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{{Short description|Opening to admit light or air}}
{{Other uses|Window (disambiguation)|Windows (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=March 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2015}}
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| footer = Various examples of windows
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A '''window''' is an [[Hole|opening]] in a [[wall]], [[door]], [[roof]], or [[vehicle]] that allows the exchange of [[light]] and may also allow the passage of sound and sometimes [[air]]. Modern windows are usually [[glazing (window)|glazed]] or covered in some other [[transparency (optics)|transparent]] or translucent [[material]], a [[Window sash|sash]] set in a frame<ref name="britannica.com" /> in the opening; the sash and frame are also referred to as a window.<ref name="Window">{{cite web| url= http://www.thefreedictionary.com/window/ |title=Window |publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex|access-date=May 19, 2012}}</ref> Many glazed windows may be opened, to allow [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]], or closed
Types include the eyebrow window, fixed windows, [[hexagonal window]]s, single-hung, and double-hung sash windows, horizontal sliding [[sash window]]s, [[casement window]]s, awning windows, hopper windows, tilt, and slide windows (often door-sized), tilt and turn windows, transom windows, sidelight windows, [[jalousie]] or [[louver]]ed windows, [[clerestory]] windows, [[lancet window]]s, [[skylight]]s, [[roof window]]s, [[roof lantern]]s, [[bay window]]s, [[oriel window]]s, thermal, or [[Diocletian window|Diocletian]], windows, picture windows, [[rose window]]s, emergency exit windows, [[stained glass]] windows, French windows, panel windows, double/triple-paned windows, and [[witch window]]s.
== Etymology ==
The English language-word ''window'' originates from the [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|vindauga}}, from {{lang|non|vindr}} 'wind' and {{lang|non|auga}} 'eye'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com |title=New Oxford American Dictionary |date=2010}}</ref> In [[Norwegian Language|Norwegian]], [[Nynorsk]], and [[Icelandic Language|Icelandic]], the Old Norse form has survived to this day (in Icelandic only as a less used word for a type of small open "window", not strictly a synonym for {{lang|is|gluggi}}, the Icelandic word for 'window'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=71376|title=Hvaðan kemur orðið gluggi? Af hverju notum við ekki vindauga samanber window?|work=Vísindavefurinn|access-date=2018-09-17|language=is}}</ref>). In [[Swedish language|Swedish]], the word {{lang|sv|vindöga}} remains as a term for a hole through the roof of a hut, and in the [[Danish language]] {{lang|da|vindue}} and Norwegian {{lang|no|[[Bokmål]]}} {{lang|no|vindu}}, the direct link to ''eye'' is lost, just as for ''window''. The Danish (but not the {{lang|no|Bokmål}}) word is pronounced fairly similarly to ''window''.
''Window'' is first recorded in the early 13th century, and originally referred to an unglazed hole in a roof. ''Window'' replaced the [[Old English language|Old English]] {{lang|ang|eagþyrl}}, which literally means 'eye-hole', and {{lang|ang|eagduru}} 'eye-door'. Many Germanic languages, however, adopted the Latin word {{lang|la|fenestra}} to describe a window with glass, such as [[Standard language|standard]] [[Swedish language|Swedish]] {{lang|sv|fönster}}, or [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|Fenster}}. The use of ''window'' in English is probably because of the Scandinavian influence on the English language by means of [[
== History ==
[[File:MorellaSantaMariaWindow.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Alabaster]] "mullion"-divided decorative windows in Santa Maria La Major church ([[Morella, Castellón|Morella]], Spain)]]
[[File:ValenciaCathedral2.JPG|thumb|upright|Alabaster window in the [[Valencia Cathedral]]. Note the asymmetrical, slanted left side of the wall-frame, which lets sun rays reach the chancel]]The Romans were the first known to use [[glass]] for windows, a technology likely first produced in [[Egypt (Roman province)|Roman Egypt]], in [[Alexandria]] {{circa|100}} AD{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}. Presentations of windows can be seen in ancient Egyptian wall art and sculptures from Assyria. Paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, [[glass]] became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early 17th century whereas windows made up of panes of flattened [[animal horn]] were used as early as the 14th century. In the 19th century American west, [[greased paper window]]s came to be used by pioneering settlers. Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial [[plate glass|plate]] [[Glass production|glass making]] processes were fully perfected.
=== Technologies ===
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Over the centuries techniques were developed to shear through one side of a blown glass [[Cylinder (geometry)|cylinder]] and produce thinner rectangular window panes from the same amount of glass material. This gave rise to tall narrow windows, usually separated by a vertical support called a [[mullion]]. Mullioned glass windows were the windows of choice{{when|date=January 2023}} among the European well-to-do, whereas paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early-17th century, whereas windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used as early as the 14th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Langley|first=Andrew|title=Medieval Life|series= Eyewitness|year= 2011 |publisher= Dorling Kindersley|isbn=978-1-4053-4545-3|page=16}}</ref>
Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial [[plate glass|plate]] [[Glass production|glass-making]] processes were perfected.{{when|date=January 2023}} Modern windows are usually filled using glass, although
===Fashions and trends===
{{expand section|date=January 2023}}
{{
The introduction of [[lancet window]]s into Western European [[church architecture]] from the 12th century CE built on a tradition of arched windows <ref>{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Windows in Church Architecture |volume= 15 |last= Kleinschmidt |first= Beda Julius |short=1 |quote= In general two or three windows united in a group, as was later the rule in Roman architecture, were even then of frequent occurrence in the early Christian architecture of Asia Minor. The form of the window is nearly everywhere the same; a rectangle that usually has a rounded top, but seldom a straight lintel.}}</ref> inserted between columns,<ref>{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Windows in Church Architecture |volume= 15 |last= Kleinschmidt |first= Beda Julius |short=1 | quote = The place of the window was determined by the architectural membering of the basilica, the distance between two columns generally indicating the position of a window.}}</ref> and led not only to [[tracery]] and elaborate [[Medieval stained glass|stained-glass]] windows but also to a long-standing motif of pointed or rounded window-shapes in ecclesiastical buildings, still seen in many churches today.
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</blockquote>
The spread of [[Plate glass|plate-glass]] technology made possible the introduction of picture windows (in [[Levittown, Pennsylvania]],<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Rybczynski
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|quote = The casual, spread-out ranch house [...] by 1950 accounted for nine out of ten new houses. [...] Its one extravagance was a large window facing the street - the picture window. As far as I have been able to determine, picture windows made their first appearance in Levittown, Pennsylvania.
}}
</ref> founded 1951–1952{{Clarify|reason=What was founded?|date=July 2024}}).
Many [[Modernity|modern day]] windows may have a [[window screen]] or mesh, often made of [[Aluminium|aluminum]] or [[Fiberglass|fibreglass]], to keep [[Bug (insect)|bugs]] out when the window is opened. Windows are primarily designed to facilitate a vital connection with the outdoors, offering those within the confines of the building visual access to the everchanging events occurring outside. The provision of this connection serves as an integral safeguard for the health and well-being of those inhabiting buildings, lest they experience the detrimental effects of enclosed buildings devoid of windows. Among the myriad criteria for the design of windows, several pivotal criteria have emerged in daylight standards: location, time, weather, nature, and people. Of these criteria, windows that are designed to provide views of [[nature]] are considered to be the most important by people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=Michael |last2=Schiavon |first2=Stefano |date=2022 |title=Predicting Window View Preferences Using the Environmental Information Criteria |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7rv6936v/qt7rv6936v.pdf?t=rgtbft |journal=LEUKOS |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=190–209 |doi=10.1080/15502724.2022.2077753 |s2cid=251121476 |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref>
== Types ==
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=== Eyebrow ===
The term ''eyebrow window'' is used in two ways: a curved top window in a wall or an eyebrow [[dormer]]; and a row of small windows usually under the front eaves such as the [[James-Lorah House]] in Pennsylvania.<ref>Harris, Cyril M. (1998). ''American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia''. New York: W. W. Norton.</ref>
=== Fixed ===
A ''fixed window'' is a window that cannot be opened,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVTjAQAAQBAJ&q=Fixed+window+is+window+that+cannot+open&pg=PA83|title=Kitchen & Bath Residential Construction and Systems|author=NKBA (National Kitchen and Bath Association)|date=2013-10-29|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-71104-0|language=en}}</ref> whose function is limited to allowing light to enter (unlike an unfixed window, which can open and close). [[Clerestory]] windows in [[church architecture]] are often fixed. Transom windows may be fixed or operable. This type of window is used in situations where light or vision alone is needed as no ventilation is possible in such windows without the use of [[trickle vent]]s or overglass vents.
=== Single-hung sash ===
A ''single-hung sash window'' is a window that has one sash that is movable (usually the bottom one) and the other fixed. This is the earlier form of sliding sash window and is also cheaper.<ref name="britannica.com" />
=== Double-hung sash ===
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[[File:Foldup window.gif|thumb|upright|Foldup window (inward swinging), cross-section side view]]
A ''foldup'' has two equal sashes similar to a standard double-hung but folds upward allowing air to pass through nearly the full-frame opening. The window is balanced using either springs or counterbalances, similar to a double-hung. The sashes can be either offset to simulate a double-hung, or in-line. The inline versions can be made to fold inward or outward. The inward swinging foldup windows can have fixed screens, while the outward swinging ones require movable screens. The windows are typically used for screen rooms, kitchen pass-throughs, or egress.
=== Horizontal sliding sash ===
A ''horizontal sliding sash window'' has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide horizontally within the frame. In the UK, these are sometimes called [[Yorkshire]] sash windows, presumably because of their traditional use in that county.
=== Casement ===
{{Main|Casement window}}
[[File:Gordijnen aan venster.JPG|thumb|[[Casement window]]]]
A [[casement window]] is a window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising either a side-hung, top-hung (also called "awning window"; see below), or occasionally bottom-hung sash or a combination of these types, sometimes with fixed panels on one or more sides of the sash.<ref name="Window" /> In the US, these are usually opened using a [[Crank (mechanism)|crank]], but in parts of Europe, they tend to use projection friction stays and [[espagnolette]] locking. Formerly, plain hinges were used with a [[casement stay]]. [[Handing]] applies to casement windows to determine direction of swing; a casement window may be left-handed, right-handed, or double. The casement window is the dominant type now found in modern buildings in the UK and many other parts of Europe.
=== Awning ===
[[File:Fenêtre à l'australienne - Awning window - (AWS Magnum 616) Light.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Awning window]]
An ''awning window'' is a casement window that is hung horizontally, [[hinge]]d on top, so that it swings outward like an [[awning]]. In addition to being used independently, they can be stacked, several in one opening, or combined with fixed glass. They are particularly useful for ventilation.<ref>{{cite book | title=Window Treatments | first=Karla J. | last=Nielson | page=45 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6U0uP5cyLQC&q=%22awning+window%22&pg=PA45 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | date=Sep 15, 1989 | isbn=0-471-28946-9}}</ref>
=== Hopper ===
A ''hopper window'' is a bottom-pivoting casement window that opens by tilting vertically, typically to the inside, resembling a [[Hopper (particulate collection container)|hopper]] chute.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Edward|last2=Thallon|first2=Rob|title=Fundamentals of Residential Construction|edition=3rd |year=2011 |publisher=Wiley |location=Hoboken, NJ |isbn=978-0-470-54083-1 |page=654}}</ref>
=== Pivot ===
A ''pivot window'' is a window hung on one hinge on each of two opposite sides which allows the window to revolve when opened. The hinges may be mounted top and bottom (Vertically Pivoted) or at each jamb (Horizontally Pivoted). The window will usually open initially to a restricted position for ventilation and, once released, fully reverse and lock again for safe cleaning from inside. Modern pivot hinges incorporate a friction device to hold the window open against its weight and may have restriction and reversed locking built-in. In the UK, where this type of window is most common, they were extensively installed in high-rise social housing.
=== Tilt and slide ===
A ''tilt and slide window'' is a window (more usually a door-sized window) where the sash tilts inwards at the top similar to a hopper window and then slides horizontally behind the fixed pane.
=== Tilt and turn ===
A ''tilt and turn window'' can both tilt inwards at the top or open inwards from hinges at the side. This is the most common type of window in Germany, its country of origin. It is also widespread in many other European countries. In Europe, it is usual for these to be of the "turn first" type. i.e. when the handle is turned to 90 degrees the window opens in the side hung mode. With the handle turned to 180 degrees the window opens in bottom hung mode. Most usually in the UK the windows will be "tilt first" i.e. bottom hung at 90 degrees for ventilation and side hung at 180 degrees for cleaning the outer face of the glass from inside the building.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glawindows.com/tilt-and-turn-windows-5/ |title=Tilt-and-Turn Windows Gain Popularity|date=June 11, 2021 |access-date=January 25, 2023}}</ref>
=== Transom ===
A transom window is a window above a door
=== Side light ===
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=== Clerestory ===
{{Main|Clerestory}}
[[File:Paris 12-22 (16249805806).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Clerestory]] windows in the [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] (Paris)]]
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=== Skylight ===
{{Main|Daylighting (architecture)|Skylight}}
[[File:BurlingtonHousePavementWindow.jpg|thumbnail|Sidewalk skylight (also named '[[pavement light]]') outside [[Burlington House]], [[London]]]]
A [[skylight]] is a window built into a roof structure.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TopgKO4x_2kC&q=skylight+is+window+built+into+roof&pg=PA223|title=Construction Estimating Reference Data|last=Sarviel|first=Ed|date=1993|publisher=Craftsman Book Company|isbn=978-0-934041-84-3|language=en}}</ref> This type of window allows for natural daylight and moonlight.
=== Roof ===
[[File:EdenProjectRoof.jpg|thumbnail|Hexagonal external cladding panels of a roof in [[Eden Project]] Biomes ([[Cornwall]], England)]]
A ''roof window'' is a sloped window used for [[Daylighting (architecture)|daylighting]], built into a [[roof]] structure. It is one of the few windows that could be used as an exit. Larger [[roof window]]s meet building codes for emergency evacuation.
=== Roof lantern ===
{{Main|Roof lantern}}
A roof lantern is a multi-paned glass structure, resembling a small building, built on a roof for day or moon light. Sometimes includes an additional [[clerestory]]. May also be called a [[cupola]].
=== Bay ===
{{Main|Bay window}}
[[File:2014 Kłodzko, pl. Chrobrego 13 03.JPG|thumb|[[Bay window]]s in [[Kłodzko]], Poland]]
A [[bay window]] is a multi-panel window, with at least three panels set at different angles to create a protrusion from the wall line.<ref name="Window" />
==== Oriel ====
{{Main|Oriel window}}
An ''oriel window'' is a form of bay window. This form most often appears in Tudor-style houses and monasteries. It projects from the wall and does not extend to the ground. Originally a form of porch, they are often supported by brackets or corbels.
=== Thermal ===
{{Main|Diocletian window}}
Thermal, or [[Diocletian window|Diocletian]], windows are large semicircular windows (or niches) which are usually divided into three lights (window compartments) by two mullions. The central compartment is often wider than the two side lights on either side of it.
=== Picture ===
A ''picture window'' is a large fixed window in a wall, typically without [[glazing
=== Multi-lite ===
A ''multi-lite window'' is a window glazed with small panes of glass separated by wooden or lead ''glazing bars'', or ''[[muntins]]'', arranged in a decorative ''glazing pattern'' often dictated by the building's architectural style. Due to the historic unavailability of large panes of glass, the multi-lit (or ''lattice window'') was the most common window style until the beginning of the 20th century, and is still used in traditional architecture.
=== Emergency exit/egress ===
An ''[[emergency exit]] window'' is a window big enough and low enough so that occupants can escape through the opening in an emergency, such as a fire. In many countries, exact specifications for emergency windows in bedrooms are given in many [[building
=== Stained glass ===
{{Main|Stained glass}}
[[File:Nasir-al molk -1.jpg|thumb|left|Sunlight shining through stained glass, [[Nasir-ol-molk Mosque]], [[Shiraz]], Iran]]
A [[stained glass window]] is a window composed of pieces of colored glass, [[transparency (optics)|transparent, translucent]] or [[Opacity (optics)|opaque]], frequently portraying persons or scenes. Typically the glass in these windows is separated by lead glazing bars. Stained glass windows were popular in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] houses and some [[Frank Lloyd Wright|Wrightian]] houses, and are especially common in [[Church (building)|churches]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stained+glass+window|title=Stained glass |work=[[The Free Dictionary]] |publisher=Farlex |access-date=May 19, 2012}}</ref>
=== French ===
A [[French door]]<ref>''[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/French%20door French Door]'', ''[[Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]]'', access date July 4, 2017</ref> has two rows of upright rectangular glass panes (lights) extending its full length; and two of these doors on an exterior wall and without a [[mullion]] separating them, that open outward with opposing hinges to a [[Terrace (building)|terrace]] or porch, are referred to as a '''French window'''.<ref>''[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/French%20window French window]'', ''[[Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]]'', access date July 4, 2017</ref> Sometimes these are set in pairs or multiples thereof along the exterior wall of a very large room, but often, one French window is placed centrally in a typically sized room, perhaps among other fixed windows flanking the feature. French windows are known as ''porte-fenêtre'' in France and ''portafinestra'' in Italy, and frequently are used in modern houses.
{{multiple image
| align = center
| footer = A "French window" (two French doors on an exterior wall hinged to open outward together without a [[mullion]] separating them) at the [[List of diplomatic missions of France|Embassy of France]] in [[Lisbon]], early 20th century.
| width1 = 150
| image1 = Legation de France a Lisbonne (interieur).jpg
| width2 = 149
| image2 = Legation de France a Lisbonne (véranda).jpg
}}
=== Double-paned ===
{{Main|Insulated glazing}}
[[File:New-windows-installed.jpg|thumb|Double panel windows, also sometimes called dual pane windows, are windows that have two panes of glass inset into the frame of the window. The panes of glass are separated, creating an insulating air pocket that inhibits heat transfer much better than single pane windows]]
''Double-paned windows'' have two parallel panes (slabs of glass) with a separation of typically about 1 cm; this space is permanently sealed and filled at the time of manufacture with dry air or other dry nonreactive gas. Such windows provide a marked improvement in [[thermal insulation]] (and usually in acoustic insulation as well) and are resistant to fogging and frosting caused by temperature differential. They are widely used for residential and commercial construction in intemperate climates. In the UK, double-paned and triple-paned are referred to as double-[[Glazing (window)|glazing]] and triple-glazing. Triple-paned windows are now a common type of glazing in central to northern Europe. [[Quadruple glazing]] is now being introduced in Scandinavia.
=== Hexagonal window ===
{{Main|Hexagonal window}}
[[File:Mustosen talon ikkuna 1870 1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hexagonal window]]]]
A [[hexagonal window]] is a [[hexagon]]-shaped window, resembling a bee cell or crystal lattice of graphite. The window can be vertically or horizontally oriented, openable or dead. It can also be regular or elongately-shaped and can have a separator ([[mullion]]). Typically, the cellular window is used for an attic or as a decorative feature, but it can also be a major architectural element to provide the natural lighting inside buildings.
=== Guillotine window ===
A ''guillotine window'' is a window that opens vertically. Guillotine windows have more than one sliding frame, and open from bottom to top or top to bottom.
== Terms ==
EN 12519 is the European standard that describes windows terms officially used in EU Member States. The main terms are:
[[File:Casement (PSF).jpg|thumb|Casement window, with [[Latticework|latticed]] lights]]
* '''Light''', or '''Lite''', is the area between the outer parts of a window ([[Transom (architectural)|transom]], sill and jambs), usually filled with a glass pane. Multiple panes are divided by [[mullion]]s when load-bearing, [[muntin]]s when not.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brett |first=Peter |year=2004 |title=Carpentry and Joinery |edition=2, illustrated |publisher=Nelson Thornes |isbn=978-0-7487-8502-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iVthU6rPGK8C&pg=PA225 255]}}</ref>
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* '''Sash unit''' is a window consisting of at least one sliding glass component, typically composed of two lites (known as a ''double-light'').
* '''Replacement window''' in the United States means a framed window designed to slip inside the original window frame from the inside after the old sashes are removed. In Europe, it usually means a complete window including a replacement outer frame.
* '''New construction window''', in the US, means a window with a nailing fin that is inserted into a rough opening from the outside before applying siding and inside trim. A nailing fin is a projection on the outer frame of the window in the same plane as the [[glazing in architecture|glazing]], which overlaps the prepared opening, and can thus be 'nailed' into place. In the UK and mainland Europe, windows in new-build houses are usually fixed with long screws into expanding plastic plugs in the brickwork. A gap of up to 13 mm is left around all four sides, and filled with expanding [[polyurethane foam]]. This makes the window fixing weatherproof but allows for expansion due to heat.
* '''[[Lintel]]''' is a beam over the top of a window, also known as a [[transom (architectural)|transom]].
* '''[[Window sill]]''' is the bottom piece in a window frame. Window sills slant outward to drain water away from the inside of the building.
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{{Notelist-lr}}[[composite material|Composites]] (also known as Hybrid Windows) are start since early 1998 and combine materials like aluminium + pvc or wood to obtain aesthetics of one material with the functional benefits of another.
[[File:Bleekman zimmer.jpg|thumb|A typical installation of insulated glazing windows with uPVC window frames.]]
A special class of PVC window frames, uPVC window frames, became widespread since the late 20th century, particularly in Europe: there were 83.5 million installed by 1998<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pritchard|first1=Geoffrey|title=Novel and Traditional Fillers for Plastics: Technology and Market Developments|year=1999|publisher=iSmithers Rapra Publishing|isbn=978-1-85957-183-5|page=95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3GWoyuMEckC&pg=PA95}}</ref> with numbers still growing as of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/Vinyl_doors_market/vinyl_windows_market/prweb9415523.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131182428/http://www.prweb.com/releases/Vinyl_doors_market/vinyl_windows_market/prweb9415523.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2013|title=Global Vinyl Windows Market to Reach 163 Million Units by 2017, According to a New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. |publisher=PRWeb|date=April 18, 2012|access-date=February 11, 2012}}</ref>
=== Glazing and filling ===
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{{Main|Photovoltaics}}
[[Photovoltaic
=== Passive solar ===
{{Main|Passive solar building design}}
''Passive solar windows'' allow light and solar energy into a building while minimizing air leakage and heat loss. Properly positioning these windows in relation to sun, wind, and landscape—while properly shading them to limit excess heat gain in summer and shoulder seasons, and providing thermal mass to absorb energy during the day and release it when temperatures cool at night—increases comfort and [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]]. Properly designed in climates with adequate solar gain, these can even be a building's primary heating system.
=== Coverings ===
A [[window covering]] is a shade or screen that provides multiple functions. Some coverings, such as drapes and blinds provide occupants with privacy. Some window coverings control solar heat gain and glare. There are external shading devices and internal shading devices.<ref name="Windows">Beckett, H. E., & Godfrey, J. A. (1974). ''Windows: Performance, design and installation''. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.</ref> Low-e [[window film]] is a low-cost alternative to window replacement to transform existing poorly-insulating windows into energy-efficient windows. For high-rise buildings, [[smart glass]] can provide an alternative.
=== Gallery ===
<gallery widths="170" heights="170" mode="packed" caption="Various windows">
File:Window grill from a palace of Ramesses III MET 14.6.232-dia1.jpg|[[Ancient Egyptian architecture|Ancient Egyptian]] [[sandstone]] window grill from a palace of [[Ramesses III]], now in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York City)
File:GBM - Glas Fenster.jpg|Fragment of a [[Ancient Roman architecture|Roman]] window glass plate dated to 1st to 4th century CE. Note the obvious curvature; this is not a flat pane
File:Window art in Kalleshvara Temple at Aralaguppe (edited angles and cropped).jpg|[[Indian architecture|Indian]] window of the [[Kalleshvara Temple, Aralaguppe|Kalleshvara Temple]] (India)
File:师俭堂.JPG|[[Chinese architecture|Chinese]] latticed window in [[Zhenze]] ([[Jiangsu]], China)
File:Atenas, varios 10.jpg|[[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] window of the [[Little Metropolis]] ([[Athens]], Greece)
File:Jameh Mosque of Nishapur - October 13 2013 45.JPG|[[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] window of the [[Jameh Mosque of Nishapur]] ([[Nishapur]], [[Iran]])
File:David et Salomon, vitrail roman, Cathédrale de Strasbourg.jpg|Part of a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] stained glass window with Kings [[David]] and [[Solomon]] from [[Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg]] ([[Strasbourg]], France)
File:Chartres RosetteNord 121 DSC08241.jpg|North transept windows in the [[Chartres Cathedral]] ([[Chartres]], France)
File:Béringuier-Bonnefoy fenêtre (2).jpg|Flamboyant Gothic window of a stair tower ([[Toulouse]], France)
File:Valdai IverskyMon asv2018 img41.jpg|[[Russian architecture|Russian]] window of the [[Valday Iversky Monastery]] ([[Lake Valdayskoye]], [[Novgorod Oblast]], Russia)
File:Flickr - fusion-of-horizons - stavropoleos (124).jpg|[[Brâncovenesc style|Brâncovenesc]] window of the [[Stavropoleos Monastery]] ([[Bucharest]], Romania)
File:Fenetre-assezat-cour (2).jpg|[[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] window of the [[Hôtel d'Assézat]] ([[Toulouse]], France)
File:0756a - Milano - Palazzo Sormani-Andreani - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 5-May-2007 (edited).jpg|[[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] window of the [[Palazzo Sormani]] ([[Milan]], Italy)
File:Zwinger Wallpavillon Gartenseite, Dresden.jpg|[[Rococo]] windows of the [[Zwinger (Dresden)|Zwinger]] ([[Dresden]], Germany)
File:South gate of the Petit Trianon 004.JPG|[[Louis XVI style|Louis XVI]] round window of the [[Petit Trianon]] ([[Versailles]], France), with a [[festoon]]-derived ornament at the top
File:Window of a lateral façade of the Romanian Athenaeum, on Strada Benjamin Franklin (Bucharest, Romania).jpg|[[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] group of windows, on a lateral side of the [[Romanian Athenaeum]] (Bucharest)
File:Window of a very beautiful Gothic Revival house on the Jean-Louis Calderon street from Bucharest (Romania).jpg|[[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] window of a house on Strada Jean-Louis Calderon (Bucharest)
File:P1340760 Paris II place et passage du Caire rwk.jpg|[[Egyptian Revival]] windows of a building in Place du Caire (Paris)
File:60, Bulevardul Dacia, Bucharest (Romania) 1.jpg|[[Romanian Revival architecture|Romanian Revival]] window of a house on Bulevardul Dacia (Bucharest)
File:Window, 55 rue Molitor, Paris 25 February 2017.jpg|19th century [[Eclecticism in architecture|Eclectic]] Classicist windows on Rue Molitor (Paris)
File:9, Strada Dianei, Bucharest (Romania) 3.jpg|[[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] window of the Stroescu House on Strada Dianei (Bucharest)
File:Stillemans32.jpg|[[Art Deco]] house with stained glass windows on Stillemansstraat ([[Sint-Niklaas]], Belgium)
File:Reliance Building (Burnham Hotel) - Chicago, Illinois.JPG|[[Chicago window]]s of the [[Reliance Building]] (Chicago)
File:Maison Horta, détail de la façade.JPG|[[Art Nouveau]] windows of the [[Horta Museum]] (Brussels)
File:Fischerkirche (window), Born a. Darß.jpg|Window with shutters of the Lutheran wooden church in [[Born auf dem Darß]] (Germany)
File:Restaurant Amigos de Acapulco (window), Chico.jpg|Serving window of a Mexican restaurant in the city of [[Chico, California|Chico]] (California)
File:Windows of the Cité de la musique, Paris July 2015.jpg|[[Postmodern architecture|Postmodern]] windows of the Cité de la musique (Paris)
File:Windows (7004083002).jpg|[[Contemporary architecture|Contemporary]] windows of [[Cathedral Plaza Bucharest]]
File:Fönster - Entré - Ystad-2021.jpg|Very high windows in the entrance to a residential building in [[Ystad]]
</gallery>
== See also ==
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