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=="Selfish" genes==
In describing genes as being "selfish", the author does not intend (as he states unequivocally) to imply that they are driven by any motives or [[Volition (psychology)|will]], but merely that their effects can be accuratelymetaphorically and pedagogically described ''as if'' they were. The contention is that the genes that get passed on are the ones whose consequences serve their own implicit interests (to continue being replicated), not necessarily those of the organism, much less any larger level.
 
This view explains [[altruism]] at the individual level in nature, especially in [[kinship]] relationships: when an individual sacrifices its own life to protect the lives of kin, it is acting in the interest of its own genes. Some people find this metaphor entirely clear, while others find it confusing, misleading or simply redundant to ascribe mental attributes to something that is mindless. For example, [[Andrew Brown (Guardian journalist)|Andrew Brown]] has written: