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{{short description|Macedonian general, founder and first Pharaoh of the Ptolemaic Kingdom}}
{{redirect|Ptolemy I|the medieval count|Ptolemy I of Tusculum}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox pharaoh
| name = Ptolemy I Soter
| role = [[Basileus|King]] of the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]
| image = Ptolemy I Soter Louvre Ma849.jpg
| caption = Bust of Ptolemy I Soter, located at the [[Louvre]].
| image_alt = Bust of Ptolemy I
| reign = 305 – January 282 BC
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| father = [[Lagus]]
| mother = [[Arsinoe of Macedon]]
| horus = {{center|''wr-pḥty nsw ḳni''<br />''Wer pehty nesu qeny''<br />Great of strength and brave king{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=178}}}}
| horus_hiero = <hiero>wr:r-F9:F9-sw-A43-q*nw:n:a</hiero>
| nebty = {{center|''iṯi m sḫm ḥḳꜢ ṯl''<br />''Itji em sekhem heqa tjel''<br />Who has seized with (his own) power, the ruler of [[Tjaru|Sile]]{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=178}}}}
| nebty_hiero = <hiero>V15:D40-U31\R90-sxm-U31\R90-q-HqA-d:l:D40</hiero>
| prenomen = {{center|''stp n rꜤ mry imn''<br />''Setepenre meryimen''<br />Chosen by Ra and beloved of Amun<br/>{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=178}}}}{{Infobox pharaoh/Prenomen|Prenomen=<hiero>C2-C12-stp:n-N36</hiero>}}{{Infobox pharaoh/Prenomen|Prenomen=<hiero>C12\-N36:n:stp-C2</hiero>}}{{Infobox pharaoh/Prenomen|Prenomen=<hiero>C2\-C12-s-t:p-stp:N36</hiero>}}
| nomen = {{center|''ptwlmys''<br />''Ptolemys''<br />Ptolemy{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=178}}}} {{Infobox pharaoh/Nomen|Nomen=<hiero>p:t-wA-l:M-i-i-s</hiero>}}{{Infobox pharaoh/Nomen|Nomen=<hiero>p:d-A-l:M-i-i-s</hiero>}}{{Infobox pharaoh/Nomen|Nomen=<hiero>p:d-w-l:M-i-i-s</hiero>}}{{Infobox pharaoh/Nomen|Nomen=<hiero>p:d-w-l:M-i-i-s</hiero>}}
|birth_place=[[Eordaea]], [[Macedon]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]]|death_place=[[Alexandria]], [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]|ImageSize=235px|Dynasty=[[Ptolemaic dynasty]]|consort=}}
 
'''Ptolemy I Soter''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒ|l|əm|i}}; {{lang-gr|Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ}}, ''Ptolemaîos Sōtḗr'' "Ptolemy [[Soter|the Savior]]"; c. 367 BC – January 282 BC) was a [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonian Greek]]<ref name=":0" /> general, historian, and [[Diadochi|successor]] of [[Alexander the Great]] who went on to found the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] centered on [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] and led by [[Ptolemaic dynasty|his progeny]] from 305 BC – 30 BC. Ptolemy was ''[[basileus]]'' and [[pharaoh]] of [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] from 305/304 BC to his death in 282 BC,<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Ptolemaic Empire|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|last=Hölbl|first=Günther|page=21|isbn=9781135119836}}</ref> duringand which[[Ptolemaic timedynasty|his descendants]] continued to rule Egypt until 30 BC. During their rule, Egypt became a thriving bastion of [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] civilization and [[Alexandria]] a great seat of [[Greek culture]].
 
Ptolemy I was the son of [[Arsinoe of Macedon]] by either her husband [[Lagus]] or [[Philip II of Macedon]], the father of Alexander. However, the latter is unlikely and may be a myth fabricated to glorify the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic Dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQq_podFRNYC&q=arsinoe&pg=PA10|title=Alexandre le Grand|date=1962|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-04414-1|pages=155|language=en}}</ref> Ptolemy was one of Alexander's most trusted companions and military officers. After the [[death of Alexander]] in 323 BC, Ptolemy retrieved his body as it was en route to be buried in Macedon, placing it in [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] instead, where it was later moved to Alexandria in a new [[Tomb of Alexander the Great|tomb]]. Afterwards he joined a coalition against [[Perdiccas]], the royal regent over [[Philip III of Macedon]]. The latter invaded Egypt but was assassinated by his own officers in 320 BC, allowing Ptolemy I to consolidate his control over the country. After a [[Wars of the Diadochi|series of wars between Alexander's successors]], Ptolemy gained a claim to [[Judea]] in southern [[Syria (region)|Syria]], which was disputed with the Seleucid king [[Seleucus I]]. He also took control of [[Cyprus]] and [[Cyrenaica]], the latter of which was placed under the control of Ptolemy's stepson [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]]. Ptolemy also had the [[Library of Alexandria]] built.
 
Ptolemy I may have married [[Thaïs]], his mistress during the life of Alexander; he is known to have married the Persian noblewoman [[Artakama]] on Alexander's orders. He later married [[Eurydice of Egypt|Eurydice]], daughter of the Macedonian regent [[Antipater]]; their sons [[Ptolemy Keraunos]] and [[Meleager (king)|Meleager]] ruled in turn as kings of Macedon. Ptolemy's final marriage was to Eurydice's cousin and lady-in-waiting, [[Berenice I]]. PtolemyUpon Ihis dieddeath, in 282 BC andhe was succeeded by his son with Berenice, [[Ptolemy II]].
 
==Early life and career==
{{stack|[[File:Tetradrachm Ptolemaeus I obverse CdM Paris FGM2157.jpg|thumb|upright|Ptolemaic coin showing [[Alexander the Great]] wearing an elephant scalp, a symbol of his conquest in India]]}}
A [[Ancient Macedonians|Greek Macedonian]],<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Prudence J.|title=Cleopatra: A Sourcebook|url=https://archive.org/details/cleopatrasourceb0000jone|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/cleopatrasourceb0000jone/page/14 14]|location=Norman|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=2006|isbn=9780806137414|quote=They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.}}</ref> Ptolemy was born in 367 BC.<ref name="ptolemy">[https://www.livius.org/articles/person/ptolemy-i-soter/ Ptolemy I at Livius.org]</ref> Ptolemy's mother was [[Arsinoe of Macedon|Arsinoe]]. According to [[Satyrus the Peripatetic]], Arsinoe was a descendant of [[Alexander I of Macedon]] and thus a member of the [[Argead dynasty]], claiming ultimate descent from [[Heracles]]. Ostensibly, Ptolemy's father was [[Lagus]], a Macedonian nobleman from [[Eordaea]], but many ancient sources claim that he was actually an illegitimate son of [[Philip II of Macedon]]. If true, this would have made Ptolemy the half-brother of [[Alexander the Great]]. It is probable that this is a later myth fabricated to glorify the Ptolemaic dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carney|first1=Elizabeth|title=Philip II and Alexander The Great: Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-973815-1}}</ref> However, through his mother Ptolemy may have been a great-grandson of [[Amyntas I of Macedon]], making him a member of the Argead royal house and a distant relative of Alexander, who was a great-great-grandson of Amyntas.<ref>Alexander The Great: Myth, Genesis and Sexuality by Daniel Ogden 2011 P. 81 note 8</ref><ref>https://pothos.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=47694#p47694 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
 
Ptolemy served with Alexander from his first campaigns, and was among the seven ''[[somatophylax|somatophylakes]]'' (bodyguards) of Alexander. He played a principal part in the later campaigns in [[Afghanistan]] and [[India]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=616}} He participated in the [[Battle of Issus]], commanding troops on the left wing under the authority of Parmenion. Later he accompanied Alexander during his journey to the [[Oracle]] in the [[Siwa Oasis]] where he was proclaimed a son of [[Zeus]].<ref name=grimal>{{cite book |last=Grimal |first=Nicolas |author-link=Nicolas Grimal |year=1992 |title=A History of Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/historyancienteg00grim |url-access=limited |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Books |isbn=978-0-631-19396-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyancienteg00grim/page/n383 382]}}</ref> Ptolemy had his first independent command during the campaign against the rebel [[Bessus]] whom his own guards captured and handed over to Ptolemy, who then handed him over to Alexander for execution.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-0-14-044253-3 |author-link=Arrian |last=Arrian |title=Anabasis Alexandri (The Campaigns of Alexander) |editor1-first=Aubrey |editor1-last=de Sélincourt |editor1-link=Aubrey de Sélincourt |year=1976 |location=Harmondsworth |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |at=[https://archive.org/details/campaignsofalexa00arri/page/ III, 30] |title-link=Anabasis Alexandri }}</ref>▼
However, Ptolemy may have been a great-grandson of Amyntas I of Macedon, making him a member of the Argead royal house and a distant relative of Alexander the Great, who was a great-great-grandson of Amyntas.<ref>Alexander The Great: Myth, Genesis and Sexuality by Daniel Ogden 2011 P. 81 note 8</ref><ref>https://pothos.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=47694#p47694</ref>
 
▲Ptolemy served with Alexander from his first campaigns, and was among the seven ''[[somatophylax|somatophylakes]]'' (bodyguards) of Alexander. He played a principal part in the later campaigns in [[Afghanistan]] and [[India]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=616}} He participated in the [[Battle of Issus]], commanding troops on the left wing under the authority of Parmenion. Later he accompanied Alexander during his journey to the [[Oracle]] in the [[Siwa Oasis]] where he was proclaimed a son of [[Zeus]].<ref name=grimal>{{cite book |last=Grimal |first=Nicolas |author-link=Nicolas Grimal |year=1992 |title=A History of Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/historyancienteg00grim |url-access=limited |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Books |isbn=978-0-631-19396-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyancienteg00grim/page/n383 382]}}</ref> Ptolemy had his first independent command during the campaign against the rebel [[Bessus]] whom his own guards captured and handed over to Ptolemy, who then handed him over to Alexander for execution.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-0-14-044253-3 |author-link=Arrian |last=Arrian |title=Anabasis Alexandri (The Campaigns of Alexander) |editor1-first=Aubrey |editor1-last=de Sélincourt |editor1-link=Aubrey de Sélincourt |year=1976 |location=Harmondsworth |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |at=[https://archive.org/details/campaignsofalexa00arri/page/ III, 30] |title-link=Anabasis Alexandri }}</ref>
 
==Successor of Alexander==
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{{legend inline|#C3B933|Kingdom of [[Seleucus I]]}}
{{legend inline|#AF3662|[[Epirus]]}}
<br />Other:
{{legend inline|#A361BD|[[Carthage]]}}
{{legend inline|#70A9BE|[[Ancient Rome|Rome]]}}
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The satraps Antigonus and Demetrius now each assumed the title of king; Ptolemy, as well as [[Cassander]], [[Lysimachus]] and [[Seleucus I Nicator]], responded by doing the same. In the winter of 306 BC, Antigonus tried to follow up his victory in Cyprus by invading Egypt; but Ptolemy was strongest there, and successfully held the frontier against him. Ptolemy led no further overseas expeditions against Antigonus.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=617}} However, he did send great assistance to [[Rhodes]] when it was [[Siege of Rhodes (305–304 BC)|besieged by Demetrius (305/304)]]. The Rhodians granted divine honors to Ptolemy as a result of the lifting of the siege.<ref>[https://www.livius.org/sources/content/diodorus/the-siege-of-rhodes/ Siege of Rhodes at Livius.org]</ref>
 
When the coalition against Antigonus was renewed in 302, Ptolemy joined it, and invaded Syria a third time, while Antigonus was engaged with Lysimachus in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]]. On hearing a report that Antigonus had won a decisive victory there, he once again evacuated Syria. But when the news came that Antigonus had been defeated and slain by Lysimachus and Seleucus at the [[Battle of Ipsus]] in 301, he occupied Syria a fourth time.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=617}}
 
The other members of the coalition had assigned all Syria to Seleucus, after what they regarded as Ptolemy's desertion, and for the next hundred years, the question of the ownership of southern Syria (i.e., Judea) produced recurring warfare between the [[Seleucid dynasty|Seleucid]] and Ptolemaic dynasties. Henceforth, Ptolemy seems to have involved himself as little as possible in the rivalries between [[Asia Minor]] and [[Greece]]; he lost what he held in Greece, but reconquered Cyprus in 295/294. [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrenaica]], after a series of rebellions, was finally subjugated in about 300 and placed under his stepson [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=617}}
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Ptolemy himself wrote an eyewitness history of Alexander's campaigns (now lost).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Teil 2, Zeitgeschichte. – B. Spezialgeschichten, Autobiographien und Memoiren, Zeittafeln [Nr. 106-261]|last=Jacoby|first=Felix|publisher=Weidmann|year=1926|oclc=769308142|location=Berlin|pages=752–769, no. 138, "Ptolemaios Lagu"}}</ref> In the second century AD, Ptolemy's history was used by [[Arrian]] of Nicomedia as one of his two main primary sources (alongside the history of [[Aristobulus of Cassandreia]]) for his own extant ''[[The Anabasis of Alexander|Anabasis]]'' of Alexander, and hence large parts of Ptolemy's history can be assumed to survive in paraphrase or précis in Arrian's work.<ref>{{Cite book|title=From Arrian to Alexander: Studies in Historical Interpretation|last=Bosworth|first=A. B.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0198148630|location=Oxford|pages=13–14}}</ref> Arrian cites Ptolemy by name on only a few occasions, but it is likely that large stretches of Arrian's ''Anabasis'' reflect Ptolemy's version of events. Arrian once names Ptolemy as the author "whom I chiefly follow",<ref>''Anabasis'' [[s:The Anabasis of Alexander/Book VI/Chapter II|6.2.4]]</ref> and in his Preface writes that Ptolemy seemed to him to be a particularly trustworthy source, "not only because he was present with Alexander on campaign, but also because he was himself a king, and hence lying would be more dishonourable for him than for anyone else".<ref>''Anabasis'', [[s:The Anabasis of Alexander#6|Prologue]]</ref>
 
Ptolemy's lost history was long considered an objective work, distinguished by its straightforward honesty and sobriety,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=617}} but more recent work has called this assessment into question. R. M. Errington argued that Ptolemy's history was characterised by persistent bias and self-aggrandisement, and by systematic blackening of the reputation of [[Perdiccas]], one of Ptolemy's chief dynastic rivals after Alexander's death.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Errington|first=R. M.|date=1969-01-01|title=Bias in Ptolemy's History of Alexander|jstor=637545|journal=The Classical Quarterly|volume=19|issue=2|pages=233–242|doi=10.1017/S0009838800024642|s2cid=170128227 }}</ref> For example, Arrian's account of the fall of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] in 335 BC (''Anabasis'' [[s:The Anabasis of Alexander/Book I/Chapter VIII|1.8.1–1.8.8]], a rare section of narrative explicitly attributed to Ptolemy by Arrian) shows several significant variations from the parallel account preserved in [[Diodorus Siculus]] <nowiki/>([https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/17A*.html#8.3 17.11–12]), most notably in attributing a distinctly unheroic role in proceedings to Perdiccas. More recently, J. Roisman has argued that the case for Ptolemy's blackening of Perdiccas and others has been much exaggerated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roisman|first=Joseph|date=1984-01-01|title=Ptolemy and His Rivals in His History of Alexander|jstor=638295|journal=The Classical Quarterly|volume=34|issue=2|pages=373–385|doi=10.1017/S0009838800031001|s2cid=163042651 }}</ref>
 
==Euclid==
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|years = 305/304–282 BC
}}
{{s-aft |after = [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus|Ptolemy II]] }}
{{s-end}}
 
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ptolemy I Soter| ]]
[[Category:360s BC births]]
[[Category:280s BC deaths]]
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[[Category:3rd-century BC Macedonians]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC historians]]
[[Category:Argead dynasty]]
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