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→Richter magnitudes: Their will be no magnitude 10 earthquake. Tags: Reverted references removed Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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|rowspawn"1"|Extreme
|Near total destruction – severe damage or collapse to all buildings. Heavy damage and shaking extend to distant locations. Permanent changes in ground topography.
|One to three per century<ref name="McCaffrey2008">{{cite journal | title=Global frequency of magnitude 9 earthquakes | first=R. | last=McCaffrey | journal=Geology | date=2008 | volume=36 | issue=3 | pages=263–266 | doi=10.1130/G24402A.1}}</ref>▼
▲<ref name="McCaffrey2008">{{cite journal | title=Global frequency of magnitude 9 earthquakes | first=R. | last=McCaffrey | journal=Geology | date=2008 | volume=36 | issue=3 | pages=263–266 | doi=10.1130/G24402A.1}}</ref>
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Millions of minor earthquakes occur every year worldwide, equating to hundreds every hour every day.<ref name="IRIS">{{cite web|title=How Often Do Earthquakes Occur|url=http://www.mgs.md.gov/seismic/education/no3.pdf}}</ref> On the other hand, earthquakes of magnitude ≥8.0 occur about once a year, on average.<ref name="IRIS" /> The largest recorded earthquake was the [[1960 Valdivia earthquake|Great Chilean earthquake]] of May 22, 1960, which had a magnitude of 9.5 on the [[moment magnitude scale]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/10_largest_world.php |title=Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900 |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007163455/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/10_largest_world.php |archive-date=October 7, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Seismologist Susan Hough has suggested that a magnitude 10 quake may represent a very approximate upper limit for what the Earth's tectonic zones are capable of, which would be the result of the largest known continuous belt of faults rupturing together (along the Pacific coast of the Americas).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Silver|first1=Nate|title=The signal and the noise: the art and science of prediction|date=2013|publisher=Penguin|location=London|isbn=9780141975658}}</ref> A research at the [[Tohoku University]] in Japan found that a magnitude 10 earthquake was theoretically possible if a combined {{convert|3,000|km|mi}} of faults from the [[Japan Trench]] to the [[Kuril–Kamchatka Trench]] ruptured together and moved by {{convert|60|m|ft}} (or if a similar large-scale rupture occurred elsewhere). Such an earthquake would cause ground motions for up to an hour, with tsunamis hitting shores while the ground is still shaking, and if this kind of earthquake occurred, it would probably be a 1-in-10,000-year event.<ref name="Magnitude 10 tremblor">{{cite web|access-date=15 September 2020|author=Kyodo|date=15 December 2012|publisher=The Japan Times|title=Magnitude 10 temblor could happen: study|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/12/15/national/magnitude-10-temblor-could-happen-study/}}</ref>
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