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{{Short description|Salt mine and mountain range in Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name =
| other_name =
| photo = Salt range.jpg
| native_name = {
| native_name_lang =
| photo_size =
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| photo_caption =
| map = Punjab
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_relief = 1
| map_size =
| location = [[Jhelum District]]
| label =
| label_position = left
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| prominence_m =
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| isolation =
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| isolation_mi =
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| last_eruption =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = [[
| normal_route = [[Kallar Kahar]]
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}}
[[File:Salt Range.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Salt Range in [[Mianwali District]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], Pakistan]]
The '''Salt Range''' ({{lang-pnb|{{nq|سلسلہ کوہ نمک}}}}) is a
In the Himalayan and Salt Range, rock containing fossil of marine life go back to the Ediacaran period (up to 570 million years ago), which shows these rocks have developed out of sea sediments, and that where the Himalayas are now was once a sea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |title=People's History of India - Prehistory |publisher=Tulika Books |year=2021 |isbn=9789382381525 |location=New Delhi |pages=6 |language=English}}</ref>
*[[Sakaser]] is the highest peak of Salt Range.▼
▲*[[Sakaser]] is the highest peak of the Salt Range.
*[[Namal Lake]], [[Khabikki Lake]] and [[Uchhali Lake]] are lakes in the Salt Range.
==History==
An inscription found at Kura in the Salt Range records the building of a Buddhist monastery by a person named Rotta Siddhavriddhi during the reign of the [[Hephthalite|Huna]] ruler [[Toramana]]. The donor expresses the wish that the religious merit gained by his gift be shared by him with the king and his family members.<ref>{{cite book |author= Upinder Singh |date=2017 |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=240 |isbn=9780674981287}}</ref>
The [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]], [[Gakhars]], and [[Rajput]]s had engaged in an endless battle for sovereignty over the Salt Range.▼
[[File:Kura inscription of Toramana.jpg|thumb|right|Khurā inscription (495-500 AD), from the Salt Range about king [[Toramana]]]]
▲The [[Awan (tribe)|
The history of this region (the Salt Range) from the thirteenth century onward had been a record of wars between various landowning dominant and ruling clans of Punjabi Muslims including the Khokhars, Janjuas, Awans and Gakhars for political ascendancy.
According to the Emperor Babar, the Jud and the Janjuha were "two races descended from the same father, "<ref>Autobiography translated by Erskine, p251</ref> who from old times had been rulers of the hills between Nilab and Bhera, that is, of the Salt Range. "On one-half of the hill lived the Jud, and on the other half the Janjua." The Awans now occupy western half of these hills towards Nilab and Janjuas (Rajputs) on eastern part of these Hills. Juds are actually a sub-clan of Janjuas and there are still 7 seven villages of Juds near Dhrabi Area of Chakwal including Dhrabi village and Dam. They are descendants of Raja Jodh who was 2nd Prince of Janjua King Raja Mal Dev Khan Janjua.There are several forts on these hills and all of them were built by Janjua Rajputs and there ancestors the Pandav's at Katas Raj as well as the Janjua Shahi Dynasty of 2nd Kabul Shahis at Nandna fort.▼
Also this area is known as the first ever Muslim Rajputs Kingdom and Raja Mal Dev Khan Janjua was the founder of This Kingdom.He was from Chandravanshi Rathore Rajputs clan and he was from the bloodline of famous Indian Mahabharata Warrior Prince Arjun Dev Pandav.▼
▲According to the Emperor Babar, the
About 1500 Janjua Rajputs warrior cavalry fought in the battle of Panipat from this area in support of Babur under the command Malik Hast Khan Janjua (Asad). ▼
▲Also this area is known as the first ever Muslim Rajputs Kingdom and Raja Mal Dev Khan Janjua was the founder of
Sultan Lashkar Janjua and Raja Sanghral Ali Khan Janjuas were also commanding their own Muslim Janjua Rajputs during Battle of Panipat and Battle of Khanwa against Rana Sanga. All of them were rulers of these Hills and chieftains of this ruling Rajput clan. Before these hills were known as Koh-e-jodh,it was on the name of Raja Jodh Janjua son of Raja Mal Dev Khan Janjua.<ref>Four reports made during the years, 1862–63–64–65, Volume 2, by Sir Alexander Cunningham, p.17</ref>▼
▲About 1500 Janjua Rajputs warrior cavalry fought in the battle of Panipat from this area in support of Babur under the command of Malik Hast Khan Janjua (Asad).
▲Sultan Lashkar Janjua and Raja Sanghral Ali Khan Janjuas were also commanding their own Muslim Janjua Rajputs during
==Kathwai==
Two interesting sites are close to Kathwai, Kutte Mar, and [[Tulaja
The Tulaja fort is located on a huge rock outcropping with sheer cliffs overlooking the shrine of Kacchianwalla and the Punjab plains. The entire area is covered with the ruins of defensive walls, houses, and other structures made of large stone blocks. Although one building has been identified as a mosque, it is very difficult to distinguish other religious, military or civil structures. One of the most interesting features is a large square tank made of the flat rectangular bricks, which may have supplied water so that the fort could withstand a siege. Comparing this tank with those in other forts may help in assigning a relative date to its construction. In addition to architectural styles, evidence from any coins, which are found here, may help to indicate if this city belonged to the period of the Turk Sultans, Lodhis or Mughals. Extensive remains of a cemetery and other settlements are on the slopes below the fort. There are also supposed to be some remains on Tulaji across the valley from Talaja.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2009_BOOK_03/CG2009_BOOK_03_Chapter06.pdf|title=The Salt Range: Pakistan's unique field museum of geology and paleontology| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826101523/http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2009_BOOK_03/CG2009_BOOK_03_Chapter06.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-26|access-date=5 June 2023 |url-status=dead |author=Shahid Jamil Sameeni}}</ref>
==Habitat==
The Salt Range has a high level of biodiversity and is home to a number of wildlife sanctuaries ([[Chumbi Surla Wildlife Sanctuary
== Geology ==
The Salt Range is the youngest and the most southern part of the western Himalayan Ranges in Pakistan. The range is unlike other Himalaya type thrusting due to the mechanical strength of the Eocambrian salt near the base of the sedimentary strata overlying Indian basement rock.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jaumé |first=Steven C. |last2=Lillie |first2=Robert J. |date=February 1988 |title=Mechanics of the Salt Range‐Potwar Plateau, Pakistan: A fold‐and‐thrust belt underlain by evaporites |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/TC007i001p00057 |journal=Tectonics |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=57–71 |doi=10.1029/TC007i001p00057 |issn=0278-7407}}</ref> The mechanical difference between the salt and other sedimentary rock that have collided elsewhere in the greater Himalaya mountain range is that salt acts like a lubricant, not allowing friction between thrust sheets to build up higher topography. Instead, the thrust sheets slide easy on the salt and do not build high topographic relief. This is also why the Salt Range is further south and appears separated from the rest of the greater Himalaya thrust sheets.
The Eocambrian salt in the Salt Range has been moved on the base of thrust sheets and has high flow characteristics. The salt flowed until it hit an obstruction in the basement rock. Seismic data of the area has been interpreted to suggest that normal faults in the basement rock acted as an obstruction for the salt to pile up against, building higher and higher topography until the salt overcame the obstruction at depth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Dan M. |last2=Lillie |first2=Robert J. |last3=Yeats |first3=Robert S. |last4=Johnson |first4=Gary D. |last5=Yousuf |first5=Mohammad |last6=Zamin |first6=Agha Sher Hamid |date=1988 |title=Development of the Himalayan frontal thrust zone: Salt Range, Pakistan |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/16/1/3-7/204533 |journal=Geology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0003:DOTHFT>2.3.CO;2 |issn=0091-7613}}</ref> The salt then flowed and bulged through the overlying strata, intruding Cambrian aged salt on top of Cenozoic strata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grelaud |first=Sylvain |last2=Sassi |first2=William |last3=de Lamotte |first3=Dominique Frizon |last4=Jaswal |first4=Tariq |last5=Roure |first5=François |date=2002-11-01 |title=Kinematics of eastern Salt Range and South Potwar Basin (Pakistan): a new scenario |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264817202001216 |journal=Marine and Petroleum Geology |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=1127–1139 |doi=10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00121-6 |issn=0264-8172}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Khewra Salt Mine]]
* [[List of mountains in Pakistan]]
▲* [[Himalayan salt|"Himalayan" salt]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
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{{PunjabGeography}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Regions of Punjab, Pakistan]]▼
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Punjab (Pakistan)]]
▲[[Category:Regions of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Salt industry in Pakistan]]
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