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[[File:Vegetarian Curry.jpeg|thumb|[[North Indian cuisine|North Indian style]] vegetarian ''thali'' served in a restaurant]]
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| title = Thali
| image1 = Vegetarian thali at an Indian restaurant in Dubai.jpg
| caption1 = [[South Indian cuisine|South Indian style]] vegetarian ''bhojanam'' or ''thali'' served in a restaurant.
| image2 = Vegetarian Curry.jpeg
| caption2 = [[North Indian cuisine|North Indian style]] vegetarian ''thali'' served in a restaurant.
| image3 = Rajasthani food.jpg
| caption3 = [[Rajasthani cuisine|Rajasthani style]] vegetarian ''thali'' served in a restaurant.
| image4 = Gujarati thali.jpg
| caption4 = [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujarati style]] vegetarian ''thali'' served in a restaurant.
| image5 = Assamese Thali.jpg
| caption5 = [[Assamese cuisine|Assamese style]] ''thali'' served in a restaurant.
| image6 = Vegetarian Andhra Meal.jpg
| caption6 = [[Telugu cuisine|Andhra style]] vegetarian ''bhojanam'' served in a restaurant.
| image8 = Bengali Fish meal.jpg
| caption8 = [[Bengali cuisine|Bengali style]] ''thali'' served in a restaurant.
| image9 = Nepali dal-bhat-tarkari.jpg
| caption9 = [[Dal bhat|Nepalese style]] ''thali'' served in a restaurant.
| image10 = Assamese dish.JPG
| caption10 = [[Assamese cuisine|Assamese style]] traditional non-vegetarian thali served in a restaurant
| image11 = '8' A Thali, a traditional style of serving meal in India.jpg
| caption11 = [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi style]] vegetarian ''thali'' served in a restaurant.
| image12 = Traditional Manipuri Thali and side dishes.JPG
| caption12 = [[Manipuri cuisine|Manipuri style]] ''thali'' (''chakluk'')
| image13 = Indian vegetarian thali,.jpg
| caption13 = Indian vegetarian platter
}}
'''Thali''' (meaning "plate") or '''Bhojanam''' (meaning "full meal") is a round [[Platter (dishware)|platter]] used to serve food in [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Caribbean]]. Thali is also used to refer to an Indian-style meal made up of a selection of various dishes which are served on a platter.
 
'''Thali''' (meaning "plate" or "tray") or '''Bhojanam''' (meaning "full meal") is a round [[Platter (dishware)|platter]] used to serve food in [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Caribbean]]. Thali is also used to refer to an Indian-style meal made up of a selection of various dishes which are served on a platter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kleiman |first1=Evan |title=Thali like it is: Regional Indian cuisine on one plate |url=https://www.kcrw.com/culture/shows/good-food/indian-cuisine-chowder-wine/maunika-gowardhan-thali |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=26 August 2022}}</ref> [[Puja thali|Thali]] is also used in south Asia for ceremonial purposes.
[[Puja thali|Thali]] is also used in south Asia for ceremonial purposes.
 
== History ==
===Early history===
As noted by the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]], the earliest evidence of use of continuity in cooking and food habits of India can be established by the existence of [[tandoor]] (cooking oven), thali, [[Lota (vessel)|lota]]s and [[chakla]]-belan for making [[chapati]]s found in excavations at [[Indus Valley civilization]] site of [[Kalibangan]] (3500 BCE – 2500 BCE).<ref name=INTACH1>[http://chapter.intach.org/pdf/haryana-16.pdf "INTACH Haryana newsletter"], [[INTACH]], page 34.</ref>
[[File:Tradtional Thali.jpg|thumb|Traditional Indian thali served in ''Kansa'' metal thali with various sidedishes for rice, roti and puri.]]
According to archeologist [[Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha]], dish-on-stand and simple dishes belonging to the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] may be regarded as the prototype of Indian dishes as thalis but these do not have accompanying bowls commonly seen with thalis.<ref>Potteries in Ancient India. Page 139, Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha, Department of Ancient Indian History and Archaeology.</ref> According to Sinha the distinctive thali accompanying bowls instead appears in the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]].<ref>Potteries in Ancient India. Page 139, Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha, Department of Ancient Indian History and Archaeology.</ref> Archeologist B.B. Lal similarly suggests food was eaten from the [[Painted Grey Ware culture|Painted Grey Ware]] dishes and bowls. B.B Lal notes that "typical dinner set in the Painted Grey Ware consists of the thali (dish), katora (bowl) and lota (drinking vessel)," he suggests it highlights the tradition followed today.<ref>The Painted Grey Ware Culture Of the Iron Age. B. B. Lal, pages 425-426 https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_I%20silk%20road_the%20painted%20grey%20ware%20culture%20of%20the%20iron%20age.pdf</ref> Earliest textual sources on thali comes from [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda Samhitas]], [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] and medieval period [[Indian cookbooks]].<ref name=joshijku>{{cite journal|volume =29 |title=Social character of Someshvara III|author=MN Joshi |journal=Journal of the Karnataka University: Humanities|pages=125–126| year=1985}}</ref>
 
A chapter in ancient [[Sushruta Samhita]] text is dedicated to dining etiquette, method of serving food and proper placement of each dish before the diner, it is the earliest known textual evidence on thali presentation.<ref>An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita: Uttara-tantra, pp556, Kunjalal Bhishagratna</ref>
== Thali/Bhojanam meal ==
[[File:Detail from Kota painting, ca. 1646.jpg|thumb|Detail of man eating from thali, ca. 1646]]
''Thali'' refers to the metal plate that a thali meal may be served on, while ''Bhojanam'' refers to full meals. Thali is popular method of serving meals in South Asia.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Mayhew | first1=B. | last2=Bindloss | first2=J. | last3=Armington | first3=S. | title=Nepal. Ediz. Inglese | publisher=Lonely Planet | series=Country Guides | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74059-699-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtSIz1vwg4YC&pg=PA104 | language=tr | access-date=5 March 2015 | page=104}}</ref> The idea behind a thali is to offer all the 6 different flavours of sweet, salt, bitter, sour, astringent and spicy on one single plate (technically the last two are actually forms of [[chemesthesis]] rather than true flavours).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-07|title=What Is Thali? An Inside Look at This Indian Dietary Tradition|url=https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/indian-thali|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref> According to Indian food custom, a proper meal should be a perfect balance of all these six flavours. Restaurants typically offer a choice of vegetarian or meat-based thalis. Vegetarian bhojanams are very typical and commonplace in [[Tamil Nadu]] canteens
[[File:Detail from Mewar painting, ca. 1712.jpg|thumb|Women eating from thali, ca. 1712]]
[[File:Detail of Kota painting, ca. 1700.jpg|thumb|Wife serves meal to her husband. ca.1700]]
{{blockquote|''"The cook should place the bowls containing preparations of pulse, boiled rice and lambatives on clean, spacious trays, and spread them out in front. All kinds of desserts, confectionary and dry viands should be served on his right, while all soups etc., meat-essences, drinks, cordials, milk, Khada-Yusha, and Peya should be placed on his left. Bowls containing preparations of treacle, Raga-Shadava, and Sattaka should occupy a place midway
between the two sets of bowls described above."''}}
 
This dining and serving etiquette from [[Sushruta Samhita]] is also adopted in medieval Indian cookbooks with some variations.<ref>"Lokopakara" Agri-History Bulletin No. 6 - (Trans) Ayangarya, Y. L. Nene, Nalini Sadhale, Valmiki Sreenivasa (Trans), 2004</ref>
Dishes served in a thali vary from region to region in the Indian subcontinent and are usually served in small bowls, called ''katori'' in India. These katoris are placed along the edge of the round tray, the actual thali; sometimes a steel tray with multiple compartments is used. Typical dishes include rice, [[dal]], vegetables, [[roti]], [[papad]], [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] (yogurt), small amounts of [[chutney]] or [[South Asian pickles|pickle]], and a sweet dish to top it off.<ref>[http://spicythali.blogspot.com/2011/06/decording-indian-cuisine.html "Decording Indian Cuisine"], in [http://spicythali.blogspot.com ''Spicy Thali''] blog, 26 June 2011. (Entry. Retrieved 3 June 2012)</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The world on a plate |publisher=Vancouver Sun |page=G1 |author=Andrew Marshall| date=February 15, 2020}}</ref> Rice or roti is the usual main dish that occupies the central portion of the thali, while side dishes like vegetable curries and other aforementioned delicacies are lined circularly along the round thali. Depending on the restaurant or the region, the thali consists of delicacies native to that region. In general, a thali begins with different types of breads such as [[Puri (food)|puri]]s or chapatis ([[roti]]s) and different vegetarian specialities ([[Curry|curries]]). However, in South India and Southeast Asia, rice is the only staple served with bhojanams. Thalis or Bhojanams are sometimes referred to by the regional characteristic of the dishes they contain. For example, one may encounter [[Andhra cuisine|Andhra]] bhojanam, [[Nepalese cuisine|Nepalese]] thali, [[Rajasthani cuisine|Rajasthani]] thali, [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujarati]] thali, [[Maharashtrian cuisine|Maharashtrian]] thali, [[Tamil cuisine|Tamil]] unavu and [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] unavu. In many parts of [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Caribbean]], the bread and the rice portions are not served together in the thali. Typically, the bread is offered first with rice being served afterwards, often in a separate bowl or dish.
 
The [[Manasollasa]] texts chapter ''Annabhoga'' describes dining etiquette, method of serving food and the way in which district officers and other nobles should be treated at dinner in the court.<ref>Life in Mānasôllāsa, P116, P. Arundhati, 1994</ref>
 
{{blockquote|''"He should sit on a cushioned seat facing east and spread a white cloth on the lap covering from navel to knees. His food should be served in a big plate made of gold. Many small bowls which are first cleaned with water and wiped dry with a white cloth should be placed with the plate."''}}
[[File:'0' A thali, meal served in India.jpg|thumb|Thali with various sidedishes for rice.]]
 
The ''Ksemakutuhalam'' culinary text advises the cook to serve boiled rice in the middle of the plate. Pulse, meat, vegetables and fish are placed (in that order) on the right, and broths, drinks, water and pickles on the left.<ref>Kṣemakutūhalam by Kṣemaśarma, Sanskrit treatise . D. K. Ved, Darshan Shankar, page 308 · 2009</ref>
 
In Ayurvedic tradition, six tastes known as ''Shadrasa'' is used to classify foods according to their qualities for ideal meal. These six tastes include; sweet, salty, sour, pungent, bitter, astringent. Thali presentation often includes all six of these flavors.<ref>Textbook of Ayurveda - Book 1 - Page 310, Vasant Lad · 2002</ref>
 
====Foreign accounts====
Greek ambassador [[Indica (Megasthenes)|Megasthenes]]<ref>Gochberg, Donald S., et al., ed. "World Literature and Thought: Volume I: The Ancient Worlds"; Fort Worth, TX; Harcourt Brace; 1997, pp. 410-416.</ref> in his work ''[[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indica]]'' notes the dining manners of [[Mauryan Empire]] court:
{{blockquote|''"When the Indians are at supper, a table is placed before each person, this being like a tripod. There is placed upon it golden bowls, into which they first put rice, boiled as one would boil barley, and then they add many dainties prepared according to Indian receipts."''}}
 
Portuguese ambassador [[Domingo Paes]]<ref>Robert Sewell (1900). A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A Contribution to the History of India. Asian Educational Services. pp. 263.</ref> who visited the court of [[Vijayanagar Empire]] notes:
{{blockquote|''"They prepare the table for him; they place for him a three-footed stool, round, made of gold, and on it put the dishes. These are brought in large vessels of gold, and the smaller dishes in basins of gold, some of which are adorned with precious stones. There is no cloth on the table, but one is brought when the King has finished eating, and he washes his hands and mouth."''}}
 
Portuguese ambassador [[Duarte Barbosa]] in coastal trading town of [[Kozhikode]] in Kerala notes the way local chieftains dined:<ref>The Book of Duarte Barbosa: Including the coasts of Malabar, eastern India, further India, China, and the Indian archipelago by Duarte Barbosa, Mansel Longworth Dames, Fernão de Magalhães, page 89, 1989.</ref>
 
{{blockquote|''"He sits on the ground on a very low, round stand. There they bring him a large silver tray, and upon it are many small silver saucers, all empty. And they are set before him on the ground upon another low stand; and the cook brings a copper pot with cooked rice, and with a spoon they take it out, and make a pile of it in the middle of the said large tray; afterwards they bring many other pans of diverse viands, and put portions of them into the small saucers."''}}
 
Meera Mukherjee suggests tripod or three-footed stool may have been similar to ''"Mukkali"'' stool, a type of vernacular furniture more commonly found in southern parts of India.<ref>Craftsmen of India - Volume 44 - Page 395, Meera Mukherjee, 1978</ref> While Chowki, Palagai or Bajot, a four-legged stool are more commonly used with thali today.
 
====Kansa metal====
Thalis are traditionally made with Kansa metal, a mixture of [[copper]] and [[tin]]. Although it is similar to bronze, Kansa has higher [[tin]] content than bronze. The fifth chapter of the text ''[[Rasaratna Samuchaya]]'' is dedicated to Kansa with significant information about Kansa kitchenware, diningware and its benefits.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/home-garden/kansa-is-the-healthiest-metal-to-eat-and-cook-in/articleshow/71819418.cms |title=Kansa is the healthiest metal to eat and cook in! |website=Times of India |date=30 October 2019 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>
 
== Thali/Bhojanam meal ==
[[File:Indian Thali.jpg|thumb|Vegetarian Thali served in a restaurant with rice and various side-dish.]]
''Thali'' refers to the metal plate that a thali meal may be served on, while ''Bhojanam'' refers to full meals. Thali is popular method of serving meals in South Asia.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Mayhew | first1=B. | last2=Bindloss | first2=J. | last3=Armington | first3=S. | title=Nepal. Ediz. Inglese | publisher=Lonely Planet | series=Country Guides | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74059-699-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtSIz1vwg4YC&pg=PA104 | language=tr | access-date=5 March 2015 | page=104}}</ref> The idea behind a thali is to offer different flavours of sweet, salt, bitter, sour, astringent and spicy on one single plate (technically the last two are actually forms of [[chemesthesis]] rather than true flavours). According to Indian food custom, a proper meal should be a perfect balance of all these six flavours. Restaurants typically offer a choice of vegetarian or meat-based thalis. Vegetarian bhojanams are very typical and commonplace in [[Tamil Nadu]] canteens
[[File:Detail of Mewar painting manuscript, ca.1712.jpg|thumb|Man eating from [[Patravali]], ca. 1712]]
Dishes served in a thali vary from region to region in the Indian subcontinent and are usually served in small bowls, called ''katori'' in India. These katoris are placed along the edge of the round tray, the actual thali; sometimes a steel tray with multiple compartments is used. Typical dishes include rice, [[dal]], vegetables, [[roti]], [[papad]], [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] (yogurt), small amounts of [[chutney]] or [[South Asian pickles|pickle]], and a sweet dish.<ref>[http://spicythali.blogspot.com/2011/06/decording-indian-cuisine.html "Decording Indian Cuisine"], in [http://spicythali.blogspot.com ''Spicy Thali''] blog, 26 June 2011. (Entry. Retrieved 3 June 2012)</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The world on a plate |publisher=Vancouver Sun |page=G1 |author=Andrew Marshall| date=February 15, 2020}}</ref> Rice or roti is the usual main dish that occupies the central portion of the thali, while side dishes like vegetable curries and other aforementioned delicacies are lined circularly along the round thali. Depending on the restaurant or the region, the thali consists of delicacies native to that region. In general, a thali begins with different types of breads such as [[Puri (food)|puri]]s or chapatis ([[roti]]s) and different vegetarian specialities ([[Curry|curries]]). However, in South India and Southeast Asia, rice is the only staple served with bhojanams. Thalis or Bhojanams are sometimes referred to by the regional characteristic of the dishes they contain. For example, one may encounter [[Andhra cuisine|Andhra]] bhojanam, [[Nepalese cuisine|Nepalese]] thali, [[Rajasthani cuisine|Rajasthani]] thali, [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujarati]] thali, [[Maharashtrian cuisine|Maharashtrian]] thali, [[Manipuri cuisine|Manipuri]] chakluk, [[Tamil cuisine|Tamil]] unavu and [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] unavu. In many parts of [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Caribbean]], the bread and the rice portions are not served together in the thali. Typically, the bread is offered first with rice being served afterwards, often in a separate bowl or dish.
 
==Affordability==
{{See also|Food security in India}}
The [[Economic Survey of India 2020]] has a section called ''Thalinomics'', whichthe showssurvey anfound increasethat inthe affordabilityvegetarian ofthalis abecame vegetable29% 'thali'more byaffordable 29%compared andto by2006-07, while non-vegetarianveg bythalis became 18% during 2006–07 tomore 2019–20affordable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/economic-survey-thalinomics-and-the-common-man/articleshow/73798465.cms|title=Economic Survey 2020: Veg thali affordability improves by 29%; non-veg by 18% during 2006-07 to 2019-20|date=31 January 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>
 
==See also==
Line 53 ⟶ 60:
* [[Banchan]]
* [[Combination plate]]
* [[Dim sumHonzen-ryōri]]
* [[Ethiopian cuisine]]
* [[Indian cuisine]]
* [[Kamayan]]
* [[Kaiseki]]
* [[Korean table d'hôte]]
* [[Meze]]
* [[Nepali cuisine]]
* [[Platter (dinner)]]
* [[RestaurantRice and three]]
* [[Sadya]]
* [[Tapas]]
Line 72 ⟶ 81:
* {{Citation |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/supplementary/sunday-chronicle/scientific-indian-thali-930 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920022153/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/supplementary/sunday-chronicle/scientific-indian-thali-930 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2010 |title=The scientific Indian thali |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2 May 2010 |first=Naini |last=Setalvad }}.
 
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