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{{short description|Wildlife and conservation center outside Yulee, Florida, US}}
{{use mdy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{advert|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name = White Oak Conservation
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'''White Oak Conservation''', which is part of Walter Conservation, is a {{convert|17,000| acre|adj=mid}} conservation center in northeastern [[Florida]]. It has long beenis dedicated to the conservation and care of [[Endangered species|endangered]] and [[threatened species]], including [[rhinoceros]], [[okapi]], [[Bongo (antelope)|bongo antelope]], [[zebra]]s, [[dama gazelle]]s, and [[cheetah]]s.
 
White Oak partners with wildlife agencies here and abroad. In the [[United States]], White Oak collaborates with federal and state agencies on species recovery and release efforts for [[Florida panther|Florida panthers]], [[Florida grasshopper sparrow|Florida grasshopper sparrows]], [[Mississippi sandhill crane|Mississippi sandhill cranes,]] and [[Whooping crane|whooping cranes]]. In addition to native species, eighteen endangered and [[Critically Endangered|critically endangered species]] have a safe haven in spacious, natural enclosures at White Oak.
 
Through Walter Conservation, the Walter family conserves [[rare species]] and wild places around the world. Efforts include improving the quality of life of individual animals, recovering rare species, [[Restoration ecology|restoring ecosystems]], and protecting [[Wilderness Areas|wilderness areas]]. Thus far, their philanthropy protects important areas in North America and Africa, protecting important wild populations of [[African elephant|African elephants]], rhinos, [[Lion|lions]], and many other species. The Walter Conservation approach is to protect and preserve large wild areas, provide wildlife security and management, to collaborate with local residents and host-country governments, and to invest in [[Sustainability|sustainable]] enterprises.
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White Oak is well known in the conservation and zoo communities for its rhinoceros, cheetah, and okapi (a rare giraffe relative) programs and for its support of conservation in Africa, Asia, and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=White Oak Conservation - Animal Conservation in Yulee, Florida|url=https://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/|access-date=2020-09-30|website=White Oak Conservation|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
In March 2013, White Oak was purchased by [[Mark Walter|Mark and Kimbra Walter]]. The Walters are conservationists who support wildlife programs across North America. White Oak operations and facilities are managed by White Oak Conservation Holdings LLC, which the Walters established for this purpose.<ref name="History">{{cite web |title=White Oak History |url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/wop/white-oak-history/ |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
== History of White Oak Plantation ==
[[File:Tabby ruins on White Oak property.jpg|alt=|thumb|Tabby ruins at White Oak believed to be a rice mill from the Kingsley era.]]
The earliest recorded history of White Oak Plantation dates back to April 16, 1768, when the British governor of Florida gave land along the [[St. Marys River]] through a land grant to Andrew Way, his deputy surveyor of lands. Three years later, Jermyn Wright, also a recipient of a land grant on the St. Marys, purchased Way's property.<ref name="History">{{cite web|title=White Oak History|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/wop/white-oak-history/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
The plantation produced timber and was home to food stores for naval vessels using the river. After removing the stands of cypress from the property's swampy areas, Wright also began to cultivate [[rice]], establishing the southernmost [[History of rice cultivation|rice plantation]] on the [[Atlantic coast]].<ref name="History" />
 
By 1833, [[Zephaniah Kingsley]], a [[Antebellum South|pre-Civil War]] agricultural baron, had become the plantation's owner. In 1842, White Oak Plantation was purchased by Abraham Bessent, a shopkeeper in nearby [[St. Marys, Georgia]]. The sale included extensive machinery and 118 [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]], 109 whose names were recorded on the deed.<ref name="History" />
 
Before the [[American Civil War]], White Oak had about {{convert|350| acres}} of [[Paddy field|rice paddies]] in cultivation. Today, the abandoned paddies are still visible, and the remnants of a building from the Kingsley era still stand in what is now a cheetah enclosure. During the Civil War, most planters left their rice plantations and permanently relocated to their [[Summer house|summer estates]]. It is probable that the plantation was abandoned at this time.<ref name="History" />
 
[[File:Isaac and his wife - name unknown.jpg|left|thumb|Isaac Gilman stands with his wife. Her name and the date of this photo are unknown.]]The Gilman family acquired the property in the late 1930s. Isaac Gilman grew from humble beginnings, peddling in [[Manhattan]] in the 1880s after emigrating from [[Europe]]. He saved up, and in 1907, he purchased a struggling [[Pulp and paper industry|paper company]] in [[Vermont]], which was renamed the [[Gilman Paper Company]] in 1921.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite news|last1=Lenzner|first1=Robert|last2=Kellner|first2= Tomas|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2003/0811/068.html|title=The Fall of The House of Gilman|periodical=Forbes|access-date=23 February 2014|date=11 August 2003}}</ref>
 
Gilman handed off the business to his son, Charles, who in 1939 moved it to the {{convert|7,400|acre|adj=mid}} White Oak site that was acquired a year earlier and constructed a large paper operation.<ref name="Forbes" /> Early features included [[Wood industry|timber production]]; the [[Horse breeding|breeding]], raising, and [[Horse training|training]] of horses; and recreational programs that helped market the company, which became the largest private paper business in the country.<ref name="History" />
 
Charles Gilman died in 1967, leaving his sons Chris and [[Howard Gilman|Howard]] to run it as president and senior officer, respectively. Chris died in 1982, making Howard the sole owner. It was then that Howard Gilman began to spearhead additions to the White Oak property, investing $154 million to build the Baryshnikov Dance Studio, a conference center, a nine-hole [[golf course]], and expansive enclosures and buildings to raise, breed, [[Wildlife rehabilitation|rehabilitate]], and study threatened and endangered species. (White Oak had animals, like roan antelope, before 1982, but it was that year the center officially became White Oak Conservation Center.) Outside of White Oak, Gilman also made large contributions to the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] and [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]].<ref name="Forbes" />
 
Starting in 1993, the [[Howard Gilman Foundation]] hosted a variety of national and international conferences and seminars at White Oak directly related to its three fields of interest: arts and culture, conservation and the environment, and [[public policy]]. The foundation—created by Gilman in 1981 to support the arts and wildlife<ref>{{cite web|title=About Howard Gilman|url=http://howardgilmanfoundation.org/gilman/index.html|publisher=Howard Gilman Foundation|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>—owned White Oak following Howard Gilman's death in 1998 until March 2013.<ref name="History" />
 
In March 2013, White Oak was purchased by [[Mark Walter|Mark and Kimbra Walter]]. The Walters are conservationists who support wildlife programs across North America. White Oak operations and facilities are managed by White Oak Conservation Holdings LLC, which the Walters established for this purpose.<ref name="History" />
 
== Animals ==
[[File:White Oak February 2009-22.jpg|thumb|An aerial photo shows some of the animal habitats on the White Oak property. At left is the St. Marys River, which separates Georgia and Florida.|alt=]]White Oak has been successful in breeding, researching, and conserving a wide variety of species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conservation|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/conservation/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> Almost all of the wild population decreases of the imperiled species conserved at the center can be attributed to [[habitat loss]], [[farming]], and [[poaching]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Animal Programs|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
NotWhite toOak beis confusedprominent within athe zoological zooworld, Whiteproviding Oakoffspring isto relatively[[Breeding unknownprogram|conservation tobreeding programs]] throughout the generalU.S. publicand the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=WhiteThe OakOkapi hiddenConservation gem with conservation purposeProject|url=http://www.tcpalmhoustonzooblogs.com/news/2013org/janwildconservation/13tag/white-oak-hidden-gem-with-conservation-purposecenter/|publisher=TCPalm.comHouston Zoo|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="TimesUnionfws">{{cite news|last=Dixon|first=Drewweb|title=CheetahMississippi runSandhill luresCrane wildlifeNational admirersWildlife to White OakRefuge|url=http://jacksonvillewww.comfws.gov/newsrefuges/metroprofiles/2012-07-08/story/cheetah-run-lures-wildlife-admirers-white-oak|newspaperindex.cfm?id=Florida Times-Union43615|datepublisher=8U.S. JulyFish 2012& Wildlife Service|access-date=233 FebruaryJune 20142013}}</ref> and only began offering public tours in the mid-2000s. Tours are now offered two days a week for guests who made reservations in advance.<ref name="Bongo">{{cite web|title=Visit White Oakwww.rarespecies.org/bngoundp.pdf|url=http://www.whiteoakwildliferarespecies.org/visit/bngoundp.pdf|publisher=Rare Species Conservation Foundation|access-date=203 June 2013}}</ref> White Oak also contributes to wildlife research and field conservation programs that have aided in the survival of several rare species.
 
White Oak is, however, prominent in the zoological world, providing offspring to [[Breeding program|conservation breeding programs]] throughout the U.S. and the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Okapi Conservation Project|url=http://www.houstonzooblogs.org/wildconservation/tag/white-oak-conservation-center/|publisher=Houston Zoo|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="fws">{{cite web|title=Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge|url=http://www.fws.gov/refuges/profiles/index.cfm?id=43615|publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Bongo">{{cite web|title=www.rarespecies.org/bngoundp.pdf|url=http://www.rarespecies.org/bngoundp.pdf|publisher=Rare Species Conservation Foundation|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> White Oak also contributes to wildlife research and field conservation programs that have aided in the survival of several rare species. Additionally, an outreach program to educate about wildlife conservation is expected to start in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Education|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/training-and-education/education/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
=== Asian Elephant ===
The [[Asian elephant]] of southern and [[southeast Asia]] is endangered, threatened by the Ivory trade, habitat loss, and conflict with farmers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=What Are The Causes Of Human Elephant Conflict In India? |title=What are the causes of human-elephant conflict in India? |url=https://thinkwildlifefoundation.com/what-are-the-causes-of-human-elephant-conflict-in-india/#:~:text=Crop%20Raids%20due%20to%20Habitat%20Loss&text=With%20their%20humongous%20diets%2C%20elephants,or%20poisoning%20of%20the%20elephants. |website=thinkwildlifefoundation.com/ |publisher=Think Wildlife Foundation |access-date=2 March 2022 |date=2 March 2022}}</ref> In 2020, White Oak Conservation gained a massive herd of some thirty-five elephants previously owned by [[Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=White Oak Welcomes the Largest Asian Elephant Herd in the Western Hemisphere|url=https://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/white-oak-welcomes-the-largest-asian-elephant-herd-in-the-western-hemisphere/|url-status=live|website=White Oak Conservation|date=September 23, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Machemer|first=Theresa|date=September 28, 2020|title=Retired Circus Elephants to Move to 2,500-Acre Wildlife Refuge Next Year|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/retired-circus-elephants-move-2500-acre-wildlife-refuge-next-year-180975921/|url-status=live|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> and is constructing a new facility for them.<ref>{{Cite news|last=BORTZFIELD|first=Bill|date=September 23, 2020|title=Largest Elephant Herd In Western Hemisphere Coming To White Oak In Yulee|work=WJCT|url=https://news.wjct.org/post/largest-elephant-herd-western-hemisphere-coming-white-oak-yulee|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, the first group of elephants arrived at the first completed part of the exhibit with more herd members expected to arrive as construction of the new habitat progresses.
 
=== Dama gazelle ===
The [[dama gazelle]] — a member of the antelope family found primarily in the [[Grassland|grasslands]] and woods of Africa—is one of a few critically endangered species at White Oak. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) classifies species in one of seven categories: least concern, near threatened, vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered, extinct in the wild, and extinct.<ref>{{cite web|title=2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1)|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
White Oak has maintained a breeding herd of dama gazelles since 1983, and since then, more than 280 have been born at the center. White Oak participates in the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]]' Dama Gazelle [[Species Survival Plan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Addra Gazelle|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/addra-gazelle/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>[[File:Howard Gilman with a Cheetah.jpg|left|thumb|Howard Gilman poses with a cheetah.]]
 
=== Cheetah ===
Classified as vulnerable, [[cheetah]]s are suffering from habitat loss and persecution from farmers protecting livestock in their homelands of Asia and [[North Africa|northern Africa]].
White Oak maintains a significant population of [[South African cheetah]]s and has collaborated in research projects to improve their care in captivity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cheetah|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/cheetah/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> White Oak has had 146 cubs born at its facilities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cheetah at White Oak gives birth to three cubs|url=http://www.conservationcenters.org/2012/12/cheetah-at-white-oak-gives-birth-to-three-cubs/|publisher=Conservation Centers for Species Survival|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
The cheetah is the world's fastest land animal and can reach speeds over 60 miles per hour.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Roff|title=Cheetah Breaks Speed Record—Beats Usain Bolt by Seconds|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/08/120802-cheetah-sarah-cincinnati-zoo-fastest-record-science-usain-bolt-olympics/|publisher=National Geographic|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> To show off this speed, White Oak hosts "cheetah runs", which feature cheetahs [[Coursing|chasing lures for long distances across fields]].<ref name="TimesUnion" /> Similar types of events are hosted by other wildlife facilities, and they provide exercise and enrichment for the cheetahs while giving people the opportunity to see the cats at full speed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Draper|first=Ryan|title=Cheetahs Run at Sam Houston Race Park|url=http://www.houstonzooblogs.org/zoo/2012/12/cheetahs-run-at-sam-houston-race-park/|publisher=Houston Zoo|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
=== Southern cassowary ===
Classified as vulnerable and suffering from habitat loss and hunting, [[cassowaries]] inhabit [[northern Australia]], [[Seram Island|Ceram]], [[Aru Islands Regency|Aru Island]], and [[New Guinea]]. A [[breeding pair]] lives at White Oak and has successfully raised young.<ref>{{cite web|title=Double-Wattled Cassowary|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/double-wattled-cassowary/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
=== Eastern bongo ===
Native to only the mountainous forests of [[Kenya]], the [[Bongo (antelope)|eastern bongo]] is critically endangered, with less than 200 still in the wild. More than 130 calves have been born in 25 years to the herd at White Oak.<ref name="WhiteBongo">{{cite web|title=Eastern Bongo|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/eastern-bongo/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
The center assisted in a 2004 project to deliver eastern bongos to a breeding facility at the Mount Kenya Game Ranch for study and reintroduction.<ref name="Bongo" /> Eighteen members of the species—including one born at White Oak—were gathered at the center from zoos across [[North America]]. White Oak staff journeyed with the bongo to the ranch.<ref name="WhiteBongo" />
 
=== Florida panther ===
[[File:Florida panther kittens.jpg|alt=|thumb|In 2020, White Oak became home to two orphaned Florida panthers, Pepper and Cypress. The seven-month-old kittens were hand-raised at Lowry Park Zoo after a mysterious neurological disorder left their mother unable to care for them. [https://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/wildlife/florida-panther/]]]
Overall, [[cougars]] are classified as a species of least concern, but the [[Florida panther]] subspecies is one of the world's most endangered large mammals,<ref>{{cite iucn|title=Puma concolor (Cougar, Deer Tiger, Mountain Lion, Puma, Red Tiger)|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18868/0|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> with less than 130 in [[South Florida|southern Florida]]. This is still up from the estimated 30 to 50 in 1989.<ref name="FloridaPanther">{{cite web|title=Florida Panther|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/florida-panther/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
White Oak does not have a permanent population of Florida panthers but instead works with the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] and the [[Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]] to prepare injured or orphaned individuals for rerelease into southern Florida. The center's spacious enclosures are meant to simulate their natural habitat, and they receive little to no human interaction to maintain their natural instincts. Instead, they are monitored by cameras and [[Radio collar|radio collars]].<ref name="FloridaPanther" />
 
White Oak has rehabilitated 16 Florida panthers for release, including an orphaned brother and sister were brought to the center at 5 months old in 2011 after their mother was found dead in [[Collier County, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Staats|first=Eric|title=Orphaned Florida panther kittens rescued|url=http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2011/sep/23/orphaned-florida-panther-kittens-rescued/|publisher=Naples Daily News|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> After being raised, the male and female were released in early 2013 to the Rotenberger Wildlife Management Area and [[Collier County, Florida|Collier County]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fleshler|first=David|title=First Florida panther released into Palm Beach County|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-04-03/news/fl-orphan-panther-release-20130403_1_darrell-land-orphaned-florida-panther-white-oak-conservation-center|publisher=Sun Sentinel|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> Soon after being released, the female became pregnant and, a couple months later, gave birth to a single kitten. She was only 21 months old, a young age for a Florida panther to become a mother.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baxter|first=Kevin|title=Released female panther gives birth|url=http://myfwc.com/news/news-releases/2013/june/26/panther-birth/|publisher=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref>
 
=== Gerenuk ===
The [[gerenuk]] is classified as near threatened, and in its homeland of [[East Africa|eastern Africa]], there is an estimated wild population of 24,000, though this number may be underestimated.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |date=2016 |title=''Litocranius walleri'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T12142A50190292 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12142A50190292.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
 
Captive management has presented challenges because of their shy nature and unique diet. Through two decades of studying their habits, diet, and biology, White Oak has learned how to manage the species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gerenuk|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/gerenuk/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
Together with partner SEZARC (South-East Zoo Alliance for Reproduction & Conservation), the center has worked with the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]] and the Ol Jogi Ranch in Kenya to figure out how best to import semen from wild males.
 
With the birth of four female calves in 2010, White Oak became the only facility in the world to produce gerenuk through [[artificial insemination]]. One of the four was later inseminated successfully by White Oak and SEZARC, creating a second generation of calves born from artificial insemination.<ref name="facebook.com">{{cite web|title=One of our member institutions working with assisted reproductive techniques|url=https://www.facebook.com/Conservationcenters/posts/127323940743484|publisher=Conservation Centers for Species Survival|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
=== Giraffe ===
Classified as vulnerable, the wild [[giraffe]] population totals more than 100,000. In the wild, there are nine subspecies of giraffe, differing in appearance primarily by their coats.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Muller, Z. |author2=Bercovitch, F. |author3=Brand, R. |author4=Brown, D. |author5=Brown, M. |author6=Bolger, D. |author7=Carter, K. |author8=Deacon, F. |author9=Doherty, J.B. |author10=Fennessy, J. |author11=Fennessy, S. |author12=Hussein, A.A. |author13=Lee, D. |author14=Marais, A. |author15=Strauss, M. |author16=Tutchings, A. |author17=Wube, T. |date=2018 |title=''Giraffa camelopardalis'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T9194A136266699 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9194A136266699.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> The giraffes at White Oak are in the subspecies of [[reticulated giraffe]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=White Oak Conservation Center in Yulee|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Gp42lerNAnAJ:www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/destinations/orl-travel-animal-guide-white-oak-conservation-007,0,5544088.photo+reticulated+giraffes+white+oak&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari|publisher=Orlando Sentinel|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
White Oak has been home to giraffes since 1987. For his design of the center's giraffe barn, architect Anthony Moody received an architectural design award and was featured in [[Architecture (magazine)|Architecture magazine]].<ref name="Giraffe">{{cite web|title=giraffe|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/giraffe/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
In October 2012, White Oak welcomed an adult male to join its female herd from partner [[Fossil Rim Wildlife Center]] in [[Texas]]. Also in 2012, two calves were born.<ref name="Giraffe" />[[File:Greater one-horned rhino.jpg|alt=Greater one-horned rhino walking through the woods. |thumb|Greater one-horned rhinos are known for their heavy folds or skin that look like armor. [https://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/wildlife/greater-one-horned-rhino/]]]
 
=== Greater one-horned rhinoceros ===
Also known as the Indian Rhinoceros, the [[Indian rhinoceros|greater one-horned rhinoceros]] is classified as vulnerable, recovering from fewer than 200 in the wild to more than 2,500 (about 2,200 in India and 400 in Nepal).<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Ellis, S. |author2=Talukdar, B. |date=2019 |title=''Rhinoceros unicornis'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T19496A18494149 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T19496A18494149.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
 
This species of rhino is relatively new at White Oak, which welcomed its first calf in July 2011. Facilities like White Oak that provide large enclosures have had the most success in breeding.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Rhino|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/indian-rhino/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> Another calf was born in May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Rhino Calf Born at White Oak|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T84I9A_0dYE|publisher=YouTube|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
=== Grévy's zebra ===
Perhaps the least well known<ref name="Grevy">{{cite web|title=Grevy's Zebra|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/grevys-zebra/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> of the three [[zebra]] species, [[Grévy's zebra]] is endangered, with about 750 mature individuals left in its homeland in eastern Africa.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Rubenstein, D. |author2=Low Mackey, B. |author3=Davidson, ZD, Kebede, F. |author4=King, S.R.B. |date=2016 |title=''Equus grevyi'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T7950A89624491 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T7950A89624491.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
 
The Grévy's zebra program was one of the first established at White Oak, and since then, more than 90 foals have been born there. The center collaborates with other wildlife facilities and the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]] in its Grévy's zebra Species Survival Plan. Research at White Oak has included Grévy's zebra reproduction and collecting and [[Semen cryopreservation|freezing sperm]]. An artificial insemination program is underway in partnership with the Conservation Centers for Species Survival.<ref name="Grevy" />
 
=== Maned wolf ===
[[File:Maned Wolf Pup at White Oak.jpg|thumb|A maned wolf pup with mother.]]
 
Perhaps best described as a larger version of a [[fox]],<ref name="Wolf">{{cite web|title=Maned Wolf|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/maned-wolf/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> the [[maned wolf]] is classified as near threatened, with a rough estimate of 13,000 mature individuals in the wild.<ref>{{cite iucn|title=Chrysocyon brachyurus (Maned Wolf)|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/4819/0|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
Since 1985, 50 pups have been born at White Oak, one of the few facilities that allows the mom and dad to raise the pups as they would in the wild. A 2005 Population and Habitat Viability Assessment study—which worked toward determining a more precise population status and habitat needs—was supported by White Oak.<ref name="Wolf" />
 
=== Mississippi sandhill crane ===
[[File:Baby Mississippi Sandhill Crane.JPG|left|thumb|A baby Mississippi sandhill crane is weighed at White Oak.]]
 
While [[Sandhill crane|sandhill cranes]] overall are thriving and classified as a species of least concern,<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Grus canadensis'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22692078A93336581 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692078A93336581.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> the [[Mississippi sandhill crane]] subspecies is critically endangered, with a 1975 estimate of less than 35 wild individuals spurring the creation of the [[Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge]].<ref name="Crane">{{cite web|title=Mississippi Sandhill Crane|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/mississippi-sandhill-crane/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> The refuge has the biggest release program for cranes on the planet, and 90 percent of the cranes seen there were raised in captivity.<ref name="fws" />
 
White Oak first got involved in preservation of the species in 1994, joining the Mississippi Sandhill Crane Recovery Program and creating facilities specifically for [[captive breeding]]. Several breeding pairs have produced chicks, which are eventually transported to Mississippi for release into the refuge.<ref name="Crane" />
 
=== Okapi ===
[[File:Male okapi at White Oak.jpg|thumb|A male okapi looks over his shoulder at White Oak Conservation]]
[[Okapi]] have haunch stripes that resemble a zebra but are related to the giraffe. They are classified as endangered, and wild populations can be found only in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref name="Okapi">{{cite web|title=Okapi|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/okapi/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
White Oak maintains a captive breeding program and facilities for okapi. The center has imported okapi for breeding from the [[Okapi Conservation Project]]. The project was initiated in 1987 by the DRC and international partners and offers protection of an expansive area of rainforest named the Okapi Wildlife Reserve. Okapi bred at White Oak can be found in wildlife facilities across the U.S. and world.<ref name="Okapi" />
 
Research at White Oak has examined the unique biology of the species, requirements for captivity, nutrition, and more.<ref name="Okapi" />
 
=== Roan antelope ===
Native to lands across Africa, the [[roan antelope]] is in the family of "horse antelopes" and can weigh up to 750 pounds. They are classified as a species of least concern and are known for strength and aggression, defending their herds and calves even against lions.<ref name="Roan">{{cite web|title=Roan Antelope|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/roan-antelope/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
White Oak has had a large herd and breeding program since 1978. Great effort is needed to manage the species because of size, herd aggression, and health. White Oak has adapted to these needs and has maintained a thriving population, with nearly 90 calves born.<ref name="Roan" />
 
Despite the classification of least concern, populations are declining in parts of Africa. In 1996, White Oak delivered a group of young roan born at the center to parks with depleted populations for reintroduction.<ref name="Roan" />
 
=== Somali wild ass ===
[[File:Somali Wild Ass at White Oak.JPG|thumb|Somali wild ass feeding at White Oak.]]
 
The [[Somali wild ass]] is one of two subspecies of [[African wild ass]], the other being the [[Nubian wild ass]]. Domesticated more than 6,000 years ago in northern Africa, wild ass is thought to be the origin species for donkeys. The Somali wild ass's remaining wild population of fewer than 2,000 is found in small, scattered pockets of eastern Africa.<ref name="Somali">{{cite web|title=Somali Wild Ass|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/somali-wild-ass/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
As part of an international effort to save Somali wild ass from extinction, White Oak received a herd in 2008, making it one of three facilities in the U.S. to breed the species. Since then, the herd has produced 18 foals, including several born in spring 2013.<ref name="Somali" />
 
=== Southern black rhinoceros ===
The [[south-central black rhinoceros|southern black rhinoceros]] is a subspecies of [[black rhinoceros]]. Another subspecies, the [[Western black rhinoceros|western black rhino]], was declared extinct in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Africa's Western Black Rhino declared extinct|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45236688/ns/world_news-world_environment/t/africas-western-black-rhino-declared-extinct/#.UaziS47su0s|publisher=MSNBC|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> With numbers once climbing toward 1 million, hunting and habitat destruction caused a 98 percent population decrease in black rhinos from 1960 to 1995, with a low of 2,410 in the wild in 1995.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Emslie, R. |date=2020 |title=''Diceros bicornis'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T6557A152728945 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T6557A152728945.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
 
In the late 1980s, White Oak joined the Black Rhino Foundation. The agreement included black rhinos from [[Zimbabwe]] being brought to the center in 1993 for [[captive breeding]] in case the wild population was lost. The first calf born at White Oak was taken to Africa for a breeding program and successfully produced offspring.<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Black Rhino|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/southern-black-rhino/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
=== Wattled crane ===
[[File:White Oak Wattled Crane.jpg|thumb|An animal specialist at White Oak holds a wattled crane.]]
 
Classified as vulnerable, the [[wattled crane]] has a wide range in southern Africa, encompassing all of [[Zambia]] and portions of several other countries. The estimated wild population is between 6,000 and 8,000.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Bugeranus carunculatus'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22692129A129880815 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
 
White Oak participates in a cooperative breeding program between the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, the Crane Species Survival Plan, and the Conservation Center for Species Survival. Collaborations are also in place with the [[Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute]], Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, [[San Diego Zoo Safari Park]], and [[The Wilds (Ohio)|the Wilds]]. White Oak welcomed a new wattled crane chick in spring 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wattled Crane|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/wattled-crane/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
 
=== Wattled curassow ===
The [[wattled curassow]] is roughly equivalent to a wild turkey in size and stays in dry areas of the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazonian forest]]. It is classified as endangered, with a wild population of only an estimated 350 to 1,500 scattered in [[Colombia]], [[Bolivia]], [[Peru]], and [[Brazil]]. Their primary threat is hunting, with habitat loss also contributing.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Crax globulosa'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22678537A92777596 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678537A92777596.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> White Oak maintains a population of the birds.
 
=== Southern white rhinoceros ===
[[File:White Rhinos at White Oak.jpg|thumb|A bird's-eye view of a white rhinoceros enclosure at White Oak.]]
 
The [[southern white rhinoceros]] is the biggest of the five rhino species, and it ranks as the third largest land animal behind the elephants.<ref name="WhiteRhino">{{cite web|title=White Rhino|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/animal-programs/white-rhino/|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> Depopulation had reduced its range to the southern tip of Africa, but reintroduction efforts have spread it farther north. It is classified as nearly threatened, with an estimated population of about 22,000 in the wild.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Emslie, R. |date=2020 |title=''Ceratotherium simum'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T4185A45813880 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4185A45813880.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
 
White rhinos are [[Sociality|social animals]] and require large, open spaces, presenting a primary challenge in captive breeding. The land at White Oak has aided in overcoming this challenge, and 25 white rhinos have been born at the center.<ref name="WhiteRhino" />
 
== Other features of White Oak ==
 
While White Oak's wildlife conservation facilities are perhaps the most well-known aspect of the plantation, several other features dot the 17,000 acres.
 
=== Mikhail Baryshnikov Dance Studio ===
 
The 6,000-square-foot facility has hosted artistic residencies and programs that have featured the [[American Ballet Theatre]], [[Mark Morris Dance Group]], [[Trey McIntyre|Trey McIntyre Project]], Baryshnikov Dance Foundation, and the Sundance Theatre Institute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fine Arts and Residencies|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/wop/fine-arts-and-residencies/|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>
 
Its construction was a result of the White Oak Dance Project, founded in 1990 by Baryshnikov and choreographer Mark Morris. It is meant to provide a space for choreographers to create new dances and to serve as a touring arm once they are complete.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jordan|first=Lea|title=Freedom to Dance: The Mikhail Baryshnikov Archive, Part 2 - White Oak Dance Project|url=http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/04/11/freedom-dance-mikhail-baryshnikov-archive-white-oak|publisher=New York Public Library|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>[[File:White Oak Golf Course.jpg|thumb|White Oak's signature hole features three waterfalls.]]
 
=== Golf course ===
 
Opened in 1989, the course has nine holes, 54 teeing grounds, and a par of 72. Other features include a driving range and nine-hole putting course.<ref>{{cite web|title=White Oak Plantation Golf Course|url=http://www.golflink.com/golf-courses/course.aspx?course=1773456|publisher=Golf Link|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>
 
The 360-yard [[signature hole]] has three waterfalls circulating more than 20,000 gallons of water per minute. [[Bill Clinton]] and Baryshnikov have been among those who have played the course. The public is able to use the course but must make reservations. Private groups and companies are also allowed to reserve the course.
 
=== Conferences and hospitality complex ===
 
White Oak hosts meetings, conferences, and workshops of up to 100 people. Visiting organizations have included the [[Clinton Global Initiative]], the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums|American Zoo and Aquarium Association]], the [[National Cancer Institute]], and [[Harvard Medical School]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Conferences|url=http://www.whiteoakwildlife.org/wop/conferences/|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>
 
Conferences are held in a multi-purpose complex that includes a conference room, [[Health club|fitness center]], business center, [[bowling alley]], bar, lounge, [[Cue sports|billiards]], the Great Hall dining area, a formal banquet room, and the more informal Café. Nearby is the Riverside Pavilion, an outdoor, covered area along the St. Marys River that includes a stone pizza oven, a cooking center, and a pool.
 
== References ==
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* {{Official website}}
 
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[[Category:Protected areas of Nassau County, Florida]]
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