Tibeto-Burman languages: Difference between revisions

In spite of the popularity of this classification, first proposed by Kuhn and Conrady, and also promoted by [[Paul K. Benedict|Paul Benedict]] (1972) and later [[James Matisoff]], Tibeto-Burman has not been demonstrated to be a valid familysubgroup in its own right.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=431}}

Most of the Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken in remote mountain areas, which has hampered their study by outside researchers. Many lack a written standard.

The subgroupings that have been established with certainty number several dozen, ranging from well-studied groups of dozens of languages with millions of speakers to several [[language isolate|isolate]]s, some of which were only recently observed bydiscovered outsidein researchers.the These21st languagescentury arebut in danger of extinction.{{sfnp|van Driem|2011a}}

:* I.'''Sino-Tibetan'''
** ''[[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]''

: II.** ?? ''[[Tai–Kadai languages|Daic]]''

: III.** ''Bodic''

::a.*** Bodish ([[Tamangic languages|Gurung]], [[Tshangla language|Tshangla]], [[Rgyalrongic languages|Gyarong]], [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]])

::b.*** [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]] (incl. [[Thangmi language|Thangmi]], [[Baram language|Baram]], [[Raji–Raute languages|Raji–Raute]])

::c.*** West Central Himalayish ([[Magaric languages|Magar]], [[Chepangic languages|Chepang]], [[Wayu language|Hayu]] [misplaced])

::d.*** [[Kiranti languages|East Himalayish]]

::e.*** [[Newar language|Newarish]]

::f.*** [[Digarish languages|Digarish]]

::g.*** [[Midzu languages|Midźuish]]

::h.*** [[Hruso languages|Hruish]]

::i.*** [[Dhimal languages|Dhimalish]]

::j.*** [[Tani languages|Miśingish]]

::k.*** [[Qiangic languages|Dzorgaish]]

::b.*** [[MruNungish languagelanguages|MruishNungish]]

:#** Tibeto-Karen

::** ''[[Tibeto-Kanauri languages|Tibetan–Kanauri]]'' (a.k.a. Bodish–Himalayish)
*** Bodish
**** ([[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]], [[Jiarong languages|Gyarung]], [[East Bodish languages|Takpa]], [[Tshangla language|Tsangla]], [[Tamangic languages|Murmi & Gurung]])

: B.*** Himalayish

:: i.**** "major" [[West Himalayish languages|Himalayish]]

:: ii.**** "minor" [[West Himalayish languages|Himalayish]]

:::***** (Rangkas, Darmiya, Chaudangsi, Byangsi)

::*** (perhaps also [[Qiangic languages|Dzorgai]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Magaric languages|Magari]])

:*** A.[[Sampang Bahinglanguage|Sampang]], ([[SunuwarBantawa language|SunuwarRungchenbung]], [[KhalingYakha language|Yakha]], and [[Limbu language|KhalingLimbu]])

:*** C.(perhaps also [[WayuNewar language|Vayu]]–[[Chepangic languages|ChepangNewar]])

III.** ''[[TaniJingpho languageslanguage|Abor–Miri–DaflaKachin]]''

:(perhaps*** includingSouthern [[SakLoloish languages|LuishLolo]])

***[[Boro–GaroKuki-Chin–Naga languages|Boro–GaroKuki-Chin–Naga]] (geographic)

***[[HimalayishTani languages|HimalayishAbor–Miri–Dafla]] (geographic)

**[[Tibeto-KanauriHimalayish languages|Tibeto-KanauriHimalayish]] (includes [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]geographic)

**[[JingphoQiangic languagelanguages|JingphoQiangic]]

***[[SakJingpho languageslanguage|LuishJingpho]]

***[[Lolo–BurmeseNungish languages|Lolo–Burmese]]–[[Nakhi|NaxiNungish]]

***[[KarenSak languages|KarenicLuish]]

::** i.Western (= [[TibeticBodic languages|TibeticBodic]])

:: ii.*** [[TamangicTibeto-Kanauri languages|GurungTibetan–Kanauri]]

:: iv.**** [[West HimalayishTamangic languages|KanauriGurung]]

::**** i. Eastern ([[KirantiWest Himalayish languages|KirantiKanauri]])

:** A.''[[Sal languages|Sal]]''
*** [[Baric languages|Baric]] ([[Boro–Garo languages|Boro–Garo]]–[[Konyak languages|Northern Naga]])

: B.*** [[Jingpho language|Jinghpaw]]

: C.*** [[Sak languages|Luish]] (incl. [[Pyu language (Burma)|Pyu]])

: D.*** [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]] (incl. [[Meitei language|Meithei]] and [[Karbi language|Karbi]])

: A.*** [[QiangicTujia languageslanguage|QiangicTujia]]

:*** B. [[Naxi language|Naxi]]–[[BaiTangut language|BaiTangut]]

:*** D[[Lolo–Burmese languages|Burmese–Lolo]] (incl. [[TangutMru language|TangutMru]])

*'''Tibeto-Burman'''

The classification of [[Tujia language|Tujia]] is difficult due to extensive borrowing. Other unclassified Tibeto-Burman languages include [[Basum language|Basum]] and the recently described [[Songlin language|Songlin]] and [[Chamdo languages]], both of which were only described in the 2010s. New Tibeto-Burman languages continue to be recognized, some not closely related to other languages. RecentlyDistinct languages only recognized distinctin languagesthe 2010s include [[Koki Naga language|Koki Naga]].

[[Scott DeLancey]] (2015)<ref>DeLancey, Scott. 2015. "Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)." ''Cahiers de linguistique -– Asie oriental'' 44(2):122-149122–149. December 2015. {{doi|10.1163/19606028-00442p02}}</ref> proposed a [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central branch]] of Tibeto-Burman based on morphological evidence.

***[[MeyBugun language|MeyBugun]] (SherdukpenKhowa) of Shergaon

***[[Mey language|Mey]] (Sherdukpen) of RupaShergaon

***[[SartangMey language|SartangMey]] (Sherdukpen) of Rupa

***[[Sartang language|Sartang]]
***[[Chug language|Chug]] and [[Lish language|Lish]]

**[[Northern Mishmi languages|[Northern] Mishmi]] (Digarish)

***[[Idu Mishmi language|Idu]] (Luoba)

***[[Digaro Mishmi language|Taraon]] (Digaru)

**[[Siangic languages|Siangic]]

***[[Koro language (India)|Koro]]

***[[Milang language|Milang]]

**[[Puroik language|Puroik]] (Sulung) -– [[East Kameng District]]

**[[Hruso language|Hruso]] (Aka) -– Thrizino Circle, [[West Kameng District]]

**[[Miji language|Miji]] (Sajolang, Dimai, Dhimmai)

**[[Miju Mishmi language|Miju]]

***[[Kalaktang MonpaZakhring language|Monpa of KalaktangMeyor]] (TshanglaZakhring)

***[[ZemithangTawang Monpa language|Monpa of ZemithangTawang]] – [[Tawang District]]

*Tani: **[[NahZemithang Monpa language|NahMonpa of Zemithang]]

| s2cid = 163329316 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1428638 }}

* Mann, Noel Walter. (1998). ''[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/10062 A phonological reconstruction of Proto Northern Burmic]''. Unpublished thesis. Arlington: The University of Texas.