Steve Jobs: Difference between revisions

| birth_name = Steven Paul Jobs<ref>{{harvnb|Isaacson|2011|p=4}}: "Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs."</ref>

| birth_date = {{birth date|1955|2|24}}

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|10|05|1955|02|24}}

| death_place = [[Palo Alto, California]], U.S.

| restingplace = [[Alta Mesa Memorial Park]]

| title = {{indented plainlist|

* Co-founder, [[chairman]], and [[CEO]] of [[Apple Inc.]]

In 1985, Jobs departed Apple after a long power struggle with the company's board and its then-CEO, [[John Sculley]]. That same year, Jobs took some Apple employees with him to found NeXT, a [[computer platform]] development company that specialized in computers for higher-education and business markets, serving as its CEO. In 1986, he helped develop the [[visual effects]] industry by funding the computer graphics division of [[Lucasfilm]] that eventually spun off independently as Pixar, which produced the first 3D [[computer-animated]] feature film ''[[Toy Story]]'' (1995) and became a leading [[animation studio]], producing [[List of Pixar films|28 films]] since.

 

 

==Early life==

===Family===

 

 

===Infancy===

 

===Childhood===

}}

 

 

 

 

 

===Homestead High===

[[File:Steve Jobs in 1972 Pegasus (retouched).jpg|thumb|upright|Jobs's [[Homestead High School (Cupertino, California)|Homestead High School]] yearbook photo, 1972]]

 

 

In 1971, after Wozniak began attending [[University of California, Berkeley]], Jobs would visit him there a few times a week. This experience led him to study in nearby [[Stanford University]]'s student union. Instead of joining the electronics club, Jobs put on light shows with a friend for Homestead's [[avant-garde]] [[jazz]] program. He was described by a Homestead classmate as "kind of brain and kind of hippie ... but he never fit into either group. He was smart enough to be a nerd, but wasn't nerdy. And he was too intellectual for the hippies, who just wanted to get wasted all the time. He was kind of an outsider. In high school everything revolved around what group you were in, and if you weren't in a carefully defined group, you weren't anybody. He was an individual, in a world where individuality was suspect." By his senior year in late 1971, he was taking a freshman English class at Stanford and working on a Homestead underground film project with Chrisann Brennan.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=31}}{{sfn|Brennan|2013|pp=1-11}}

 

===Reed College===

After just one semester, Jobs dropped out of Reed College without telling his parents.{{sfn|Schlender|2016|p=30}} Jobs later explained this was because he did not want to spend his parents' money on an education that seemed meaningless to him. He continued to attend by auditing his classes,{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=40–41}} including a course on [[calligraphy]] that was taught by [[Robert Palladino]]. In a 2005 commencement speech at [[Stanford University]], Jobs stated that during this period, he slept on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, [[History of bottle recycling in the United States|returned Coke bottles]] for food money, and got weekly free meals at the local [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] temple. In that same speech, Jobs said: "If I had never dropped in on that single [[calligraphy]] course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple [[typeface]]s or proportionally spaced fonts".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/oct/09/steve-jobs-stanford-commencement-address/print |title=Steve Jobs: Stanford commencement address, June 2005 |first=John |last=Naughton |date=October 8, 2011 |work=The Guardian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211064825/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/oct/09/steve-jobs-stanford-commencement-address/print |archive-date=February 11, 2012 |location=London}}</ref>

 

==1974–1985==

{{See also|History of Apple#1971–1985: Jobs and Wozniak}}

 

===Pre-Apple===

In February 1974, Jobs returned to his parents' home in Los Altos and began looking for a job.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=42–43}} He was soon hired by [[Atari, Inc.]] in [[Los Gatos, California]], as a [[computer technician]].{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=42–43}}<ref name="intoday1">{{Cite magazine |date=September 13, 2011 |title=An exclusive interview with Daniel Kottke |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-visit-gave-a-vision-to-steve-jobs/1/154785.html |magazine=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506051820/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-visit-gave-a-vision-to-steve-jobs/1/154785.html |archive-date=May 6, 2012 |access-date=October 27, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Back in 1973, [[Steve Wozniak]] designed his own version of the classic video game ''[[Pong]]'' and gave its electronics board to Jobs. According to Wozniak, Atari only hired Jobs because he took the board down to the company, and they thought that he had built it himself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2013/06/27/how-steve-wozniak-s-breakout-defined-apple-s-future.aspx |title=How Steve Wozniak's Breakout Defined Apple's Future |date=June 27, 2013 |publisher=Gameinformer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101231442/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2013/06/27/how-steve-wozniak-s-breakout-defined-apple-s-future.aspx |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |access-date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> Atari's cofounder [[Nolan Bushnell]] later described him as "difficult but valuable", pointing out that "he was very often the smartest guy in the room, and he would let people know that".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/mike-cassidy/ci_22890892/cassidy-steve-jobs-hire-nolan-bushnell-book-atari |title=Cassidy on Nolan Bushnell: 'Steve was difficult,' says man who first hired Steve Jobs |date=March 29, 2013 |work=Mercury News |access-date=April 2, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206101225/http://www.mercurynews.com/mike-cassidy/ci_22890892/cassidy-steve-jobs-hire-nolan-bushnell-book-atari |archive-date=December 6, 2013}}</ref>

 

 

 

During this time period, Jobs and Brennan both became practitioners of [[Zen]] [[Buddhism]] through the Zen master [[Kōbun Chino Otogawa]]. Jobs engaged in lengthy [[retreat (spiritual)#Buddhism|meditation retreats]] at the [[Tassajara Zen Mountain Center]], the oldest [[Sōtō|Sōtō Zen]] monastery in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.plos.org/neurotribes/2011/10/28/what-kind-of-buddhist-was-steve-jobs-really/ |title=What Kind of Buddhist was Steve Jobs, Really? |last=Silberman |first=Steve |date=October 28, 2011 |website=NeuroTribes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703001131/http://blogs.plos.org/neurotribes/2011/10/28/what-kind-of-buddhist-was-steve-jobs-really/ |archive-date=July 3, 2012 |access-date=December 29, 2011 }}</ref> He considered taking up monastic residence at [[Eihei-ji]] in [[Japan]], and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Daniel |date=November 2, 2011 |title=Steve Jobs' private spirituality now an open book |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-11-02/steve-jobs-faith-buddhism/51049772/1 |url-status=live |access-date=December 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-11-02/steve-jobs-faith-buddhism/51049772/1 |archive-date=September 14, 2012}}</ref> Japanese cuisine, and artists such as [[Hasui Kawase]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kentaro |first=Saeki |date=May 10, 2020 |title=The secret passion of Steve Jobs {{!}} NHK WORLD-JAPAN News |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/1074/ |access-date=March 21, 2023 |website=NHK WORLD |publisher=[[NHK World-Japan]] |language=en |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314182646/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/1074/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jobs returned to Atari in early 1975, and that summer, Bushnell assigned him to create a [[circuit board]] for the [[Arcade game|arcade]] video game ''[[Breakout (video game)|Breakout]]'' in as few chips as possible, knowing that Jobs would recruit Wozniak for help. During his day job at HP, Wozniak drew sketches of the circuit design; at night, he joined Jobs at Atari and continued to refine the design, which Jobs implemented on a [[breadboard]].{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=52–54}} According to Bushnell, Atari offered {{USD|100|1975|about=yes|long=no|round=-2}} for each [[Transistor–transistor logic|TTL]] chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, within four days Wozniak reduced the TTL count to 45, far below the usual 100, though Atari later re-engineered it to make it easier to test and add a few missing features.{{Sfn|Smith|2020|pp=286-287}} According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari paid them only $750 (instead of the actual $5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus $375.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Steven L. Kent|last=Kent |first=Steven L. |title=[[The Ultimate History of Video Games]] |pages=71–73 |publisher=Three Rivers |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7615-3643-7}}</ref> Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later but said that if Jobs had told him about it and explained that he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=104–107}}

 

 

===Apple (1976–1985)===

 

The two decided on the name "Apple" after Jobs returned from the All One Farm commune in Oregon and told Wozniak about his time in the farm's [[apple orchard]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brandingstrategyinsider.com/2011/11/how-did-apple-computer-get-its-brand-name.html#.WgCTJhNSyt8 |title=How Did Apple Computer Get Its Brand Name? |date=November 17, 2011 |publisher=Branding Strategy Insider |access-date=November 6, 2017 |archive-date=July 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704125732/https://www.brandingstrategyinsider.com/2011/11/how-did-apple-computer-get-its-brand-name.html#.WgCTJhNSyt8 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jobs originally planned to produce bare [[printed circuit board]]s of the Apple I and sell them to computer hobbyists for {{USD|50|1976|about=yes|long=no|round=-1}} each. To fund the first batch, Wozniak sold his [[HP-65|HP scientific calculator]] and Jobs sold his [[Volkswagen Type 2|Volkswagen van]].{{sfn|Linzmayer|pp=5–7}}{{sfn|Schlender|2016|pp=39–40}} Later that year, computer retailer [[Paul Terrell]] purchased 50 fully assembled Apple I units for $500 each.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=66–68}}{{sfn|Linzmayer|pp=7–9}} Eventually about 200 Apple I computers were produced in total.<ref name="AppleStoryPart1">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-12/1984_12_BYTE_09-13_Communications#page/n461/mode/2up | title=The Apple Story / Part 1: Early History | work=BYTE | date=December 1984 | access-date=November 16, 2019 |author1=Williams, Gregg |author2=Moore, Rob | page=A67 | type=interview}}</ref>

| align = right

| quote = For what characterizes Apple is that its scientific staff always acted and performed like artists – in a field filled with dry personalities limited by the rational and binary worlds they inhabit, Apple's engineering teams had passion. They always believed that what they were doing was important and, most of all, fun. Working at Apple was never just a job; it was also a crusade, a mission, to bring better computer power to people. At its roots, that attitude came from Steve Jobs. It was "[[Power to the people (slogan)|Power to the People]]", the slogan of the sixties, rewritten in technology for the eighties and called [[Macintosh]].

}}

 

In April 1977, Jobs and Wozniak introduced the [[Apple II]] at the [[West Coast Computer Faire]].{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=12}} It is the first consumer product to have been sold by Apple Computer. Primarily designed by Wozniak, Jobs oversaw the development of its unusual case and [[Rod Holt]] developed the unique power supply.<ref name="wozorg">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.woz.org/letters/general/35.html |title=woz.org: Comment From e-mail: Why didn't the early Apple II's use Fans? |last=Wozniak |first=Steve |publisher=woz.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226203330/http://archive.woz.org/letters/general/35.html |archive-date=December 26, 2015 |access-date=May 10, 2015 }}</ref> During the design stage, Jobs argued that the Apple II should have two [[expansion slot]]s, while Wozniak wanted eight. After a heated argument, Wozniak threatened that Jobs should "go get himself another computer". They later agreed on eight slots.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Wozniak |first1= Steve |last2= Smith |first2= Gina |author2-link= Gina Smith (author) |year= 2006 |title= iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn= 0-393-06143-4 |oclc= 502898652 |title-link= iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It }}</ref> The Apple II became one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products in the world.<ref name="Ars Technica 2005-12-15">{{Cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/features/2005/12/total-share/3/ |title=Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures |last=Reimer |first=Jeremy |date=December 15, 2005 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |access-date=May 25, 2010 |archive-date=July 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702222414/http://arstechnica.com/features/2005/12/total-share/3/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

In 1984, Jobs bought the [[Jackling House]] and estate and resided there for a decade. Thereafter, he leased it out for several years until 2000 when he stopped maintaining the house, allowing weathering to degrade it. In 2004, Jobs received permission from the town of Woodside to demolish the house to build a smaller, contemporary styled one. After a few years in court, the house was finally demolished in 2011, a few months before he died.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/02/14/BAUK1HN0JR.DTL |title=Steve Jobs' historic Woodside mansion is torn down |last=Lee |first=Henry K. |date=February 15, 2011 |work=The San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=February 7, 2022 |archive-date=December 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225152428/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2011%2F02%2F14%2FBAUK1HN0JR.DTL |url-status=live }}</ref>

 

[[File:Steve Jobs with Wendell Brown in January 1984, at the launch of Brown's Hippo-C software for Macintosh.jpg|thumb|upright|Jobs with software developer [[Wendell Brown]], 1984]]

 

The Macintosh's struggle continued after Jobs left Apple. Though marketed and received in fanfare, the expensive Macintosh was hard to sell.<ref name="Swaine">Swaine, Michael and Paul Freiberger. ''Fire in the Valley: The Birth and Death of the Personal Computer'', 3rd Edition, Dallas: Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2014</ref>{{rp|308–309}} In 1985, [[Bill Gates]]'s then-developing company, [[Microsoft]], threatened to stop developing Mac applications unless it was granted "a license for the Mac operating system software. Microsoft was developing its graphical user interface ... for DOS, which it was calling [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and didn't want Apple to sue over the similarities between the Windows GUI and the Mac interface."<ref name="Swaine"/>{{rp|321}} Sculley granted Microsoft the license which later led to problems for Apple.<ref name="Swaine"/>{{rp|321}} In addition, cheap [[IBM PC compatible|IBM PC clones]] that ran Microsoft software and had a graphical user interface began to appear. Although the Macintosh preceded the clones, it was far more expensive, so "through the late 1980s, the Windows user interface was getting better and better and was thus taking increasingly more share from Apple".<ref name="Swaine"/>{{rp|322}} Windows-based IBM-PC clones also led to the development of additional GUIs such as IBM's TopView or Digital Research's GEM,<ref name="Swaine"/>{{rp|322}} and thus "the graphical user interface was beginning to be taken for granted, undermining the most apparent advantage of the Mac...it seemed clear as the 1980s wound down that Apple couldn't go it alone indefinitely against the whole IBM-clone market".<ref name="Swaine"/>{{rp|322}}

===NeXT computer===

{{See also|NeXT}}

 

NeXT workstations were first released in 1990 and priced at {{USD|9,999|1990|long=no|about=yes|round=-3}}. Like the [[Apple Lisa]], the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced and designed for the education sector but was largely dismissed as cost prohibitive.<ref>Rose, F. (April 23, 2009). {{Cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/08/the-end-of-inno/ |title=The End of Innocence at Apple: What Happened After Steve Jobs was Fired |last=Rose |first=Frank |date=August 24, 2011 |magazine=Wired |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008173249/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/08/the-end-of-inno |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |access-date=March 11, 2017 }}. ''Wired''.</ref> The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its [[object-oriented]] software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, such as the [[Mach kernel]], the [[digital signal processor]] chip, and the built-in [[Ethernet]] port. Making use of a NeXT computer, English computer scientist [[Tim Berners-Lee]] invented the [[World Wide Web]] in 1990 at [[CERN]] in Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://info.cern.ch/ |title=Welcome to info.cern.ch: The website of the world's first-ever web server |year=2008 |publisher=CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117153723/http://info.cern.ch/ |archive-date=January 17, 2010 |access-date=November 1, 2011 }}</ref>

 

 

===Pixar and Disney===

 

The first film produced by Pixar with its [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] partnership, ''[[Toy Story]]'' (1995), with Jobs credited as executive producer,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-10-24-fi-60492-story.html | title=Steve Jobs to Get Executive Producer Credit on Disney Animated Film | last=Bates | first=James | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=October 24, 1995 | access-date=September 28, 2022 | archive-date=September 28, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928114156/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-10-24-fi-60492-story.html | url-status=live }}</ref> brought financial success and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released. Over the course of Jobs's life, under Pixar's creative chief [[John Lasseter]], the company produced box-office hits ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' (1998), ''[[Toy Story 2]]'' (1999), ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' (2001), ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' (2003), ''[[The Incredibles]]'' (2004), ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]'' (2006), ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]'' (2007), ''[[WALL-E]]'' (2008), ''[[Up (2009 film)|Up]]'' (2009), ''[[Toy Story 3]]'' (2010), and ''[[Cars 2]]'' (2011). ''[[Brave (2012 film)|Brave]]'' (2012), Pixar's first film to be produced since Jobs's death, honored him with a tribute for his contributions to the studio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/pixar-brave-steve-jobs-tribute-329832|title=Pixar's 'Brave' Honors Steve Jobs|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=May 25, 2012|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214011411/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/pixar-brave-steve-jobs-tribute-329832|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Finding Nemo'', ''The Incredibles'', ''Ratatouille'', ''WALL-E'', ''Up'', ''Toy Story 3'', and ''Brave'' each received the [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature]], an award introduced in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2012/02/05/steve-jobs-bio-reveals-how-michael-eisner-actively-tried-to-derail-disney-s-acquisition-of-pixar.aspx |title=Steve Jobs bio reveals how Michael Eisner actively tried to derail Disney's 2006 acquisition of Pixar |last=Hill, Jim |date=February 5, 2012 |publisher=Jim Hill Media |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627083419/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2012/02/05/steve-jobs-bio-reveals-how-michael-eisner-actively-tried-to-derail-disney-s-acquisition-of-pixar.aspx |archive-date=June 27, 2012 |access-date=February 10, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McClintock |first1=Pamela |title=Oscars 2013: Brenda Chapman's 'Brave' Win a Vindication After Being Fired From the Project |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-2013-brave-win-a-423951 |access-date=May 1, 2021 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=February 24, 2013 |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420000831/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-2013-brave-win-a-423951 |url-status=live }}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

==1997–2011==

{{See also|Apple Inc.#1997–2007: Return to profitability}}

[[File:Stevejobs Macworld2005.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Full-length portrait of a middle-aged man, wearing jeans and a black turtleneck shirt, standing in front of a dark curtain with a white Apple logo|Jobs presented at [[Macworld Conference & Expo]] in 2005]]

 

 

 

Jobs had a public war of words with [[Dell, Inc.|Dell Computer]] CEO [[Michael Dell]], starting in 1987, when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10787_3-9940589-60.html |title=If Apple can go home again, why not Dell? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826215925/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10787_3-9940589-60.html |archive-date=August 26, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2009}} CNET News. May 19, 2008.</ref> On October 6, 1997, at a [[Gartner]] Symposium, when Dell was asked what he would do if he ran the then-troubled Apple Computer company, he said: "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.news.com/Dell-Apple-should-close-shop/2100-1001_3-203937.html |title=Dell: Apple should close shop |website=[[CNET]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517153618/http://www.news.com/Dell-Apple-should-close-shop/2100-1001_3-203937.html |archive-date=May 17, 2008}}</ref> Then, in 2006, Jobs emailed all employees when Apple's [[market capitalization]] rose above Dell's. It read:

Jobs usually went to work wearing a black long-sleeved [[mock turtleneck]] made by [[Issey Miyake]], [[Levi's]] 501 blue jeans, and [[New Balance]] 991 sneakers.<ref name="latimes turtleneck">{{Cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/10/steve-jobs-explains-black-turtleneck-in-biography.html |title=Steve Jobs' black turtleneck reportedly explained in biography |date=October 11, 2011 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=October 14, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028073808/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/10/steve-jobs-explains-black-turtleneck-in-biography.html |archive-date=October 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/gadgets/pcs/wear-the-exact-outfit-of-steve-jobs-for-458-157402.php |title=Wear the Exact Outfit of Steve Jobs for $458 |date=February 28, 2006 |website=Gizmodo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711100122/http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/pcs/wear-the-exact-outfit-of-steve-jobs-for-458-157402.php |archive-date=July 11, 2011 |access-date=April 19, 2010 }}</ref> Jobs told his biographer Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style".<ref name="latimes turtleneck" />

 

In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5&nbsp;million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that the options had been [[backdating|backdated]], and that the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/finance/story.html?id=e23e0409-6b23-4176-83b6-b42012dd79fd&k=88694 |title=New questions raised about Steve Jobs's role in Apple stock options scandal |date=December 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509071812/http://www.canada.com/topics/finance/story.html?id=e23e0409-6b23-4176-83b6-b42012dd79fd&k=88694 |archive-date=May 9, 2007}}</ref> though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196800077 |title=Apple restates, acknowledges faked documents |date=December 29, 2006 |work=[[EE Times]] |access-date=January 1, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521222121/http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196800077 |archive-date=May 21, 2013}}</ref>

 

In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for [[e-waste]] in the US by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's annual meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The [[Computer recycling#Takeback|Computer TakeBack Campaign]] responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker. The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-player—recycle all e-waste".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last= |first= |date=2005-06-13 |title=Live, Jobs Tells Stanford Grads |url=https://www.wired.com/2005/06/live-jobs-tells-stanford-grads/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

 

 

Jobs was perceived as a demanding perfectionist<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2011/s3334132.htm |title=7.30 |publisher=ABCnet.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008233713/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2011/s3334132.htm |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |access-date=November 12, 2011 |date=October 6, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2011/s3334178.htm |title=''Lateline'': "Visionary Steve Jobs succumbs to cancer" |date=October 6, 2011 |publisher=ABCnet.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008190715/http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2011/s3334178.htm |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |access-date=November 12, 2011 }}</ref> who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting innovation and style trends. He summed up this self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the [[Macworld Conference & Expo#2007|Macworld Conference and Expo]] in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player [[Wayne Gretzky]]:

{{blockquote|There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. "I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been". And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very, very beginning. And we always will.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/01/09/live-from-macworld-2007-steve-jobs-keynote |title=Live from Macworld 2007: Steve Jobs keynote |year=2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626173941/http://www.engadget.com/2007/01/09/live-from-macworld-2007-steve-jobs-keynote |archive-date=June 26, 2012 |access-date=April 19, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref>}}

 

 

==Health problems==

 

 

 

Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/biztech/2008/06/10/steve-jobss-appearance-grabs-notice-not-just-the-iphone |title=Business Technology: Steve Jobs's Appearance Grabs Notice, Not Just the IPhone |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=April 19, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426005729/https://blogs.wsj.com/biztech/2008/06/10/steve-jobss-appearance-grabs-notice-not-just-the-iphone/ |archive-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> Apple officials stated that Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/06/10/apple_says_steve_jobs_feeling_a_little_under_the_weather_recently.html |title=Apple says Steve Jobs feeling a little under the weather |date=June 10, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410024151/http://appleinsider.com/articles/08/06/10/apple_says_steve_jobs_feeling_a_little_under_the_weather_recently.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014}} in ''[[AppleInsider]].''</ref> while others surmised his [[cachexia|cachectic appearance]] was due to the Whipple procedure.<ref name="Elmer" /> During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others said that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.marketingdoctor.tv/2008/07/24/brand-advisory.aspx |title=Steve Jobs and Apple |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023057/http://blog.marketingdoctor.tv/2008/07/24/brand-advisory.aspx |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }} Marketing Doctor Blog. July 24, 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.medpagetoday.com/Blogs/24484 |title=Steve Jobs Did Not Have 'Pancreatic Cancer' |publisher=Medpagetoday.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120184750/http://www.medpagetoday.com/Blogs/24484 |archive-date=January 20, 2012 |access-date=November 12, 2011 |date=January 24, 2011 }}</ref> Based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported, "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/26/business/26nocera.html |title=Apple's Culture of Secrecy |first=Joe |last=Nocera |date=July 26, 2008 |work=The New York Times |quote=While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug,' they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer. |access-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-date=March 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305121723/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/26/business/26nocera.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On January 14, 2009, Jobs wrote in an internal Apple memo that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought".<ref name="absence">{{Cite press release |title=Apple Media Advisory |date=January 14, 2009 |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/14advisory.html |access-date=January 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521105449/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/14advisory.html |archive-date=May 21, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple, with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions".<ref name="absence" />

 

 

===Resignation===

 

On August 24, 2011, Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO, writing to the board, "I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple's CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come."<ref>[https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Letter-from-Steve-Jobs.html Letter from Steve Jobs To the Apple Board of Directors and the Apple Community] (resignation letter August 24, 2011) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414182812/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Letter-from-Steve-Jobs.html |date=April 14, 2012 }}</ref> Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook as his successor as CEO.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Apple Resignation Letter |publisher=Apple Inc. |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Letter-from-Steve-Jobs.html |access-date=August 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414182812/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Letter-from-Steve-Jobs.html |archive-date=April 14, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Steve Jobs Resigns as CEO of Apple |date=August 24, 2011 |publisher=Apple Inc. |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Steve-Jobs-Resigns-as-CEO-of-Apple.html |access-date=August 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414182910/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Steve-Jobs-Resigns-as-CEO-of-Apple.html |archive-date=April 14, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jobs continued to work for Apple until the day before his death six weeks later.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/5851475/steve-jobs-worked-the-day-before-he-died |title=Steve Jobs Worked the Day Before He Died |last=Biddle, Sam |date=October 19, 2011 |website=Gizmodo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615134508/http://gizmodo.com/5851475/steve-jobs-worked-the-day-before-he-died |archive-date=June 15, 2012 |access-date=October 21, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-idUSTRE77N82K20110824 |title=Steve Jobs Quits |last=Gupta |first=Poornima |date=August 18, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201021212/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/24/us-apple-idUSTRE77N82K20110824 |archive-date=February 1, 2012 |work=Reuters }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/08/24/steve-jobs-resigns-from-apple |title=Steve Jobs Resigns As CEO of Apple |last=Siegler, M.G. |website=TechCrunch |date=August 24, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824235408/http://techcrunch.com/2011/08/24/steve-jobs-resigns-from-apple/ |archive-date=August 24, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2011 }}</ref>

 

===Death===

Jobs died at his home in [[Palo Alto, California]], around 3&nbsp;p.m. ([[Pacific Time Zone|PDT]]) on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a [[relapse]] of his previously treated islet-cell [[pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor]],<ref name="NYT obit" /><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Rare Pancreatic Cancer Caused Steve Jobs' Death |date=October 7, 2011 |publisher=Voice of America |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Rare-Pancreatic-Cancer-Caused-Steve-Jobs-Death--131317684.html |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124162555/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Rare-Pancreatic-Cancer-Caused-Steve-Jobs-Death--131317684.html |archive-date=January 24, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/oct/06/steve-jobs-apple-cofounder-dies |title=Steve Jobs, Apple co-founder, dies at 56 |last=Rushe |first=Dominic |date=October 6, 2011 |work=The Guardian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619055912/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/oct/06/steve-jobs-apple-cofounder-dies |archive-date=June 19, 2013 |location=UK}}</ref> which resulted in [[respiratory arrest]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-10/jobs-died-at-home-of-respiratory-arrest-tied-to-cancer-1-.html |title=Steve Jobs Died at Home of Respiratory Arrest Related to Pancreatic Cancer |last=Gullo |first=Karen |date=October 10, 2011 |work=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=February 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230064410/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-10/jobs-died-at-home-of-respiratory-arrest-tied-to-cancer-1-.html |archive-date=December 30, 2011 }}</ref> He had lost consciousness the day before and died with his wife, children, and sisters at his side.<ref name="eulogy" /> His sister, [[Mona Simpson]], described his death thus: "Steve's final words, hours earlier, were monosyllables, repeated three times. Before embarking, he'd looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them. Steve's final words were: 'Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow.' " He then lost consciousness and died several hours later.<ref name="eulogy">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/opinion/mona-simpsons-eulogy-for-steve-jobs.html |title=A Sister's Eulogy for Steve Jobs |last=Simpson |first=Mona |date=October 30, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 30, 2011 |author-link=Mona Simpson |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/opinion/mona-simpsons-eulogy-for-steve-jobs.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, the details of which, out of respect for Jobs's family, were not made public.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203388804576617200082218020 |title=Steve Jobs Funeral Is Friday |first1=Ian |last1=Sherr |date=October 7, 2011 |work=The Wall Street Journal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813050332/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203388804576617200082218020.html |archive-date=August 13, 2013 |first2=Geoffrey A. |last2=Fowler}}</ref>

 

California Governor [[Jerry Brown]] declared Sunday, October 16, 2011, to be "Steve Jobs Day".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steve-jobs-memorial-apple-jerry-brown-248866 |title=Private Steve Jobs Memorial Set for Oct. 16 – The Hollywood Reporter |last=Fernandez |first=Sofia M. |date=October 14, 2011 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=November 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231084758/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steve-jobs-memorial-apple-jerry-brown-248866 |archive-date=December 31, 2013}}</ref> On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at [[Stanford University]]. Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, politicians, and family and close friends of Jobs. [[Bono]], [[Yo-Yo Ma]], and [[Joan Baez]] performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. There was high security with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter overhead from an area news station.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576631531431248662 |title=Steve Jobs Memorial Service To Be Held Oct. 16 |date=October 15, 2011 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=November 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813052402/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204002304576631531431248662.html |archive-date=August 13, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/10/17/steve-jobs%E2%80%99s-family-gave-moving-words-at-sunday-memorial/ |title=Steve Jobs's Family Gave Moving Words at Sunday Memorial – Digits – WSJ |last=Vascellaro |first=Jessica E. |date=October 17, 2011 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=November 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410022201/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/10/17/steve-jobs%E2%80%99s-family-gave-moving-words-at-sunday-memorial/ |archive-date=April 10, 2014}}</ref> Each attendee was given a small brown box as a "farewell gift" from Jobs, containing a copy of the ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]'' (1946) by [[Paramahansa Yogananda]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wadhwa |first=Hitendra |date=June 21, 2015 |title=Steve Jobs's Secret to Greatness: Yogananda |url=http://www.inc.com/hitendra-wadhwa/steve-jobs-self-realization-yogananda.html |magazine=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]] |access-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622231805/http://www.inc.com/hitendra-wadhwa/steve-jobs-self-realization-yogananda.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

 

 

==Innovations and designs==

 

He is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 346 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, [[lanyard]]s, and packages. His contributions to most of his patents were to "the look and feel of the product". He and his industrial design chief [[Jonathan Ive]] are named for 200 of the patents.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/25/portfolio_of_over_300_patents_underscores_steve_jobs_attention_to_detail.html |title=Portfolio of over 300 patents underscores Steve Jobs' attention to detail |date=August 25, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410021233/http://appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/25/portfolio_of_over_300_patents_underscores_steve_jobs_attention_to_detail.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 |access-date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> Most of these are design patents as opposed to utility patents or inventions; they are specific product designs such as both original and lamp-style [[iMac]]s, and [[PowerBook G4|PowerBook G4 Titanium]].<ref name="Patents registry database 1">{{Cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=jobs&FIELD1=INNM&co1=AND&TERM2=apple&FIELD2=ASNM&d=PTXT |title=U.S. Government patent database |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812215018/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=jobs&FIELD1=INNM&co1=AND&TERM2=apple&FIELD2=ASNM&d=PTXT |archive-date=August 12, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=jobs&FIELD1=IN&co1=AND&TERM2=apple&FIELD2=AS&d=PG01 |title=U.S. Government patent application database |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226171021/http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=jobs&FIELD1=IN&co1=AND&TERM2=apple&FIELD2=AS&d=PG01 |archive-date=December 26, 2015 |access-date=August 29, 2011 }}</ref> He holds 43 issued US patents on inventions.<ref name="Patents registry database 1" /> The patent on the Mac OS X [[Dock (macOS)|Dock]] user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=jobs.INNM.&s2=apple.ASNM.&OS=IN/jobs+AND+AN/apple&RS=IN/jobs+AND+AN/apple |title=United States Patent 8,032,843, Ording, et al., October 4, 2011, "User interface for providing consolidation and access" |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812215357/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=jobs.INNM.&s2=apple.ASNM.&OS=IN/jobs+AND+AN/apple&RS=IN/jobs+AND+AN/apple |archive-date=August 12, 2013 |access-date=November 21, 2017 }}</ref> Although Jobs had little involvement in the engineering and technical side of the original Apple computers,<ref name="Does Steve Jobs know how to code" /> Jobs later used his CEO position to directly involve himself with product design.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-told-me-why-he-loved-being-a-ceo-2013-1 |title=Steve Jobs Told Me Why He Loved Being A CEO |work=Business Insider |access-date=February 2, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807051235/http://www.businessinsider.com/ |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |quote=He told me once that part of the reason he wanted to be CEO was so that nobody could tell him that he wasn't allowed to participate in the nitty-gritty of product design [...] He was right there in the middle of it. All of it. As a team member, not as CEO. He quietly left his CEO hat by the door, and collaborated with us. }}</ref>

 

 

===Apple I===

{{Main|Apple I}}

 

===Apple II===

[[File:Micromodem II in Apple II.jpg|thumb|The [[Apple II]], here with an external [[modem]], was designed primarily by [[Steve Wozniak]].]]

 

===Lisa===

{{Main|Apple Lisa}}

 

===Macintosh===

{{Main|Mac (computer)}}

Once he joined the [[Macintosh 128K|Macintosh]] team, Jobs took over the project after Wozniak had experienced a traumatic airplane accident and temporarily left the company.<ref name="TheVerge">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/6/27/4468314/steve-wozniak-on-how-the-newton-changed-his-life |title=Steve Wozniak on Newton, Tesla, and why the original Macintosh was a 'lousy' product |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312014832/http://www.theverge.com/2013/6/27/4468314/steve-wozniak-on-how-the-newton-changed-his-life |archive-date=March 12, 2016 |access-date=June 28, 2013|date=June 27, 2013 }}</ref> Jobs launched the Macintosh on January 24, 1984, as the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral [[graphical user interface]] and [[Computer mouse|mouse]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/applehis/appl1984.htm |title=Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers |last=Polsson |first=Ken |date=July 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821105822/http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/applehis/appl1984.htm |archive-date=August 21, 2009 |access-date=August 27, 2009}}</ref> This first model was later renamed to Macintosh 128k among the prolific series. Since 1998, Apple has phased out the Macintosh name in favor of "Mac", though the product family has been nicknamed "Mac" or "the Mac" since inception. The Macintosh was introduced by a {{USD|1.5 million}} [[Ridley Scott]] television commercial, "[[1984 (advertisement)|1984]]".{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=113}} It aired during the third quarter of [[Super Bowl XVIII]] on January 22, 1984, received as a "watershed event"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/11Iyb4f_GMLWI3fgg2nPaAIsVtyWI9FA-UR5Nw-yqOLE/edit?usp=sharing |title=Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event |last=Maney |first=Kevin |date=January 28, 2004 |work=USA Today |access-date=April 11, 2010 |archive-date=April 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405014827/https://docs.google.com/document/d/11Iyb4f_GMLWI3fgg2nPaAIsVtyWI9FA-UR5Nw-yqOLE/edit?usp=sharing |url-status=live }}</ref> and a "masterpiece".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/11Iyb4f_GMLWI3fgg2nPaAIsVtyWI9FA-UR5Nw-yqOLE/edit?usp=sharing |title=Why 2006 isn't like '1984' |last=Leopold |first=Todd |date=February 3, 2006 |access-date=May 10, 2008 |work=CNN|archive-date=April 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405014827/https://docs.google.com/document/d/11Iyb4f_GMLWI3fgg2nPaAIsVtyWI9FA-UR5Nw-yqOLE/edit?usp=sharing |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Regis McKenna]] called the ad "more successful than the Mac itself".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://adage.com/article/digital/apple-s-marketing-guru-1984-overrated/232933/ |title=Apple's First Marketing Guru on Why '1984' Is Overrated |last=Creamer |first=Matthew |date=March 1, 2012 |publisher=[[Ad Age]] |access-date=April 19, 2015 |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419234433/http://adage.com/article/digital/apple-s-marketing-guru-1984-overrated/232933/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It uses an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]]-style picture of the computer on her white [[sleeveless shirt|tank top]]) to save humanity from the conformity of IBM's domination of the computer industry. The ad [[allusion|alludes]] to [[George Orwell]]'s novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', which describes a [[dystopia|dystopian future]] ruled by a televised "[[Big Brother (1984)|Big Brother]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb197/is_200401/ai_n5556112 |title=The Story Behind Apple's '1984' TV commercial: Big Brother at 20 |last=Cellini |first=Adelia |date=January 2004 |work=[[MacWorld]] |access-date=May 9, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628133757/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb197/is_200401/ai_n5556112 |archive-date=June 28, 2009 |issue=21 |volume=1 |page=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Long |first=Tony |date=January 22, 2007 |title=Jan. 22, 1984: Dawn of the Mac |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/01/72496 |magazine=[[Wired News|Wired]] |access-date=April 11, 2010 |archive-date=April 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416033051/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/01/72496 |url-status=live }}</ref>

 

===iTunes===

{{Main|iTunes}}

 

 

===iPod===

{{Main|iPad}}

[[File:Steve Jobs with the Apple iPad no logo.jpg|thumb|Jobs introduced the [[iPad]] in 2010.]]

 

==Personal life==

===Marriage===

 

 

 

===Family===

[[Chrisann Brennan]] notes that after Jobs was forced out of Apple, "he apologized many times over for his behavior" towards her and Lisa. She said Jobs "said that he never took responsibility when he should have, and that he was sorry".{{sfn|Brennan|2013|p=220}} By this time, Jobs had developed a strong relationship with Lisa and when she was nine, Jobs had her name on her birth certificate changed from "Lisa Brennan" to "Lisa Brennan-Jobs".{{sfn|Brennan|2013|p=}} Jobs and Brennan developed a working relationship to [[co-parent]] Lisa, a change which Brennan credits to the influence of his newly found biological sister, [[Mona Simpson]], who worked to repair the relationship between Lisa and Jobs.{{sfn|Brennan|2013|p=}} Jobs had found Mona after first finding his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, shortly after he left Apple.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=253–255}}

 

 

 

During this first visit, Schieble told Jobs that he had a sister, Mona, who was not aware that she had a brother.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=254}} Schieble then arranged for them to meet in New York where Mona worked. Her first impression of Jobs was that "he was totally straightforward and lovely, just a normal and sweet guy".{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=255}} Simpson and Jobs then went for a long walk to get to know each other.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=255}} Jobs later told his biographer that "Mona was not completely thrilled at first to have me in her life and have her mother so emotionally affectionate toward me{{nbsp}}... As we got to know each other, we became really good friends, and she is my family. I don't know what I'd do without her. I can't imagine a better sister. My adopted sister, Patty, and I were never close."{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=255}}

[[Category:1955 births]]

[[Category:2011 deaths]]

[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]

[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]

[[Category:American adoptees]]

[[Category:American billionaires]]

[[Category:American computer businesspeople]]

[[Category:American film studio executives]]

[[Category:American financiers]]

[[Category:American people of Swiss descent]]

[[Category:American people of Syrian descent]]

[[Category:American psychedelic drug advocates]]

[[Category:American technology chief executives]]

[[Category:Atari people]]

[[Category:Burials in California]]

[[Category:Businesspeople from San Francisco]]

[[Category:Businesspeople in software]]

[[Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in California]]

[[Category:Directors of Apple Inc.]]

[[Category:Disney executives]]

[[Category:Homestead High School (California) alumni]]

[[Category:Internet pioneers]]

[[Category:Liver transplant recipients]]

[[Category:National Medal of Technology recipients]]

[[Category:People from Cupertino, California]]

[[Category:People from Los Altos, California]]

[[Category:People from Mountain View, California]]

[[Category:Personal computing]]

[[Category:Pixar people]]

[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]