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| caption3 = TDI emblem as used on TDI equipped vehicles
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'''TDI''' ('''Turbocharged Direct Injection''') is [[Volkswagen Group]]'s term for its current [[common rail]] [[Fuel injection#Direct injection systems|direct injection]] [[turbodiesel]] engine range that have an [[intercooler]] in addition to the turbo compressor.<ref name=VW-UK-TDI>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/technology/tdi|title=Technology – TDI – Super-efficient diesel engines for power with economy|work=Volkswagen.co.uk|publisher=[[Volkswagen]] UK|year=2010|access-date=4 March 2010}}</ref><ref name=VWAG>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen AG – TDI Technical Glossary|url=http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/experience/innovation/technical_glossary/tdi.index.html|work=Volkswagen.com|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen AG]]|access-date=5 November 2009}}</ref>
TDI engines are used in motor vehicles sold by the Audi, Volkswagen, SEAT and Skoda marques, as well as boat engines sold by in [[Volkswagen Marine]]<ref name=VW_Marine>{{cite web|url=http://www.vw-m.de/index.php?id=6&L=1|title=Volkswagen Marine > Engines <|work=www.vw-m.de|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group]]|year=2009|access-date=4 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719113053/http://www.vw-m.de/index.php?id=6&L=1|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=VW-Marine-SSP>{{cite web|url=http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads/vwm/Self-study_programme_061214999999.pdf|title=Boat engines from Volkswagen Marine – Self-study programme M001 – Design and function|work=www.vw-m.de|publisher=Volkswagen Marine|date=April 2001|access-date=18 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719113107/http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads%2Fvwm%2FSelf-study_programme_061214999999.pdf|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads/vwm/Selbststudienprogramm_V6_engl_1_070115122148.pdf|title=Boat engines from Volkswagen Marine – Self-study programme M002 – Design and Operation|work=www.vw-m.de|publisher=Volkswagen Marine|date=August 2006|access-date=18 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719113134/http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads%2Fvwm%2FSelbststudienprogramm_V6_engl_1_070115122148.pdf|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> and industrial engines sold by [[Volkswagen Industrial Motor]].<ref name=VW-Industrial>{{citation|url=http://www.mi-uk.com/products/engines/downloads/sdi19industrial.pdf|title=The SDI 1.9 Industrial Engine|work=www.mi-uk.com|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen AG]]|date=March 2005|access-date=4 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714082530/http://www.mi-uk.com/products/engines/downloads/sdi19industrial.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gates.com/europe/file_save_common.cfm?thispath=Europe%2Fdocuments_module&file=TB_020_addendum.pdf|title=TB 20 addendum – Technical Bulletin for Volkswagen Group timing belt renewal intervals|work=Gates.com|access-date=4 November 2009}}</ref>
The first TDI engine, a straight-five engine, was produced for the 1989 Audi 100 TDI sedan. In 1999, common rail fuel injection was introduced in the V8 engine used by the Audi A8 3.3 TDI Quattro. From 2006 until 2014, Audi successfully competed in the [[Le Mans Prototype|LMP1]] category of motor racing using TDI engine-powered racing cars.
TDI engines installed in 2009 to 2015 model year Volkswagen Group cars sold through 18 September 2015 had an emissions [[defeat device]],<ref name="epa1"/><ref name="epa2"/> which activated emissions controls only during emissions testing. The emissions controls were suppressed otherwise, allowing the TDI engines to exceed legal limits on emissions.<ref name="nyt1"/> Volkswagen has admitted to using the illegal device in its TDI diesel cars.<ref name="nyt2"/>
==Overview==
TDI is the combination of two existing diesel engine technologies:
* [[fuel injection#Direct injection systems|Direct injection]]— where a fuel injector sprays the diesel fuel directly into the main [[combustion chamber]]s. This causes a more complete combustion process than using a pre-combustion chamber (known as [[indirect injection]]), which therefore increases the torque output and reduces the exhaust emissions.<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/><ref name=VWAG/>
* [[Turbodiesel|Turbocharging]]— where an exhaust-driven turbine compresses the intake air, functioning as an energy rectification device in order to obtain a higher [[thermal efficiency]] and increase power and torque outputs while lowering fuel consumption per kilowatt and carbon emissions, also as an airpump it technically enables increasing combustion volume of a small [[engine displacement|displacement]] engine, however this is only of worth to racing and military applications seeking to maximize nominal power output with out benefit of, or taking into consideration fuel consumption or thermal efficiency.<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/><ref name=VWAG/>
Most TDI engines also use an [[intercooler]] to lower the temperature (and therefore increase the density) of the compressed air before it enters the cylinder.<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/><ref>{{cite web |title=Turbo Diésel Inyección Directa, cómo funcionan |url=http://www.ro-des.com/mecanica/motores-tdi/ |website=www.ro-des.com |access-date=29 October 2019 |language=es}}</ref> Similar technology has been used by other automotive companies, but the "TDI" marketing term is only used by Volkswagen Group and [[Land Rover]]. Volkswagen Group uses the term [[SDI (engine)|SDI]] (which stands for "Suction Diesel Injection") for its [[naturally aspirated]] (i.e. non-turbocharged) direct-injection diesel engines. ==History==
[[File:300SD OM617.jpg|thumb|1978-1980 [[Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine|Mercedes-Benz OM617]] indirect injection turbodiesel]]
Prior to Volkswagen Group's first TDI engine, the first turbocharged diesel engine used in a passenger car was an [[indirect injection]] five-cylinder engine fitted to the 1978 [[Mercedes-Benz W116|Mercedes-Benz 300SD (W116)]] ''300 SD'' sedan.<ref>{{cite web |title=300 SD |url=https://mercedes-benz-publicarchive.com/marsClassic/instance/ko/ko.xhtml?oid=4865 |website=www.mercedes-benz-publicarchive.com |access-date=27 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The first turbodiesel engine with direct injection was the 1986 [[Fiat Croma#Engines|Fiat Croma 2.0 TD i.d.]] liftback sedan.<ref name="fiat.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiat.com/com/air-technologies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108154551/http://www.fiat.com/com/air-technologies|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-08|title=Air technologies - Heritage|access-date=2013-01-17|work=fiat.com}}</ref>
Three years after the Fiat Croma, Volkswagen Group's first TDI engine was introduced in the 1989 [[Audi 100#Audi 100, 200 and 5000 (C3, 1982–1991)|Audi 100]] TDI sedan.<ref>{{cite web |title=8 Cars That Tell the History of Diesel in the U.S. |url=https://www.motorbiscuit.com/8-cars-that-tell-the-history-of-diesel-in-the-u-s/ |website=www.MotorBiscuit.com |access-date=27 October 2019 |date=13 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/audi-at-a-glance-3757/history-3766 |website=www.audi-mediacenter.com |access-date=27 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The Audi 100 was powered by the [[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#2.5R5TDI|Volkswagen 2.5 R5 TDI]] straight-five engine which used an electronic distributor [[injection pump]] (called "VerteilerPumpe" by Volkswagen) and two-stage direct injection. The initial version of this engine generated {{convert|88|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} at 3,250 rpm and {{convert|275|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,500 rpm. TDI engines using [[common rail]] fuel injection (using [[piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]] fuel injectors) were introduced with the [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#3.3 V8 32v TDI CR 165kW|Volkswagen Group 32v TDI]] V8 engine used in the 1999 [[Audi A8#D2|Audi A8]] 3.3 TDI Quattro, two years after the 1997 [[Alfa Romeo 156]] ''2.4-L JTD'' became the first passenger car to use common rail injection.<ref name="autonews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/files/07_ane_ptc/speakers.html|title=New Powertrain Technologies Conference|access-date=2008-04-08|work=autonews.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703105445/http://www.autonews.com/files/07_ane_ptc/speakers.html|archive-date=2013-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The new Audi A8 3.3 TDI quattro: Top TDI for the luxury class |url=https://www.audiworld.com/news/00/a80709/content.shtml |website=www.audiworld.com |access-date=27 October 2019}}</ref> In 1999, the [[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#3L|Volkswagen 1.2-litre TDI]] won the [[International Engine of the Year]] categories for "1.0 to 1.4 litres" and "Best Fuel Economy".<ref>{{cite web |title=Previous Winners |url=https://www.ukimediaevents.com/engineoftheyear/archive.php |website=www.ukimediaevents.com |access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref> In 2000, a fuel system using [[unit injector]]s (called "Pumpe Düse" by Volkswagen) began to replace the distributor injection pump systems (except for the V8 engine, which used common rail design).<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/> In 2003, upgraded fuel injectors using a piezoelectric design began to replace the previous solenoid-operated unit injectors Since 2009, most of the Volkswagen Group TDI engines have switched from unit injectors to common rail injection.
== Emissions testing falsification ==
{{Main|Volkswagen emissions scandal}}
On 18 September 2015 the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US EPA]] and [[California Air Resources Board]] served notice to VW that approximately 480,000 VW and Audi automobiles equipped with 2.0 TDI engines sold in the US between 2009 and 2015 had an emissions compliance [[defeat device]] installed.<ref name="epa1">{{cite web|url=http://www3.epa.gov/otaq/cert/documents/vw-nov-caa-09-18-15.pdf|title=VW Notice of Violation, Clean Air Act (18 September 2015)|author=Phillip A. Brooks|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|date=18 September 2015|access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="epa2">{{cite web|url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/dfc8e33b5ab162b985257ec40057813b!opendocument|title=EPA, California Notify Volkswagen of Clean Air Act Violations|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|date=18 September 2015|access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> The defeat device, in the form of specially crafted [[Engine control unit|engine management unit]] [[firmware]], detects emissions testing conditions, and in such conditions will cause the vehicle to comply with emissions regulations by properly activating all emissions controls. However, under normal driving conditions, the emissions controls are suppressed, allowing the engine to produce more torque and get better fuel economy, at the expense of emitting up to 40 times more [[nitrogen oxide]]s than allowed by law.<ref name="nyt1">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/21/business/international/volkswagen-chief-apologizes-for-breach-of-trust-after-recall.html|title=Volkswagen to Stop Sales of Diesel Cars Involved in Recall|author=Jack Ewing and Coral Davenport|newspaper=New York Times|date=20 September 2015|access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref> Such NOx emission levels are not in compliance with US regulations. VW has since admitted to these allegations, and said that the illegal software was in use in its diesel cars worldwide, affecting some 11 million vehicles.<ref name="nyt2">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/business/international/volkswagen-diesel-car-scandal.html|title=Volkswagen Says 11 Million Cars Worldwide Are Affected in Diesel Deception|work=The New York Times|date=22 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>
==Motor racing==
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| caption1 = 2006 [[Audi R10 TDI]] LMP1 racing car
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The first TDI engine used by Volkswagen Group for motor racing was in the [[Audi R10 TDI]], which competed in the [[Le Mans Prototype]] (LMP) class of sports car racing. The Audi R10 recorded a victory on its debut at the 2006 [[12 Hours of Sebring]] race<ref>{{cite web|title=12 Hours of Sebring|url=http://www.audi.ca/ca/brand/en/exp/motorsport/races/sebring.html|work=Audi Canada website|publisher=Audi Canada|access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2006 Audi R10|url=http://www.topspeed.com/cars/audi/2006-audi-r10-ar13988.html|website=www.topspeed.com |date=4 October 2006|access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bosch Clean Diesel Helps Audi Dominate American Le Mans Series|url=http://www.bosch-press.com/tbwebdb/bosch-usa/en-US/PressText.cfm?nh=00&Search=0&id=352|work=Bosch website|publisher=Bosch NA|access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> and then at the 2006 [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] race, with both results being the first time that a diesel-powered car had won each race.<ref>{{cite news|last=Richards|first=Giles|title=Audi is first manufacturer to take Le Mans 24 Hours race with hybrid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jun/17/audi-le-mans-24-hours-race|work=guardian.co.uk website|publisher=The guardian|access-date=11 January 2013|location=London|date=17 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Audi R10 TDI – a history maker|url=http://www.audi.co.uk/audi-innovation/audi-motorsport/audi-r10-tdi.html|work=Audi UK website|publisher=audi.co.uk|access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Audi on course for a 10th victory ?|url=http://www.lemans.org/en/news/audi-on-course-for-a-10th-victory-_6460.html?m=2 |website= www.LeMans.org |access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> In the nine years from 2006 to 2014, the R10 and its successors ([[Audi R15 TDI|R15]] and [[Audi R18 TDI|R18]]) won the 24 Hours of Le Mans eight times (the 2009 race was won by another diesel-powered car, the [[Peugeot 908 HDi FAP]]).
[[File:2008 Y Muller Macau.JPG |thumb|left |2008 [[SEAT León#SEAT Leon Super 2000 car|SEAT León TDI]] WTCC racing car]]
In the [[World Touring Car Championship]] (WTCC) racing series, the [[SEAT León#SEAT Leon Super 2000 car|SEAT León TDI]] won the [[2008 World Touring Car Championship season|2008 championship]] and the [[2009 World Touring Car Championship season|2009 championship]] for drivers and manufacturers.<ref>{{cite news|title=SEAT Leon TDI: A double-double world champion|url=https://www.theguardian.com/seat-leon-tdi/world-touring-car-championship|work=WTCC season review|publisher=The guardian|access-date=12 January 2013|location=London|date=18 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Year by year SEAT's racing history|url=http://www.seat-sport.com/en/compania/seat-competicion.php|work=SEAT sport website|publisher=SEAT sport|access-date=12 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313073925/http://www.seat-sport.com/en/compania/seat-competicion.php|archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> In 2008, the SEAT Leon TDI also competed in the [[British Touring Car Championship]] (BTCC) and became the first diesel car to win a round of the championship when it won the round at [[Donington Park]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BTCC race reports 04/May/2008|url=http://www.btcc.net/html/racereport_detail.php?race_id=47&season_id=51|work=BTCC Donington Park|publisher=BTCC|access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref>
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*[[Common rail]]
*[[
*[[Diesel engine]]
*[[Fuel injection#Direct injection systems|Direct injection]]
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*[[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
*[[SDI (engine)]]
*[[Turbo
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{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Volkswagen Group brands |state=expanded}}
[[Category:Volkswagen Group engines]]
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