Salah Jadid: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Revision as of 02:20, 29 April 2021 edit Dawnseeker2000 (talk \| contribs) Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, File movers, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers 467,326 edits m date format audit, minor formatting Tag: AWB ← Previous edit		Latest revision as of 18:59, 21 June 2024 edit undo 176.238.250.169 (talk) No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
(36 intermediate revisions by 28 users not shown)
Line 3: {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder \| name = Salah Jadid~~<br/>{{lang\|ar\|صلاح جديد}}~~ \| native_name = {{Lang\|ar\|{{Script/Arabic\|صلاح جديد}}\|rtl=yes}} \| image = Salah Jadid, the Baath Party strongman during the years 1966-1970.jpg \| birth_date = {{birth year\|1926}} \| birth_place = [[Dweir Baabda]], [[~~Latakia~~Alawite ~~Governorate\|Latakia~~State]], [[French ~~Mandate of Syria\|~~Syria]] \| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|1993\|8\|19\|1926}} ~~\|death_place=[[Damascus]], [[Syria]]~~ \| death_place = [[Mezzeh prison]], [[Damascus]], Syria \| office = [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region#Heads and bureaus\|Assistant Regional Secretary]]<br>of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region\|Syrian Regional Branch]] \| term_start = 1 August 1965 \| term_end = 13 November 1970 \| predecessor = Muhammad az-Zubi \| successor = Jaber Bajbouj \| 1blankname = Regional Secretary \| 1namedata = [[Amin al-Hafiz]]<br>[[Nureddin al-Atassi]] \| office2 = [[Chief of the General Staff (Syria)\|Chief of Staff]] of the [[Syrian Army]] \| term_start2 = 11 November 1963 \| term_end2 = 1966 \| predecessor2 = [[Ziad al-Hariri]] \| successor2 =~~Ahmad~~ ~~Suwaydani~~[[Ahmed Suidani]] \| office3 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region\|Regional Command]]<br>of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region\|Syrian Regional Branch]] \| term_start3 = March 1966 \| term_end3 = 13 November 1970 \| term_start4 = 1 February 1964 \| term_end4 = 19 December 1965 \| party = [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)\|Ba'ath Party (Syrian)]] [[Ba'ath Party\|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]] (1947–1966) \| rank = [[File:Syria-Army-Liwa.svg\|40px]] [[Major general\|Major General]] \| serviceyears = 1946–1970 \| nationality =~~[[Syria]]~~ }}Syrian \| allegiance = [[file:Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg\|25px]] [[First Syrian Republic]] (1946–1950)<br />[[file:Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg\|25px]] [[Second Syrian Republic]] (1950–1958; 1961–63)<br/>{{Flag\|United Arab Republic}} (1958–1961)<br />{{flag\|Syria}} (1963–1970) '''Salah Jadid''' (1926 – 19 August 1993, {{lang-ar\|صلاح جديد}}) was a [[Syria]]n [[General officer\|general]], a leader of the left-wing of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region\|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in Syria]], and the country's ''de facto'' leader from 1966 until 1970, when he was ousted by [[Hafez al-Assad]]'s [[Corrective Movement (Syria)\|Corrective Movement]].▼ \| battles = [[First Arab-Israeli War]]<br />[[Six-Day War]] }} ▲'''Salah Jadid''' (~~1926 – 19 August 1993,~~ {{lang-ar\|صلاح جديد\|Ṣalāḥ Jadīd}}; 1926 – 19 August 1993) was a ~~[[Syria]]n~~Syrian ~~[[General~~military officer~~\|general]],~~ aand politician who was the leader of the left-wing of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region\|Syrian Regional Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party ~~in Syria~~]], and the country's ''de facto'' leader from 1966 until 1970, when he was ousted by [[Hafez al-Assad]]'s [[Corrective Movement (Syria)\|Corrective Movement]]. ==Early life and career== Jadid was born in 1926 in the village of [[Dweir Baabda]], near the coastal city of [[Jableh]],{{sfn\|Seale\|1990\|p=63}} to an [[Alawites\|Alawite]] family of the Haddadin tribe.{{sfn\|Tucker\|Roberts\|2008\|p=535}} However, there is another report stating his birth year as 1924.<ref name=obibulloch>{{cite news\|last=Bulloch\|first=John\|title=Obituary: Salah Jadid\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-salah-jadid-1462907.html\|access-date=7 April 2013\|newspaper=The Independent\|date=23 August 1993}}</ref> He studied at the [[Homs Military Academy]], and entered the [[Syrian Army]] in 1946.{{sfn\|Moubayed\|2006\|pp=259–260}} Jadid was originally a member of the [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]] (SSNP), but later became a member of the [[Ba'ath Party\|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]], led by [[Michel Aflaq]] and [[Salah al-Din al-Bitar]], in the 1950s through an associate of [[Akram al-Hawrani]].{{sfn\|Seale\|1990\|p=63}} Even so, Jadid remained close to the SSNP; his brother, Ghassan, was one of its most prominent members in Syria. He changed allegiance again in the 1950s, when he became a member of the [[Arab Nationalist Movement]], a party supporting [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]'s [[Nasserism\|ideological beliefs]]. Jadid supported Syria's ascension into the [[United Arab Republic]] (UAR), a union republic consisting of [[Egypt]] and Syria.{{sfn\|Moubayed\|2006\|p=260}} During the UAR-era, Jadid was stationed in [[Cairo]], Egypt. Jadid established the Military Committee alongside other Ba'athists in 1959. The chief aim of the Military Committee was to protect the UAR's existence. In the beginning there ~~was~~were only four members of the Military Committee, the others were [[Hafez al-Assad]], [[Abd al-Karim al-Jundi]] and [[Muhammad Umran]].{{sfn\|Moubayed\|2006\|p=260}} The Military Committee also tried to save the Syrian Ba'ath movement from annihilation. Committee members were among those who blamed Aflaq for the Ba'ath Party's failing during the UAR years.{{sfn\|Seale\|1990\|pp=61–62}} The party's Third National Congress in 1959 supported Aflaq's decision to dissolve the party, but a 1960 National Congress, in which Jadid was a delegate representing the then-unknown Military Committee, reversed the decision and called for the Ba'ath Party's reestablishment. The Congress also decided to improve relations with Nasser by democratising the UAR from within. A faction within the party, led by al-Hawrani, called for Syria's secession.{{sfn\|Seale\|1990\|p=66}} The Military Committee did not succeed in its aims, and in September 1961 the UAR was dissolved. [[Nazim al-Kudsi]], who led the first post-UAR government, persecuted Jadid and the others for their Nasserite loyalties, and all of them were forced to retire from the Syrian Army.{{sfn\|Moubayed\|2006\|p=260}} In 1963 Jadid was promoted from [[Lieutenant colonel]] to [[Major general]] and named [[~~Syrian~~Chief ~~Armed~~of ~~Forces~~the General Staff (Syria)\|Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces]] of Syria.<ref>{{Cite news\|agency=Associated Press\|date=1993-08-24\|title=Salah Jadid, 63, Leader of Syria Deposed and Imprisoned by Assad (Published 1993)\|language=en-US\|work=The New York Times\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/24/obituaries/salah-jadid-63-leader-of-syria-deposed-and-imprisoned-by-assad.html~~\|url-status=live~~\|access-date=2021-02-23\|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Downfall and death==▼ ~~==Strongman of Ba'athist Syria==~~ In 1970, when [[Black September\|conflict]] erupted between the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) and the [[Jordanian Armed Forces\|Jordanian army]], Jadid sent Syrian-controlled [[Palestinians\|Palestinian]] troops of the nominally PLO-run [[Palestine Liberation Army]], based in Syria, into Jordan to aid the PLO. This decision was not supported by Assad's more moderate Ba'ath faction, and the troops withdrew. While Jadid remained away from public view, as the second secretary of the Ba'ath Party, men allied to him filled the top posts in state and army: [[Nureddin al-Atassi]], as party chairman, [[President of Syria\|state president]] and later [[Prime Minister of Syria\|prime minister]]; Yousuf Zouayyen, as prime minister; [[Ibrahim Makhous]] as [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)\|foreign minister]], [[Hafez al-Assad]] as [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)\|defense minister]]; [[Abd al-Karim al-Jundi]], as [[National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region\|security chief]]. Many of these men were Alawis (e.g. all of the above except Atassi, Jundi, and Zouayyen, who were [[Sunni Islam\|Sunni]]), giving the government a sectarian character. Several were military men, and all belonged to the Ba'ath Party's [[Left-wing politics\|left-wing]]. In 1970, when [[Black September\|conflict]] erupted between the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) and the [[Jordanian Armed Forces\|Jordanian army]], Jadid sent Syrian-controlled [[Palestinians\|Palestinian]] troops of the nominally PLO-run [[Palestine Liberation Army]], based in Syria, into Jordan to aid the PLO. This decision was not supported by Assad's [[right-wing politics\|right-wing]] Ba'ath faction, and the troops withdrew. The action helped trigger a simmering conflict between Jadid's and Assad's factions within the Ba'ath Party and army. The [[Syrian Communist Party]] aligned itself with Jadid, drawing him the support of Soviet ambassador, [[Nuritdin Mukhitdinov]]. Angered by this, Assad decided to scare the Soviets by sending [[Mustafa Tlass]] to [[Beijing]] to procure arms and wave [[Mao Zedong\|Chairman Mao]]'s [[Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung\|Little Red Book]].<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zk7AAAAIAAJ&q=mustafa+talas+red+book&pg=PA40\|title=Moscow and the Middle East: Soviet policy since the invasion of Afghanistan\|author=Robert Owen Freedman\|year=1991\|publisher=CUP Archive\|isbn=0-521-35976-7\|page=40\|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> In November 1970, Jadid tried to fire Assad and his supporter [[Mustafa Tlass]]. Assad responded by launching an intra-party coup dubbed, the [[Corrective Movement (Syria)\|Corrective Movement]]. Jadid was arrested on 13 November 1970, and remained in the [[Mezzeh prison]] in [[Damascus]] until dying from a heart attack on 19 August 1993.<ref name=nyt24aug>{{cite news\|title=Salah Jadid, 63, Leader of Syria Deposed and Imprisoned by Assad\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/24/obituaries/salah-jadid-63-leader-of-syria-deposed-and-imprisoned-by-assad.html\|access-date=7 April 2013\|newspaper=The New York Times\|date=24 August 1993}}</ref>▼ Under Jadid's rule, Syria aligned itself with the [[Eastern Bloc\|Soviet bloc]] and pursued hardline policies towards [[Israel]] and "[[reactionary]]" Arab states especially [[Saudi Arabia]], calling for the mobilization of a "[[people's war]]" against [[Zionism]] rather than inter-Arab military alliances. Domestically, Jadid attempted a [[Socialism\|socialist]] transformation of Syrian society at a forced pace, creating unrest and economic difficulties. Opponents of the government were harshly suppressed, while the Ba'ath Party replaced parliament as law-making body and other parties were banned. Public support for his government, such as it was, declined sharply following Syria's defeat in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], when [[Israel]] captured the [[Golan Heights]], and as a result of the troubled internal conditions of the country. After the war, in particular, tensions began to increase between Jadid's followers and those who argued that the situation called for a more moderate stance on socialism and [[Foreign relations of Syria\|international relations]]. This group coalesced around Defense Minister Hafez al-Assad, who protested the "adventurism" of Jadid, and demanded a normalization of the internal situation by adopting a permanent [[Constitution of Syria\|constitution]], [[Economic liberalization\|liberalizing the economy]], and mending ties with non-Ba'athist groups, as well as the external situation, by seeking an alliance with conservative Arab states such as [[Jordan]] and Saudi Arabia. While Jadid retained the allegiance of most of the civilian Ba'ath apparatus, Assad as defense minister gradually asserted control over the military wing of the party. In 1969, Assad purged several Jadid loyalists, and from that point on Jadid had lost his preeminence in the state. ▲==Downfall and death== ▲In 1970, when [[Black September\|conflict]] erupted between the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) and the [[Jordanian Armed Forces\|Jordanian army]], Jadid sent Syrian-controlled [[Palestinians\|Palestinian]] troops of the nominally PLO-run [[Palestine Liberation Army]], based in Syria, into Jordan to aid the PLO. This decision was not supported by Assad's [[right-wing politics\|right-wing]] Ba'ath faction, and the troops withdrew. The action helped trigger a simmering conflict between Jadid's and Assad's factions within the Ba'ath Party and army. The [[Syrian Communist Party]] aligned itself with Jadid, drawing him the support of Soviet ambassador, [[Nuritdin Mukhitdinov]]. Angered by this, Assad decided to scare the Soviets by sending [[Mustafa Tlass]] to [[Beijing]] to procure arms and wave [[Mao Zedong\|Chairman Mao]]'s [[Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung\|Little Red Book]].<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zk7AAAAIAAJ&q=mustafa+talas+red+book&pg=PA40\|title=Moscow and the Middle East: Soviet policy since the invasion of Afghanistan\|author=Robert Owen Freedman\|year=1991\|publisher=CUP Archive\|isbn=0-521-35976-7\|page=40\|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> In November 1970, Jadid tried to fire Assad and his supporter [[Mustafa Tlass]]. Assad responded by launching an intra-party coup dubbed, the [[Corrective Movement (Syria)\|Corrective Movement]]. Jadid was arrested on 13 November 1970, and remained in the [[Mezzeh prison]] in [[Damascus]] until dying from a heart attack on 19 August 1993.<ref name=nyt24aug>{{cite news\|title=Salah Jadid, 63, Leader of Syria Deposed and Imprisoned by Assad\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/24/obituaries/salah-jadid-63-leader-of-syria-deposed-and-imprisoned-by-assad.html\|access-date=7 April 2013\|newspaper=The New York Times\|date=24 August 1993}}</ref> ==References== Line 59 ⟶ 58: {{SyrianArmyChiefsOfStaff}} {{Ba'ath Party}} {{Arab nationalism}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jadid, Salah}} [[Category:1926 births]] [[Category:1993 deaths]] [[Category:~~Ba'athist~~Black ~~rulers~~September]] [[Category:Chiefs of Staff of the Syrian Army]] [[Category:Far-left politics in Asia]] [[Category:Homs Military Academy alumni]] [[Category:Leaders ousted by a coup]] Line 76 ⟶ 77: [[Category:Syrian Arab nationalists]] [[Category:Syrian generals]] [[Category:Muslim socialists]] [[Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned]]