how much [[Gastrointestinal disease|stomach or digestive issues]], [[Back pain|back discomfort]], pain in the legs, arms, or [[Arthralgia|joints]], [[
===Diagnostic and Statistical Manual===
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The DSM includes five distinct descriptions for somatic symptom disorder. These include somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain, formally referred to as pain disorder, as well as classifications for mild, moderate, and severe symptoms.<ref name=dsm/>
===International Classification of Diseases===
The [[ICD-11]] classifies somatic symptoms as "Bodily distress disorder". Bodily distress disorder is characterized by the presence of distressing bodily symptoms and excessive attention devoted to those symptoms. The ICD-11 further specifies that if another health condition is causing or contributing to the symptoms, the level of attention must be clearly excessive in relation to the nature and course of the condition.<ref name=icd>{{cite book|title = International Classification of Diseases|publisher = World Health Organization |edition = 11|access-date=3 July 2023|date =25 May 2019|location = Geneva, Switerzland|page = 449|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en}}</ref>
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==History==
Somatization is an idea that physicians have been attempting to comprehend since the dawn of time. The [[Egyptians]] and [[Sumer
During the 17th century, knowledge of the [[central nervous system]] grew, giving rise to the notion that numerous inexplicable illnesses could be linked to the brain. [[Thomas Willis]], widely regarded as the father of [[neurology]], recognized hysteria in women and hypochondria in males as brain disorders. [[Thomas Sydenham]] contributed significantly to the belief that hysteria and hypochondria are mental rather than physical illnesses. The term "English Malady" was used by [[George Cheyne (physician)|George Cheyne]] to denote that hysteria and hypochondriasis are brain and/or mind-related disorders.<ref name=biosocial/>
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* [[Psychosomatic medicine]]
* [[Psychoneuroimmunology]]
* [[
==References==
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