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{{Short description|Union between Poland-Lithuania and Sweden (1592-99)}}
{{No footnotes|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = {{native name|sv|Svensk-polska unionen}}<br>{{native name|pl|Unia polsko-szwedzka}}<br>{{native name|la|Unione Poloniae Sueciae}}
| conventional_long_name = Polish–Swedish union
| iso3166code = omit
| era = [[Early modern period]]
| government_type = [[Parliamentary monarchy|Parliamentary]] [[elective monarchy]]
| event_start = [[Sigismund III Vasa#Accession|Union established]]
| date_start = 17 November
| year_start = 1592
| event_end = [[Battle of Stångebro#Aftermath|Union dissolved]]
| date_end = 24 July
| year_end = 1599
| event1 = [[Treaty of Teusina]]
| date_event1 = 18 May 1595
| event2 = [[Riksdag of 1595]]
| date_event2 = 30 September 1595
| event3 = [[War against Sigismund|War of Deposition]]
| date_event3 = February 1598
| date_post = <!-- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 -->
| p1 = Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
| flag_p1 = Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg
| border_p1 = no
| p2 = History of Sweden (1523–1611){{!}}Kingdom of Sweden (1523–1611)
| flag_p2 = Sweden-Flag-1562.svg
| border_p2 = no
| s1 = Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
| flag_s1 = Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg
| border_s1 = no
| s2 = History of Sweden (1523–1611){{!}}Kingdom of Sweden (1523–1611)
| flag_s2 = Sweden-Flag-1562.svg
| border_s2 = no
| image_flag = Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg
| flag_border = no
| flag = Banner of Poland
| flag_type = Royal Banner used by the Vasa dynasty (1587–1668)
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Vasa kings of Poland.svg
| coa_size = 110px
| symbol_type = Greater Coat of arms used by the Vasa dynasty (1587–1668)
| symbol_type_article = Coat of arms of Poland
| image_map = 1st Polish Commonwealth at its greatest extent.png
| map_width = 270px
| image_map_caption = Map of the Polish–Swedish union (dark green) with vassal states (light green) at its greatest territorial extent in 1596.
| national_motto = "Pro iure et populo"<br>"Cor regis in manu Domini"<br>"Coelitus sublima dantur"
| common_languages = [[Latin]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| leader1 = [[Sigismund III Vasa]]
| year_leader1 = 1592–1599
| title_leader = [[List of Polish monarchs#Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1569–1795|Monarch]]
<!-- Legislature -->| legislature = [[General Sejm]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies (First Polish Republic)|Chamber of Deputies]]
<!-- Area and population of a given year -->}}
The '''Polish–Swedish union''' was a short-lived [[personal union]] between the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
==
{{Main|History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795)}}
After the death of [[John III of Sweden]], his son [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund]] became heir to the throne of Sweden. Sigismund at that time was already the [[Royal elections in Poland|elected]] King of Poland (since 1587). Sigismund certainly valued the Swedish throne and upon learning about the death of his father, and the pretensions to the throne of his uncle, [[Charles IX of Sweden|Duke Charles of Södermanland]], he asked the [[Sejm]] (Polish parliament) for permission to leave the Commonwealth and go to Sweden, where he could secure the Swedish crown. The Sejm gave him permission, and on 3 August 1593, Sigismund, accompanied by his wife, [[Anna of Habsburg]], and other followers, departed for Sweden.▼
=== Prelude ===
In Sweden, he encountered a serious problem due to his religion, as Sigismund was a devoted [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], and most of the Swedish population (including Charles) had converted to [[Lutheranism]]. There were fears that Sigismund, if elected king, would support the Catholics against the Protestants. At this period Duke Charles and his Protestant friends were clearly outnumbered by the supporters of Sigismund. Nevertheless, immediately after King John’s death, a [[synod]] summoned to [[Uppsala]] by Duke Charles rejected the new liturgy and drew up an anti-Catholic confession of faith, March 5, 1593. [[Holy Scripture]] and the three primitive creeds were declared to be the true foundations of Christian faith, and the [[Augsburg confession]] was adopted, on January 9, 1594, in [[Uppsala]]. Sigismund was confronted by the representatives of the [[Lutherans]] and the lower [[nobility]]. Pressured by the political situation, and amidst the turmoil which included Sigismund's Catholic entourage and their Lutherans opponents, he eventually agreed on February 19, to guarantee [[religious freedom]] to the Protestants, and forbade the Catholics from public demonstrations of their faith and from holding high offices.▼
▲After the death of
▲In Sweden, he encountered a serious problem due to his religion, as Sigismund was a devoted [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], and most of the Swedish population (including Charles) had converted to [[Lutheranism]]. There were fears that Sigismund, if elected king, would support the Catholics against the Protestants. At this period Duke Charles and his Protestant friends were clearly outnumbered by the supporters of Sigismund. Nevertheless, immediately after King John’s death, a [[synod]] summoned to [[Uppsala]] by Duke Charles rejected the new liturgy and drew up an anti-Catholic confession of faith, March 5, 1593. [[Holy Scripture]] and the three primitive creeds were declared to be the true foundations of Christian faith, and the [[Augsburg confession]] was adopted, on January 9, 1594, in [[Uppsala]]. Sigismund was confronted by the representatives of the [[Lutherans]] and the lower [[nobility]]. Pressured by the political situation, and amidst the turmoil which included Sigismund's Catholic entourage and their
=== Union ===
The agreement of 19 February seemed to have calmed the situation; Sigismund was crowned in the [[Cathedral of Uppsala]] and became the [[king of Sweden]]. The [[Kingdom of Sweden]] was now in a [[personal union]] with [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland–Lithuania]]. In July, Sigismund left Sweden in the hands of the regency council and returned to Poland. Sweden was to be ruled jointly by the [[Privy Council of Sweden]] and Sigismund's uncle Duke Charles.
Sigismund, however, reneged on his earlier promises, opening Catholic schools, and giving Catholics prominent posts. Charles in turn did not give up on acquiring the Swedish throne and pursued his own political agenda. On 18 May 1595 he signed a [[treaty of
Duke Charles sought to end the conflict by military means, but gained little support within the Privy Council. The new Riksdag he summoned at [[Arboga]] in 1597 – again despite the King's orders – saw few participants, and only one from the Privy Council. Even so, Duke Charles did not achieve support for his military action, but initiated it nonetheless. Parts of southern Sweden were successfully taken. Several of the Privy Council members fled to Poland to convince Sigismund to take counteractions. Sigismund sent a [[diplomatic mission]], in an attempt to solve the conflict by negotiations. Charles at first looked ready to negotiate but in fact he was playing for time, trying to confirm his power at another Riksdag (in [[Arboga]]), recruiting [[peasants]] for his army, and isolating Sigismund's followers.
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In 1598, the Sejm gave Sigismund the go-ahead to wage a military campaign against his opponents in Sweden; however it refused to give him significant support. Sigismund's army was composed mostly of [[mercenaries]] (Germans and Hungarians), supported by a relatively small Polish force (although with some [[artillery]]).
[[War against Sigismund|Sigismund's campaign]] was poorly planned. He was unable to coordinate his troop movements with his supporters, particularly Fleming who was supposed to attack Charles from Finland. After initial successes (the taking of [[Kalmar]] and [[Battle of Stegeborg|defeating]] Charles' troops at [[Stegeborg]]), Sigismund's forces were defeated on September 25, 1598, at the [[Battle of Stångebro]], (also known as the battle of Linköping). Sigismund was captured and forced to hand over some of his followers such as the [[Chancellor of Sweden]], [[
=== Aftermath ===▼
▲==Aftermath==
Sigismund, who was allowed to return to Poland, did not relinquish his desire to regain the throne of Sweden. This attitude led to a series of [[Polish–Swedish wars]], that culminated during the reign of his son, [[John II Casimir of Poland]], with the giant Swedish invasion of Poland known as [[Deluge (history)|the Deluge]].
==
At the time of the union, the coastline of Poland stretched from Pomerania in the southwest to [[
== See also ==▼
* [[Lithuanian–Swedish union]]▼
* [[Polish–Lithuanian union]]▼
* [[Polish–Swedish War]]▼
== References ==▼
* {{Cite book |last=Upton |first=Anthony F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5e5Nk1TEhZEC&pg=PA5 |title=Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-521-57390-4 |location=Cambridge |pages=5 |lccn=97025197 |author-link=Anthony F. Upton}}
▲==See also==
* {{Cite book |last=Stone |first=Daniel |url=https://archive.org/details/polishlithuanian0000ston/page/139 |title=The Polish–Lithuanian State, 1386–1795 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=0-295-98093-1 |location=Seattle |pages=139–140 |lccn=00051179 |url-access=registration}}
▲*[[Lithuanian–Swedish union]]
▲*[[Polish–Lithuanian union]]
▲*[[Polish–Swedish War]]
▲==References==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Polish-Swedish union}}
[[Category:
[[Category:1590s in Sweden]]
[[Category:Personal unions]]
[[Category:Poland–Sweden relations]]
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