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Robert De Niro

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"De Niro" redirects here. For other uses, see De Niro (disambiguation).

Robert De Niro (/dəˈnɪroʊ/; born August 17, 1943) is an American actor and film producer, who has starred in over 90 films.[1] His first major film roles were in Bang the Drum Slowly (1973) and Mean Streets (1973). In 1974, after being turned down for the role of Sonny Corleone in The Godfather (1972), he was cast as the young Vito Corleone in The Godfather Part II, a role for which he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Robert De Niro
De Niro at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival premiere of The Bang Bang Club
Born (1943-08-17) August 17, 1943 (age 81)
Manhattan, New York, U.S.
Other namesRobert DeNero, Robert DeNiro
Occupation(s)Actor, producer
Years active1963–present
Spouses
  • ​
    (m. 1976⁠–⁠1988)​
  • ​
    (m. 1997)​
Children6
Parent(s)Robert De Niro, Sr.
Virginia Admiral

De Niro's longtime collaboration with director Martin Scorsese began with Mean Streets, and later earned him an Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Jake LaMotta in the 1980 film Raging Bull. He earned nominations for Taxi Driver in 1976 and Cape Fear in 1991. De Niro received additional Academy Award nominations for Michael Cimino's The Deer Hunter (1978), Penny Marshall's Awakenings (1990), and David O. Russell's Silver Linings Playbook (2012). His portrayal of gangster Jimmy Conway in Scorsese's Goodfellas earned him a BAFTA nomination in 1990.[2]

De Niro has earned four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, for his work in New York, New York (1977), Midnight Run (1988), Analyze This (1999), and Meet the Parents (2000). He has also simultaneously directed and starred in films such as 1993's A Bronx Tale and 2006's The Good Shepherd. De Niro has received many accolades for his career, including the AFI Life Achievement Award (2003) and the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award (2010), and is widely considered one of the greatest actors of his generation.[3]

Early life

De Niro was born in the Greenwich Village area of Manhattan, New York,[4] the son of Virginia Admiral, a painter and poet, and Robert De Niro, Sr., an abstract expressionist painter and sculptor.[5] His father was of half Italian and half Irish descent, while his mother was of Dutch, English, French, German, and Irish ancestry.[6][7][8] His Italian great-grandparents, Giovanni De Niro and Angelina Mercurio, emigrated from Ferrazzano, Molise; his paternal grandmother, Helen O'Reilly, was the granddaughter of Irish immigrants.[9]

De Niro's parents, who had met at the painting classes of Hans Hofmann in Provincetown, Massachusetts, divorced when he was three years old. He was raised by his mother in the Greenwich Village and Little Italy areas of Manhattan. His father lived within walking distance and De Niro spent much time with him as he grew up.[10] De Niro attended PS 41, a public elementary school in Manhattan, through the sixth grade. He then went to Elisabeth Irwin High School, the private upper school of the Little Red School House, for the seventh and eighth grades.[11] He was accepted into the High School of Music and Art for the ninth grade, but only attended for a short time before transferring to a public junior high school.[12]

De Niro began high school at the private McBurney School[13] and later attended the private Rhodes Preparatory School,[14] although he never graduated from either.[15] Nicknamed "Bobby Milk" for his pallor, De Niro hung out with a group of street kids as a youth in Little Italy, some of whom have remained his lifelong friends.[16] The direction of his future had already been foreshadowed by his stage debut at age 10, when he played the Cowardly Lion in a school production of The Wizard of Oz.[4][17] Along with finding relief from shyness through performing, he was also fixated by cinema, and he dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue acting.[16] He studied acting at the Stella Adler Conservatory, as well as Lee Strasberg's Actors Studio.[15]

Career

Acting and filmmaking

File:Robert De Niro - 1971.jpg
De Niro in 1971

De Niro's first film role came at the age of 20, when he appeared in Brian De Palma's 1963 film The Wedding Party, but the film was not released until 1969. He then appeared in Roger Corman's film Bloody Mama (1970). He gained popular attention with his role as a dying Major League Baseball player in Bang the Drum Slowly (1973) and began his collaboration with Martin Scorsese when he played the small-time criminal Johnny Boy in Mean Streets (1973).[4]

De Niro had a pivotal role in the Francis Ford Coppola film The Godfather Part II (1974), playing the young Vito Corleone. Coppola had remembered his previous auditions for the roles of Sonny Corleone, Michael Corleone, Carlo Rizzi, and Paulie Gatto in The Godfather. His performance earned him his first Academy Award, for Best Supporting Actor, although Coppola accepted the award as De Niro was not present at the ceremony. De Niro became the first actor to win an Academy Award speaking mainly a foreign language; in this case, multiple Sicilian dialects,[4] although he delivered a few lines in English. He and Marlon Brando, who played the older Vito Corleone in the first film, are the only actors to have won Oscars for portraying the same fictional character. The two came together onscreen for the only time in The Score (2001).[citation needed]

File:Robert De Niro - 1976.jpg
De Niro in The Last Tycoon (1976)

After working with Scorsese in Mean Streets, De Niro went on to have a successful working relationship with him in films such as Taxi Driver (1976), New York, New York (1977), Raging Bull (1980), The King of Comedy (1983), Goodfellas (1990), Cape Fear (1991), and Casino (1995). They also acted together in Guilty by Suspicion (1991) and provided their voices for the animated feature Shark Tale (2004). Taxi Driver was particularly important to De Niro's career; his iconic performance as Travis Bickle catapulted him to stardom and forever linked his name with Bickle's famous "You talkin' to me?" monologue, which De Niro largely improvised.[18] The role of Bickle earned him his first Academy Award Nomination for Best Actor. His portrayal of Jake LaMotta in Raging Bull was lauded, as well as his interpretation of Max Cady in Cape Fear.[citation needed]

In 1976, De Niro appeared in 1900, Bernardo Bertolucci's biographical exploration of life in Italy before World War II, seen through the eyes of two Italian childhood friends at the opposite sides of society's hierarchy. He also starred in The Last Tycoon (1976), directed by Elia Kazan. Kazan recalls that De Niro "would do almost anything to succeed" and noted that he cut his weight down from 170 to 128 pounds for the role in this film. Kazan adds that De Niro "is one of a select number of actors I've directed who work hard at their trade, and the only one who asked to rehearse on Sundays. Most of the others play tennis. Bobby and I would go over the scenes to be shot. Bobby is more meticulous... he's very imaginative. He's very precise. He figures everything out both inside and outside. He has good emotion. He's a character actor: everything he does he calculates. In a good way, but he calculates."[19]: 766  Kazan developed and used those personality traits for his character in the film.[19]: 766  And although the film did poorly at the box office, reviewers praised De Niro's acting. Film critic Marie Brenner wrote that "for De Niro, it is a role that surpasses even his brilliant and daring portrayal of Vito Corleone in The Godfather Part II... his performance deserves to be compared with the very finest".[20]

 
De Niro at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival

De Niro played Michael Vronsky in the acclaimed Vietnam War film The Deer Hunter (1978), for which he was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role. Fearing he had become typecast in mob roles, he began expanding into occasional comedic roles in the mid-1980s and has had much success there as well, with such films as Brazil (1985), Midnight Run (1988), Analyze This (1999), Meet the Parents (2000), and Meet the Fockers (2004). Other films include True Confessions (1981), Falling in Love (1984), Once Upon a Time in America (1984), The Mission (1986), Angel Heart (1987), The Untouchables (1987), Goodfellas (1990), Awakenings (1990), Heat (1995), The Fan (1996), Sleepers (1996), Wag the Dog (1997), Jackie Brown (1997), Ronin (1998) and Flawless (1999).

In 1987, De Niro was the President of the Jury at the 15th Moscow International Film Festival.[21] He appeared in This Boy's Life (1993). Around this time, he was offered the role of Mitch Leary in In the Line of Fire (1993). However, due to scheduling conflicts with his directorial debut A Bronx Tale (1993), he gave up the role to John Malkovich, who later received an Academy Award nomination for it. In A Bronx Tale, which De Niro agreed to direct after seeing the screenwriter's one-man off-Broadway play, he played a bus driver who struggles to keep his son away from a local mobster. At the 20th Moscow International Film Festival in 1997, he was awarded an Honorable Prize for contribution to cinema.[22]

De Niro would reference In Line of Fire, along with Dirty Harry (1971) and Magnum Force (1973), two more of Eastwood's films, in Righteous Kill (2008). He also appeared in the crime drama Cop Land (1997). He starred in the police action-thriller Heat (1995), along with fellow actor and long-time friend, Al Pacino. The duo drew much attention from fans, as both have generally been compared throughout their careers. Though Pacino and De Niro both starred in The Godfather Part II (1974), they shared no screen time. They once again appeared together in Righteous Kill (2008).[23]

 
De Niro with Matt Damon in Berlin in February 2007 for the premiere of The Good Shepherd

De Niro played Master Chief Billy Sunday in the biographical film Men of Honor (2000), based on the life of Carl Brashear, the first African American to become a U.S. Navy Master Diver. He also hosted 9/11 (2002), a documentary about the 9/11 attacks, shown on CBS and focusing on video footage made by Jules and Gedeon Naudet that showed the role of firefighters following the attacks. He reprised his role as Jack Byrnes in Meet the Fockers (2004) and was featured in Stardust (2007). All of the films were successful at the box office, but received mixed reviews. When promoting Shark Tale, De Niro said that his first experience with voice acting was enjoyable.[citation needed]

De Niro had to turn down a role in The Departed (2006) due to commitments with preparing The Good Shepherd (2006). He said: "I wanted to. I wish I could've been able to, but I was preparing The Good Shepherd so much that I couldn't take the time to. I was trying to figure a way to do it while I was preparing. It just didn't seem possible."[24] In June 2006, it was announced that De Niro had donated his film archive (including scripts, costumes, and props) to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. On April 27, 2009, it was announced that the De Niro collection at the Ransom Center was open to researchers and the public. De Niro directed and starred in The Good Shepherd (2006). The film reunited him onscreen with Joe Pesci, with whom he had starred in Raging Bull, Goodfellas, A Bronx Tale, Once Upon a Time in America, and Casino. The same year, De Niro appeared as himself in an episode of the BBC series Extras, as Ricky Gervais' character claimed it was his ambition to meet De Niro.[citation needed]

De Niro announced that he would appear in the film version of the BBC crime series Edge of Darkness in 2010; however, just after he arrived to begin shooting, De Niro left the film due to creative differences.[25] He was replaced by Ray Winstone.[26][27] He appeared as Senator John McLaughlin in the action film Machete (2010), and starred in the thriller Stone (2010). He again reprised his role as Jack Byrnes in Little Fockers (2010). He appeared in the action film Killer Elite (2011), Limitless (2011) and the romantic comedy film New Year's Eve (2011).[28][29]

 
De Niro in 2011

De Niro starred in the film Manuale d'amore 3 (2011).[30][31] In January 2011, CBS picked up De Niro's crime pilot, NYC 22 (originally titled Rookies), but it was cancelled after airing only four episodes.[32] In 2011, De Niro was the President of the Jury for the 64th Cannes Film Festival.[33] In 2012, he starred in the films Silver Linings Playbook, Freelancers, Red Lights, and Being Flynn. He received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Silver Linings Playbook.[citation needed]

De Niro has said that he is working with Martin Scorsese on a new project: "I'm trying to actually work... [screenwriter] Eric Roth and myself and Marty are working on a script now, trying to get it done."[24][when?]

Other work

De Niro's capital ventures have included co-founding the film studio TriBeCa Productions, the Tribeca Film Festival, the Nobu and TriBeCa Grill (which he co-owns with Broadway producer Stewart F. Lane),[34] The Greenwich Hotel (located in Tribeca),[35] and the restaurant inside the hotel, Locanda Verde (run by executive chef and co-owner Andrew Carmellini).[36] According to the July 2010 issue of Gourmet magazine, De Niro is in negotiations with an internationally renowned chef, Natalia Jibladze, to launch an as-yet-unnamed restaurant in Manhattan under his Tribeca trademark. When in Malaysia in 2010, he dined with the Malaysian Prime Minister's wife and was asked to open a Malay restaurant in Alor Setar, Kedah.[37]

Acting style and legacy

Praised for his commitment to roles, stemming from his background in method acting, De Niro gained 60lb (27kg) and learned how to box for his role as Jake LaMotta in Raging Bull,[4] ground his teeth for Cape Fear, lived in Sicily for The Godfather Part II, worked as a cab driver for a few weeks for Taxi Driver,[38] and learned to play the saxophone for New York, New York. He again put on weight for his performance as Al Capone in The Untouchables (1987).[39]

De Niro's brand of method acting includes employing whatever extreme tactic he feels is necessary to elicit the best performance from those with whom he is working. During the filming of The King of Comedy, he directed a slew of anti-Semitic epithets at co-star Jerry Lewis to enhance and authenticate the anger demonstrated by Lewis' character. According to People magazine, the technique was successful, with Lewis recalling: "I forgot the cameras were there... I was going for Bobby's throat."[40]

Personal life

 
De Niro having his hand- and shoe-prints placed in cement at TCL Chinese Theatre in February 2013

Family

De Niro married his first wife, Diahnne Abbott, in 1976; they have a son, Raphael, a former actor who works in New York real estate.[41] De Niro also adopted Abbott's daughter from a previous relationship. They divorced in 1988. De Niro has twin sons conceived by in vitro fertilization and delivered by a surrogate mother in 1995, from a long relationship with former model Toukie Smith.[42]

In 1997, De Niro married his second wife, actress Grace Hightower, at their Marbletown home.[43] Their son was born in 1998 and the couple split in 1999. The divorce was never finalized and in 2004 they renewed their vows.[43] In December 2011, a daughter was born via surrogate.[44][45] In addition to his six children, De Niro has four grandchildren, one from his daughter Drena and three from his son Raphael.[46][47][48][49]

It was reported in October 2003 that De Niro had been diagnosed with prostate cancer. He underwent surgery at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in December 2003.[50]

Properties

De Niro, who has long resided in New York City, has been investing in Manhattan's Tribeca neighborhood since 1989. He has residences on the east and west sides of Manhattan. He also has a 78-acre (32 ha) estate in Gardiner, New York, which acts as his primary residence.[51]

During a film shoot in France in February 1998, De Niro was questioned as a witness about the Bourgeois prostitution ring.[52] De Niro denied any involvement,[53] later filing a complaint.[54] Despite saying at the time that he would not return to France, he later filmed there and presided over the jury at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.[55]

In 2006 the trust that owns De Niro's Gardiner estate sued the town to have its property tax assessment reduced, arguing that, at $6 million, it was too high and should be compared only with similar properties in Ulster County, where Gardiner is located. The town, which had been comparing its value to similar estates in Dutchess County, across the Hudson River, and Connecticut's Litchfield County, east of Dutchess, where many other wealthy New York City residents maintain estates on large properties, won in State Supreme Court.[56] But in 2014 the trust's lawyers appealed the decision, and the town was unsure if it should continue to defend the suit due to its own financial limitations (it would have earned far less in payments on the increased taxes than it had spent in legal bills). This has made many residents, who initially sympathized with De Niro, angry, and some proposed to raise money privately to help the town continue the suit.[51]

A local newspaper's report on the continued dispute was picked up by The New York Times and made international news. "When he read about it on Election Day, he went bananas," due to the negative publicity, said Gardiner town councilman Wiegand. He had apparently been unaware that the trust had filed the lawsuit; its accountants took the blame, citing their fiduciary duty. A short time later, his lawyer met with town officials, at De Niro's direction, and offered them withdrawal of the suit and $129,000 in reimbursement for the town's legal bills, paid by the accounting firm.[57] "[He] made it very clear that De Niro didn't want to screw the town, that he didn't know about any of it and that he wanted it settled as quickly as possible," Wiegand said.[58]

Charity work

In 2011, De Niro supported the initiative A Logo for Human Rights. Its goal was to create an internationally recognized logo to support the global human rights movement.[59]

Politics

De Niro is a resolute supporter of the Democratic Party, and vocally supported Al Gore in the 2000 presidential election. De Niro publicly supported John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election. In 1998, he lobbied Congress against impeaching President Bill Clinton.[60]

While promoting the film The Good Shepherd with co-star Matt Damon on the December 8, 2006, episode of Hardball with Chris Matthews at George Mason University, De Niro was asked whom he would like to see as President of the United States. De Niro responded, "Well, I think of two people: Hillary Clinton and Obama."[citation needed]

On February 4, 2008, De Niro supported Obama at a rally at the Izod Center in New Jersey before Super Tuesday.[61] On March 19, 2012, De Niro and his wife held a fundraiser for President Obama's re-election campaign. At the event, De Niro made a controversial comment—viewed by political columnist John Hayward and Steven Kurlander of the Sun-Sentinel as racist—joking, "Callista Gingrich. Karen Santorum. Ann Romney. Now do you really think our country is ready for a white first lady?"[62][63][64][65]

See also

Notes

Template:Wikipedia books

  • Baxter, John (2002). De Niro: A Biography. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-257196-8.
  • Dougan, Andy (2003). Untouchable: A Biography of Robert De Niro. Da Capo Press. ISBN 1-56025-469-6.

References

  1. ^ "BBC One - The Graham Norton Show, Series 14, Episode 3". Bbc.co.uk. October 29, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  2. ^ "BAFTA Film Awards: 1990". Bafta.org. February 11, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  3. ^ https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Robert_De_Niro.html
  4. ^ a b c d e Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 1998
  5. ^ "Robert De Niro Biography (1943–)". filmreference.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
  6. ^ "Robert De Niro Biography". contactmusic.com. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
  7. ^ Dougan, Andy (2003). Untouchable: a biography of Robert De Niro. Da Capo Press. p. 145. ISBN 1-56025-469-6.
  8. ^ "Biography for Robert De Niro". imdb. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  9. ^ [1]
  10. ^ Dougan, p. 10.
  11. ^ Dougan, pp. 12–13.
  12. ^ Dougan, pp. 13–14.
  13. ^ Baxter, John (2002). De Niro: A Biography. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-257196-8. pp. 37–38.
  14. ^ Baxter, p. 37.
  15. ^ a b Dougan, pp. 17–18.
  16. ^ a b Dougan, p. 17.
  17. ^ Dougan, p.15.
  18. ^ "'There was a sense of exhilaration about what we had done'". The Guardian. UK. October 16, 2004.
  19. ^ a b Kazan, Elia. Elia Kazan: A Life, Da Capo Press (1997)
  20. ^ Brenner, Marie. "Tender is the Plight", Texas Monthly, January 1977.
  21. ^ "15th Moscow International Film Festival (1987)". MIFF. Retrieved February 18, 2013.[dead link]
  22. ^ "20th Moscow International Film Festival (1997)". MIFF. Retrieved March 22, 2013.[dead link]
  23. ^ Hayes, Dade (May 17, 2007). "De Niro, Pacino reunite for 'Kill'". Variety. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
  24. ^ a b Graham, Jamie (March 2007). "The Total Film Interview". Total Film (125): 105.
  25. ^ Michael Fleming (September 4, 2008). "De Niro exits 'Edge of Darkness'". Variety. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
  26. ^ Michael Fleming (September 12, 2008). "Winstone replaces De Niro in 'Edge'". Variety. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
  27. ^ Jessica Satherley (October 7, 2010). "Monica Bellucci shows off her hourglass figure as she films with Robert De Niro in Rome". Daily Mail. UK.
  28. ^ Robert De Niro at IMDb
  29. ^ New Year's Eve at IMDb
  30. ^ Vivarelli, Nick (August 31, 2010). "De Laurentiis: Serials killer at box office". Variety. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
  31. ^ Jessica Satherley (October 7, 2010). "Monica Bellucci shows off her hourglass figure as she films with Robert De Niro in Rome". Daily Mail. UK. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
  32. ^ "CBS Orders Robert De Niro Crime Pilot". TVGuide.com. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  33. ^ "ROBERT DE NIRO, PRESIDENT OF THE JURY OF THE 64th FESTIVAL DE CANNES - Festival de Cannes 2014 (International Film Festival)". Festival-cannes.com. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  34. ^ Honan, William H. (August 23, 1989). "De Niro Is Trying Life Behind the Camera". The New York Times.
  35. ^ Greenwich Hotel. Greenwich Hotel. Retrieved on August 14, 2010.
  36. ^ "Locanda Verde - new York - Zagat.com". Zagat.com. May 12, 2009.
  37. ^ De Niro teams up with his favorite chef for a new gem in Manhattan[dead link]. Gourmet Magazine. Retrieved on August 15, 2010.
  38. ^ Dougan, p. 75.
  39. ^ First Page Fitness: Top 6 Actors Who have Gained or Lost Massive Weight for Movie Roles
  40. ^ "People Magazine". Google. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
  41. ^ "New York Real Estate – Prudential Douglas Elliman". Elliman.com. Retrieved January 9, 2011.[dead link]
  42. ^ "Toukie Smith and actor Robert De Niro become parents of twins". Jet. October 20, 1995. p. 36. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
  43. ^ a b ""Drug allegations hit De Niro custody battle"". Guardian. July 26, 2001. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  44. ^ "Robert De Niro & Wife Welcome Baby Girl". People. December 23, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
  45. ^ "Robert De Niro and wife welcome a child via surrogate". Daily Mail. London. December 24, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
  46. ^ "Robert de Niro four grandchildren". Contactmusic.com. October 18, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  47. ^ De Niro welcomes another grandchild[dead link]
  48. ^ Drena De Niro expecting child 2003
  49. ^ "De Niro's daughter on him as a father and grandfather". Okmagazine.com. April 26, 2008. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  50. ^ "8 Famous Men With Prostate Cancer". Inhealth.cnn.com. July 12, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  51. ^ a b Horrigan, Jeremiah (October 28, 2014). "Gardiner in battle for Robert De Niro's dinero". Times-Herald Record. Middletown, NY. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  52. ^ "Cinq ans de prison pour le photographe proxénète". Libération (in French). January 7, 1999. Retrieved May 15, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ "De Niro furious over French grilling". BBC News. February 24, 1998. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
  54. ^ "De Niro chez le juge". Libération (in French). May 8, 1999. Retrieved May 15, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ "Robert De Niro will be President of the Jury of the 64th Festival de Cannes". cannes.com. April 23, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  56. ^ Chaban, Matt A.V. (November 4, 2014). "De Niro, in Tax Fight, Wins Little Sympathy From His Neighbors". The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  57. ^ Chaban, Matt A.V. (November 19, 2014). "De Niro and New York Town End Fight Over Property Taxes". The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  58. ^ Horrigan, Jeremiah (November 19, 2014). "De Niro ends tax assessment fight". Times-Herald Record. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  59. ^ "The Universal Logo For Human Rights | HUMAN RIGHTS HAVE A SYMBOL". Humanrightslogo.net. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  60. ^ "Scepticism and support swirl around Clinton". BBC News. December 17, 1998. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
  61. ^ "De Niro, Damon: Spies, patriotism and politics". MSNBC. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
  62. ^ Hayward, John (March 20, 2012). "Liberal racism". Human Events. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
  63. ^ Kurlander, Steven (March 22, 2012). "Obama should apologize for De Niro racial joke". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, FL. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
  64. ^ Ward, Caroline (March 22, 2012). "Robert De Niro apologizes for 'white First Lady' comments".
  65. ^ Bendery, Jennifer (March 22, 2012). "Ann Romney: 'I Laughed' At Robert De Niro's 'White First Lady' Joke". The Huffington Post.
 
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