Scilla: Difference between revisions

Species of ''Scilla'' have been known since [[classical antiquity]], being described by both Greek ([[Theophrastus]] (371–287 BC) and [[Dioscorides|Discorides]] (40–90 AD)) and Roman ([[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] (23–79 AD){{efn|e.g. scilla autem et bulbi et cepae et alium non nisi in rectum radicantur (squill and the bulbs and onion and garlic only throw out straight roots){{sfn|Plinius Secundus|1938|p=XIX 31}}}}) writers.{{sfn|Chouard|1934}}{{sfn|Negbi|1989}}{{sfn|Janssen|2022}} Theophrastus describe.ddescribed ''[[Scilla hyacinthoides]]'' (''skilla''), and more briefly ''[[Scilla autumnalis|S. autumnalis]]'' and ''[[Scilla bifolia|S. bifolia]]'' in his ''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)|Historia plantarum]]'', where he mentions "those of squill" (σκῐ́λλης; ''[[:wikt:σκίλλα |skilles]]'').{{sfn|Theophrastus|1916}} In classical literature, ''Scilla'' was known for its medicinal properties.{{efn|One of the common names for ''Scilla maritima'' has been scilla officinalis,{{sfn|Chouard|1934}} indicating its medicinal use}}{{sfn|Chouard|1934}} Later mentions include pre-Linnaen botanists such as [[Leonhart Fuchs|Fuchs]] (1542){{sfn|Fuchs|1542}} and [[Carolus Clusius|Clusius]] (1601), who considered many closely related plants to be types of ''[[Hyacinth (plant)|Hyacinthus]]''.{{sfn|Clusius|1601}}{{sfn|Witztum |Negbi|1991}}{{sfn|Chouard|1934}}

In alltotal, Linnaeus listed eight species of ''Scilla'',{{efn|''[[Scilla maritima]]'', ''[[Scilla lilio-hyacinthus|S. lilio-hyacinthus]]'', ''[[Hyacinthoides italica|S. italica]]'', ''[[Scilla peruviana|S. peruviana]]'', ''[[Scilla amoena|S. amoena]]'', ''[[Scilla bifolia|S. bifolia]]'', ''[[Prospero autumnale|S. autumnalis]]'', ''[[Ornithogalum broteroi|S. unifolia]]'']] }} from the Mediterranean area, Europe and southwest Asia, and placed the genus in the grouping ''Hexandria Monogynia'' (6 [[Stamen|stamens]], 1 [[pistil]]) within his [[Linnaean taxonomy|system of sexual classification]] (''systema sexuale'').{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753}}{{sfn|Martínez-Azorín|Crespo|2016}} Since he listed ''S. maritima'' (which had previously been known as scilla officinale) first, this, was considered the [[type species]].{{sfn|Chouard|1934}} On the basis that the seed [[plant morphology|morphology]] distinguished this species from all the other Linnean ''Scilla'', Steinheil reclassified it as a member of a novel genus, ''Urginea'', now submerged in ''Drimia'' as ''[[Drimia maritima]]''.{{sfn|Steinheil|1834}}

Subsequently, it was proposed that the species of Scilla be split into two [[Section (botany)|sections]], ChinodoxaChionodoxa that would include those [[Taxon|taxa]] previously considered to belong in the genus ''Chionodoxa'', and ''Scilla'' which would contain the remainder.{{sfn|Trávníèček et al|2009}}

The precise number of ''Scilla'' species in the genus depends on which proposals to split the genus are accepted. In addition to creating two sections, some authorities have split the genus into a number of smaller genera. For instance, particularly the Eurasian species have been moved to genera such as ''Othocallis'' <small>Salisb.</small>, so that ''Scilla siberica'' would become ''Othocallis siberica'', leaving a much smaller genus referred to as ''Scilla'' [[s.str.|s.s.]] or ''Scilla'' ''sensu'' Speta, with about 30 species.{{sfn|Speta|1998a}}{{sfn|Speta|1998b}} ButHowever, this has not been generally accepted, leaving a much larger ''Scilla'' [[sensu lato|s.l.]]{{sfn|POWO|2022}}{{sfn|WCSP|2022}}{{sfn|Martínez-Azorín|Crespo|2016}} of about 80 species.{{sfn|WCSP|2022a}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}} Although the [[Flora of North America]] mentions (but does not list) 50 species,{{sfn|McNeill|2002}} [[World Flora Online]] lists 83 species, as of May 2022.{{sfn|WFO|2022}} Speta's scheme (1998) created 8 separate genera, but many of these are very narrowly defined being either [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] (single species) or oligotypic (very few species).{{sfn|Trávníèček et al|2009}}{{sfn|Martínez-Azorín|Crespo|2016}}

Both the scientific genus name ''Scilla'' and the common word ''squill''{{sfn|Brenzel|2007}} derive, via Middle English and French, from the Latin ''scilla''{{sfn|Lewis|Short|1891}} and Greek {{lang|grc|σκίλλα}} ''skilla'' words fotfor the plants. The common name squill has been applied to a number of other similar taxa such as ''[[Drimia]]''.{{sfn|Pearsall |Trumble|1996}}<ref>{{LSJ|ski/lla|σκίλλα|ref}}.</ref>

Native to woodlands, [[subalpine zone|subalpine meadow]]s, and seashores throughout Europe, (especially the Mediterranean),{{sfn|Flora Italiana|2022}} Africa, (especially South Africa), Eurasia, (especially southwest Asia) and the Middle East. A few species are also widely naturalized, particularly in Australia, New Zealand and North America.{{sfn|McNeill|2002}}{{sfn|WCSP|2022}}

* {{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV|authorlink=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385|s2cid=7498637 |ref={{harvid|APG IV|2016}} |doi-access=free }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=J G |authorlink1=JG Baker|title=Revision of the genera and species of Scilleae and Chlorogaleae |journal=[[The Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany|The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany]] |date=1873 |volume=13 |issue=68 |pages=209–292 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1872.tb00093.x |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8364#page/213/mode/1up }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Firat |first1=Mehmet |last2=Yildirim |first2=Hasan |title=Scilla hakkariensis, sp. nov. (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae): a new species of Scilla L. from Hakkari (eastern Anatolia) |journal=Adansonia |date=February 2020 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=89–94 |doi=10.5252/adansonia2020v42a2|s2cid=211554226 |ref={{harvid|Firat et al|2020}}|doi-access=free }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Martínez-Azorín |first1=Mario |last2=Crespo |first2=ManuelB. |title=(48) Request for a binding decision on whether Scilla L. (Hyacinthaceae subfam. Hyacinthoideae) and Squilla Steinh. (Hyacinthaceae subfam. Urgineoideae) are sufficiently alike to be confused |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311910062|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |date=1 December 2016 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1437–1438 |doi=10.12705/656.27|hdl=10045/78247 |hdl-access=free }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Yildirim |first1=H. |last2=Yetisen |first2=K. |last3=Özdemir |first3=A. |last4=Özdemir |first4=C. |title=An Anatomical Study of Scilla (Scilloideae) Section Chionodoxa and Scilla bifolia in Turkey1 |journal=Planta Daninha |date=2 March 2017 |volume=35 |doi=10.1590/s0100-83582017350100004|ref={{harvid|Yildirim et al|2017}}|doi-access=free }}

** {{cite web|last=WCSP|authorlink= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|title=Scilla|url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/qsearch.do?page=quickSearch&plantName=Scilla|website=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher= [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|accessdate = 12 May 2022|year=2022a}}

* {{cite web|last=PBS|authorlink=Pacific Bulb Society |title=Scilla|url=https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Scilla|date=2022|website=Pacific Bulb Society}}