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== Taxonomy ==
Species of ''Scilla'' have been known since [[classical antiquity]], being described by both Greek ([[Theophrastus]] (371–287 BC) and [[Dioscorides|Discorides]] (40–90 AD)) and Roman ([[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] (23–79 AD){{efn|e.g. scilla autem et bulbi et cepae et alium non nisi in rectum radicantur (squill and the bulbs and onion and garlic only throw out straight roots){{sfn|Plinius Secundus|1938|p=XIX 31}}}}) writers.{{sfn|Chouard|1934}}{{sfn|Negbi|1989}}{{sfn|Janssen|2022}} Theophrastus
[[File:Skilla Kildeskoven.jpg|thumb|Spring ''Scilla'' flowers in Kildeskoven, Greater [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]]]]
The genus ''Scilla'' has [[Scilloideae#Early_classifications|a long and complicated history]] in terms of its classification, [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] and subdivison,{{sfn|Greilhuber |Speta|1976}} and is not fully resolved.{{sfn|Chase et al|2009}}The [[genus]] ''Scilla'' was first formally described by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in 1753, and hence bears his name as the [[botanical authority]], ''Scilla'' <small>L.</small>. In ''Scilla'', he included a six plants previously considered as ''Hyacinthus''. For instance, he renamed Clusius' ''Hyacinthus stellatus cinerei coloris''{{efn|''sic''. Clusius actually used ''cineracei''}}{{sfn|Clusius|1601|p=184}} as ''Scilla italica'' (''[[Hyacinthoides italica]]'' in modern systems) and ''Hyacinthus stellatus peruanus''{{sfn|Clusius|1601|p=182}} as ''[[Scilla peruviana]]'', while Fuchs' ''Hyacinthus caeruleus mas minor'', he named ''[[Scilla bifolia]]''.{{sfn|Fuchs|1542|p=837}} ▼
▲The genus ''Scilla'' has [[Scilloideae#Early_classifications|a long and complicated history]] in terms of its classification, [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] and
[[File:Fuchs Scilla bifolia.jpg|thumb|center|''Hyacinthus caeruleus mas minor'' (''[[Scilla bifolia]]'')<br>[[Leonhart Fuchs|Fuchs]] ''De historia'' 1543|alt=Illustration of a "Hyacinth" by Leonhart Fuchs 1n 1543, renamed Scilla bifolia by Linnaeus in 1753]]
In
Later, [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|De Jussieu]] (1789), using a [[natural system]], the relative value of plant characteristics, rather than purely sexual ones, and a hierarchical system of ranks, grouped ''Scilla'' into a "family" which he called [[Asphodelaceae|Asphodeli]], along with ''[[Hyacinth (plant)|Hyacinthus]]'' and ''[[Allium]]''.{{sfn|Jussieu|1789}} Jaume-Saint-Hilaire (1805), while maintaining the same affiliation, recognized three species ''S. maritima'', ''S. amoena'' and ''S. italica''.{{sfn|Jaume-Saint-Hilaire|1805}} By 1853, [[John Lindley|Lindley]] had created a very large order, the [[Liliaceae]], in which Scilla and related genera formed one of eleven suborders, as Scilleae. This included many genera, including ''[[Camassia]]'' and ''[[Ornithogalum]]''.{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} Treatments of Scilla in the nineteenth century include those of [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]] (1827),{{sfn|Dumortier|1827}} [[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisbury]] (1796, 1866){{sfn|Salisbury|1796}}{{sfn|Salisbury|Gray|1866}} and [[John Gilbert Baker|Baker]] (1873),{{sfn|Baker|1873}} with rather different approaches.{{sfn|Chouard|1934}}
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For some time, ''Chionodoxa'' had been considered a possible [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] to ''Scilla bifolia'' <small>L.</small> and molecular methods failed to support the existence of a separate genus, but rather its specimens appeared intermixed with those of ''Scilla''. Although there are distinguishing [[Plant morphology|morphological]] features (e.g fused [[tepal]] bases and broadened [[Stamen|filaments]]), these were considered [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]], having arisen in several lines within the Hyacinthaceae. Furthermore, it was observed that ''Chionodoxa'' was capable of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] with ''Scilla bifolia''. It was therefore proposed that ''Chionodoxa'' be considered an obsolete genus and be submerged within ''Scilla''.{{sfn|Pfosser |Speta|1999}}
Subsequently, it was proposed that the species of Scilla be split into two [[Section (botany)|sections]],
=== Species ===
{{main|List of Scilla species|l1=List of ''Scilla'' species}}
The precise number of ''Scilla'' species in the genus depends on which proposals to split the genus are accepted. In addition to creating two sections, some authorities have split the genus into a number of smaller genera. For instance, particularly the Eurasian species have been moved to genera such as ''Othocallis'' <small>Salisb.</small>, so that ''Scilla siberica'' would become ''Othocallis siberica'', leaving a much smaller genus referred to as ''Scilla'' [[s.str.|s.s.]] or ''Scilla'' ''sensu'' Speta, with about 30 species.{{sfn|Speta|1998a}}{{sfn|Speta|1998b}}
=== Etymology ===
Both the scientific genus name ''Scilla'' and the common word ''squill''{{sfn|Brenzel|2007}} derive, via Middle English and French, from the Latin ''scilla''{{sfn|Lewis|Short|1891}} and Greek {{lang|grc|σκίλλα}} ''skilla'' words
== Distribution and habitat ==
Native to woodlands, [[subalpine zone|subalpine meadow]]s, and seashores throughout Europe
==Cultivation and uses==
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* {{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Charlton T. |last2=Short |first2=Charles |authorlink1=Charlton Thomas Lewis|title=A New Latin Dictionary |date=1891 |publisher=[[Harper and Brothers]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/LewisAndShortANewLatinDictionary/mode/2up|chapter=scilla|page=1642|chapter-url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=scilla}}{{link note|note = see [[A Latin Dictionary]] and [[Perseus Project]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pearsall |first1=Judy |last2=Trumble |first2=Bill |title=The Oxford English Reference Dictionary |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-860050-3 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFsOMgAACAAJ |chapter=squill|page=1405}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Tutin|editor1-first=T. G.|editor2-last=Heywood|editor2-first=V H|editor3-first=N. A.|editor3-last=Burges|editor4-first=D. M.|editor4-last=Moore|editor5-first=D. H.|editor5-last=Valentine|editor6-first=S. M.|editor6-last=Walters|editor7-first=D. A.|editor7-last=Webb|editor-link1=Tom Tutin|editor-link2=Vernon Heywood|editor-link6=Max Walters|editor-link7=D. A. Webb|title=Flora Europaea. Volume 5, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (monocotyledones)|date=1980|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-20108-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v11xJgWbUDcC|chapter=Scilla |pages=41–43|ref={{harvid|Tutin et al|1980}}}} {{link note|note=''see also'' [[Flora Europaea]]}}
==== Historical sources (chronological) ====
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* {{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=1998 |title=An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279592674|journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=531–553 |jstor=2992015 |doi=10.2307/2992015|ref={{harvid|APG I|1998}}}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV|authorlink=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385|s2cid=7498637 |ref={{harvid|APG IV|2016}} |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=J G |authorlink1=JG Baker|title=Revision of the genera and species of Scilleae and Chlorogaleae |journal=[[The Journal of the Linnean Society,
* {{Citation |last1=Chase |first1=M.W. |last2=Reveal |first2=J.L. |last3=Fay |first3=M.F. |authorlink1=Mark Chase|authorlink2= James Reveal| authorlink3=Michael Francis Fay|year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free |ref={{harvid|Chase et al|2009}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chouard |first1=M. Pierre |title=Les noms linnéens des Scilla et des Endymio et leur véritable signification |journal=[[Bulletin de la Société botanique de France|Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France]] |date=January 1934 |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=620–630 |doi=10.1080/00378941.1934.10834006|lang=fr}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Firat |first1=Mehmet |last2=Yildirim |first2=Hasan |title=Scilla hakkariensis, sp. nov. (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae): a new species of Scilla L. from Hakkari (eastern Anatolia) |journal=Adansonia |date=February 2020 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=89–94 |doi=10.5252/adansonia2020v42a2|s2cid=211554226 |ref={{harvid|Firat et al|2020}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Greilhuber |first1=Johann |last2=Speta |first2=Franz |title=C-banded karyotypes in theScilla hohenackeri group,S. persica, andPuschkinia (Liliaceae) |journal=[[Plant Systematics and Evolution]] |date=1976 |volume=126 |issue=2 |pages=149–188 |doi=10.1007/BF00981669|s2cid=28559954 |jstor=23642152}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Martínez-Azorín |first1=Mario |last2=Crespo |first2=Manuel B. |last3=Dold |first3=Anthony P. |last4=Pinter |first4=Michael |last5=Wetschnig |first5=Wolfgang |title=New combinations and lectotype designations in Asparagaceae subfam. Scilloideae |journal=[[Phytotaxa]] |date=27 February 2015 |volume=201 |issue=2 |pages=165 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.201.2.7|ref={{harvid|Martínez-Azorín et al|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Martínez-Azorín |first1=Mario |last2=Crespo |first2=ManuelB. |title=(48) Request for a binding decision on whether Scilla L. (Hyacinthaceae subfam. Hyacinthoideae) and Squilla Steinh. (Hyacinthaceae subfam. Urgineoideae) are sufficiently alike to be confused |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311910062|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |date=1 December 2016 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1437–1438 |doi=10.12705/656.27|hdl=10045/78247 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Negbi |first1=Moshe |title=Theophrastus on geophytes |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |date=May 1989 |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=15–43 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb01708.x}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pfosser |first1=Martin |last2=Speta |first2=Franz |title=Phylogenetics of Hyacinthaceae Based on Plastid DNA Sequences |journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] |date=1999 |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=852 |doi=10.2307/2666172|jstor=2666172 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/28631 }}
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* {{Citation |last1=Trávníèček |first1=Bohumil |last2=Duchoslav |first2=Martin |last3=Šarhanová |first3=Petra |last4=Šafáøová |first4=Lenka |date=2009 |title=Squills (''Scilla'' s.lat., Hyacinthaceae) in the flora of the Czech Republic, with taxonomical notes on Central-European squill populations |journal=Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae Biologicae (Brno) |volume=94 |pages=157–205 |url=http://www.ammbiol.com/fileadmin/user_upload/14Travnicek_et_al_AmmSB94_1-2.pdf |access-date=2020-03-19 |name-list-style=amp |ref={{harvid|Trávníèček et al|2009}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Witztum |first1=A. |last2=Negbi |first2=M. |title=Primary Xylem of Scilla hyacinthoides (Liliaceae): The Wool-Bearing Bulb of Theophrastus |journal=[[Economic Botany]] |date=1991 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=97–102 |doi=10.1007/BF02860053 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4255312 |jstor=4255312|s2cid=35267741 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yildirim |first1=H. |last2=Yetisen |first2=K. |last3=Özdemir |first3=A. |last4=Özdemir |first4=C. |title=An Anatomical Study of Scilla (Scilloideae) Section Chionodoxa and Scilla bifolia in Turkey1 |journal=Planta Daninha |date=2 March 2017 |volume=35 |doi=10.1590/s0100-83582017350100004|ref={{harvid|Yildirim et al|2017}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yildirim |first1=Hasan |last2=Altıoglu |first2=Yusuf |title=Resurrection of Genus Chionodoxa Boiss. (Asparagaceae), a morphological revision of Chionodoxa taxa in Turkey and a new species of this genus|journal=Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi |date=2021 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=5195 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351352208|language=Turkish}}
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* {{cite web |last=POWO|authorlink=Plants of the World Online|title=Scilla L. |url= https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30057352-2|website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]| date=2022|accessdate=12 May 2022 }}
* {{cite web |last=WCSP|authorlink=WCSP|title=''Scilla L., Sp. Pl.: 308 (1753)''| publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=https://wcsp.science.kew.org/synonomy.do?name_id=287312|year=2022|accessdate=9 May 2022}}
** {{cite web|last=WCSP|authorlink= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|title=Scilla|url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/qsearch.do?page=quickSearch&plantName=Scilla|website=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=
* {{cite web |last=WFO|authorlink=World Flora Online|title=Scilla L. |url= http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000034681|website=World Flora Online |accessdate=15 May 2022|date=2022}}
* {{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |authorlink=Peter F. Stevens|date=2022|origyear= 2001 |title= 4.Scilloideae; 4D. Hyacintheae; 4Dc. Hyacinthinae Parlatore |website=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|AP Web v. 14]]|publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]|url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Hyacinthaceae |accessdate=13 May 2022}} (''see also'' [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]) ''
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* {{cite web |title=Elenco delle specie - Genere: Scilla - Famiglia: Asparaginaceae |url=http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Scilla |website=Flora Italiana |access-date=17 May 2022 |date=2022|ref={{harvid|Flora Italiana|2022}}}}
* {{cite web |last1=Janssen |first1=David |title=Scilla, squill, glory-of-the-snow |url=http://flora-emslandia.com/wildflowers/asparagaceae/scilloideae/scilla/scilla.htm |website=Flora Emslandia |access-date=18 May 2022 |date=2022}}
* {{cite web|last=PBS|authorlink=Pacific Bulb Society |title=Scilla|url=https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Scilla|date=2022|website=Pacific Bulb Society}}
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