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US-based start-up Quidnet Energy is exploring using abandoned oil and gas wells for pumped storage. If successful they hope to scale up, utilizing some of the 3 million abandoned wells in the US.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lo |first=Chris |date=27 November 2016 |title=Could depleted oil wells be the next step in energy storage? |url=https://www.power-technology.com/analysis/featurecould-depleted-oil-wells-be-the-next-step-in-energy-storage-5680002/ |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release: CPS Energy & Quidnet Energy Announce Landmark Agreement to Build Grid-Scale, Long Duration, Geomechanical Pumped Storage Project in Texas |url=https://www.quidnetenergy.com/news/2022/03/cps-energy--quidnet-energy-announce-landmark-agreement-to-build-gridscale-long-duration-geomechanical-pumped-storage-project-in-texas/ |access-date=16 May 2022 |website=quidnetenergy.com}}</ref>
Using [[hydraulic fracturing]] pressure can be stored underground in [[Permeability_(Earth_sciences)|impermeable]] strata such as shale.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Is Hydraulic Fracturing the Next Big Breakthrough in Battery Tech?|journal= [[Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers#Magazines|Journal of Petroleum Technology]]|publisher= [[Society of Petroleum Engineers]]|volume= 75|number =10|date =October 2023|pages= 36–41|last= Jacobs|first= Trent}}</ref> The shale used contains no hydrocarbons.<ref name="TM91221">{{Cite news |last=Russell Gold |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Fracking Has a Bad Rep, but Its Tech Is Powering a Clean Energy Shift Texas start-ups are harnessing know-how born of the shale boom in pursuit of a greener future. |work=Texas Monthly |url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/fracking-clean-energy-geothermal/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924171206/https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/fracking-clean-energy-geothermal/ |archive-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>▼
===Decentralised systems===
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The quantity of power created when water is let in, grows proportionally to the height of the column of water above the sphere. In other words: the deeper the sphere is located, the more densely it can store energy.
As such, the energy storage capacity of the submerged reservoir is not governed by the [[gravitational energy]] in the traditional sense, but by the [[vertical pressure variation]].
▲Using [[hydraulic fracturing]] pressure can be stored underground in [[Permeability_(Earth_sciences)|impermeable]] strata such as shale.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Is Hydraulic Fracturing the Next Big Breakthrough in Battery Tech?|journal= [[Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers#Magazines|Journal of Petroleum Technology]]|publisher= [[Society of Petroleum Engineers]]|volume= 75|number =10|date =October 2023|pages= 36–41|last= Jacobs|first= Trent}}</ref> The shale used contains no hydrocarbons.<ref name="TM91221">{{Cite news |last=Russell Gold |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Fracking Has a Bad Rep, but Its Tech Is Powering a Clean Energy Shift Texas start-ups are harnessing know-how born of the shale boom in pursuit of a greener future. |work=Texas Monthly |url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/fracking-clean-energy-geothermal/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924171206/https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/fracking-clean-energy-geothermal/ |archive-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>
===High-density pumped hydro===
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