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{{short description|Technology to convert the energy from tides into useful forms of power}}
[[File:Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station 01.png|right|thumb|[[Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station]], located in [[Gyeonggi Province]], South Korea, is the world's largest tidal power installation, with a total power output capacity of 254
{{Renewable energy sources}}
{{Sustainable energy}}
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Historically, [[tide mill]]s have been used both in Europe and on the Atlantic coast of North America. The incoming water was contained in large storage ponds, and as the tide goes out, it turns waterwheels that use the mechanical power to mill grain.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ocean Energy Council|title=Tidal Energy: Pros for Wave and Tidal Power|url=http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/index.php/Tidal-Energy/Tidal-Energy.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513175027/http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/index.php/Tidal-Energy/Tidal-Energy.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-05-13|date=2011}}</ref> The earliest occurrences date from the [[Middle Ages]], or even from [[Ancient Rome|Roman times]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kentarchaeology.ac/authors/005.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – RS01j.doc |access-date=2011-04-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517013738/http://www.kentarchaeology.ac/authors/005.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Minchinton, W. E. | title=Early Tide Mills: Some Problems | journal=Technology and Culture | volume=20 | issue=4 |date=October 1979 | pages=777–786 | doi=10.2307/3103639| jstor=3103639| s2cid=112337062 }}</ref> The process of using falling water and spinning [[turbine]]s to create electricity was introduced in the U.S. and Europe in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dorf|first=Richard|title=The Energy Factbook|url=https://archive.org/details/energyfactbook00dorf|url-access=registration|date=1981|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York}}</ref>
Electricity generation from marine technologies increased an estimated 16% in 2018, and an estimated 13% in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ocean power – Tracking Power 2020 – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-power-2019/ocean-power|access-date=2020-08-25|website=IEA|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619154701/https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-power-2019/ocean-power|url-status=dead}}</ref> Policies promoting R&D are needed to achieve further cost reductions and large-scale development. The world's first large-scale tidal power plant was France's [[Rance Tidal Power Station]], which became operational in 1966. It was the largest tidal power station in terms of output until [[Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station]] opened in South Korea in August 2011. The Sihwa station uses sea wall defense barriers complete with 10 turbines generating 254
== Principle ==
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== Methods ==
[[File:SeaGen installed.jpg|right|thumb|The world's first commercial-scale and grid-connected tidal stream generator
| doi = 10.1243/14750902JEME94
| volume = 222
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{{Main|Dynamic tidal power}}
[[File:DTP T dam top-down view.jpg|thumb|right|Top-down diagram of a DTP dam. Blue and dark red colours indicate low and high tides, respectively.]]
Dynamic tidal power (or DTP) is a theoretical technology that would exploit an interaction between potential and kinetic energies in tidal flows. It proposes that very long dams (for example: 30–50 km length) be built from coasts straight out into the sea or ocean, without enclosing an area. Tidal [[phase difference]]s are introduced across the dam, leading to a significant water-level differential in shallow coastal seas – featuring strong coast-parallel oscillating tidal currents such as found in the UK, China, and Korea. Induced tides (TDP) could extend the geographic viability of a new hydro-atmospheric concept 'LPD' (lunar pulse drum) discovered by a Devon innovator in which a tidal 'water piston' pushes or pulls a metered jet of air to a rotary air-actuator
=== Tidal lagoon ===
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A study was commissioned by the Canadian, Nova Scotian and New Brunswick governments (Reassessment of Fundy Tidal Power) to determine the potential for tidal barrages at Chignecto Bay and Minas Basin – at the end of the Fundy Bay estuary. There were three sites determined to be financially feasible: Shepody Bay (1550
== US studies in the 21st century ==
The [[Snohomish County Public Utility District|Snohomish PUD]], a public utility district located primarily in Snohomish County, Washington State, began a tidal energy project in 2007.<ref>[https://www.snopud.com/PowerSupply/tidal/tidalnext.ashx?p=1513“Project Overview,”]{{dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In April 2009 the PUD selected OpenHydro,<ref>[https://www.snopud.com/PowerSupply/tidal/tidalbg/tidalopenhydro.ashx?p=1511“OpenHydro Selected,”]{{dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a company based in Ireland, to develop turbines and equipment for eventual installation. The project as initially designed was to place generation equipment in areas of high tidal flow and operate that equipment for four to five years. After the trial period the equipment would be removed. The project was initially budgeted at a total cost of $10
== Rance tidal power plant in France ==
In 1966, [[Électricité de France]] opened the [[Rance Tidal Power Station]], located on the [[estuary]] of the [[Rance River]] in [[Brittany]]. It was the world's first<ref>{{cite web|title= Wyre Tidal Energy|url= http://www.wyretidalenergy.com/tidal-barrage/la-rance-barrage|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150204062904/http://www.wyretidalenergy.com/tidal-barrage/la-rance-barrage|archive-date= 4 February 2015|df= dmy-all}}</ref> tidal power station. The plant was for 45 years the largest tidal power station in the world by installed capacity: Its 24 [[turbines]] reach peak output at 240 [[watt|megawatts]] (MW) and average 57
== Tidal power development in the UK ==
The world's first marine energy test facility was established in 2003 to start the development of the wave and tidal energy industry in the UK. Based in Orkney, Scotland, the [[European Marine Energy Centre]] (EMEC) has supported the deployment of more wave and tidal energy devices than at any other single site in the world. EMEC provides a variety of test sites in real sea conditions. Its grid connected tidal test site is located at the [[Fall of Warness]], off the island of [[Eday]], in a narrow channel which concentrates the tide as it flows between the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea. This area has a very strong tidal current, which can travel up to {{cvt|4|m/s|mph kn km/h}} in spring tides. Tidal energy developers that have tested at the site include: Alstom (formerly Tidal Generation Ltd); ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest; Atlantis Resources Corporation; Nautricity; OpenHydro; Scotrenewables Tidal Power; Voith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emec.org.uk/|title=EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre|website=emec.org.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127094922/http://www.emec.org.uk/|archive-date=2007-01-27}}</ref> The resource could be 4
== Current and future tidal power schemes ==
{{Main|List of tidal power stations}}
[[File:VerdantPower 22Oct2020 RooseveltIsland.jpg|thumb|Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) installation of three Verdant Power underwater 35-kilowatt turbines on a single triangular base (called a TriFrame) off the coast of New York City's Roosevelt Island on October 22, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deign |first1=Jason |title=New York City Is About to Get an Injection of Tidal Power. Is This Time Different? |url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/how-new-york-could-snag-a-piece-of-upcoming-tidal-action |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=Greentech Media |date=20 October 2020 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20201022225156/https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/how-new-york-could-snag-a-piece-of-upcoming-tidal-action |archive-date=22 October 2020}}</ref>]]
* The [[Rance tidal power plant]] built over a period of
* 254
* The [[Jiangxia Tidal Power Station]], south of [[Hangzhou]]
* The first in-stream tidal current generator in North America ([[Race Rocks Tidal Power Demonstration Project]]) was installed at [[Race Rocks]] on southern [[Vancouver Island]] in September 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cleancurrent.com/technology/rrproject.htm |title=Race Rocks Demonstration Project |publisher=Cleancurrent.com |access-date=2011-04-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705173021/http://www.cleancurrent.com/technology/rrproject.htm |archive-date=2008-07-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/energy/tidalenergy/tidalenergy2.htm |title=Tidal Energy, Ocean Energy |publisher=Racerocks.com |access-date=2011-04-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612142255/http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/energy/tidalenergy/tidalenergy2.htm |archive-date=2011-06-12 }}</ref> The Race Rocks project was shut down after operating for five years (2006–2011) because high operating costs produced electricity at a rate that was not economically feasible.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.racerocks.ca/tidal-energy-turbine-removal/|title=Tidal Energy Turbine Removal|date=2011-09-18|work=Race Rocks Ecological Reserve- Marine mammals, seabirds|access-date=2018-09-09|language=en-CA}}</ref> The next phase in the development of this tidal current generator will be in Nova Scotia (Bay of Fundy).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cleancurrent.com/media/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603100529/http://www.cleancurrent.com/media/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-03 |title=Information for media inquiries |publisher=Cleancurrent.com |date=2009-11-13 |access-date=2011-04-05 }}</ref>
* A small project was built by the Soviet Union at [[Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station|Kislaya Guba]] on the [[Barents Sea]]. It has 0.4 MW installed capacity. In 2006 it was upgraded with a 1.2
* [[Uldolmok Tidal Power Station|Jindo Uldolmok Tidal Power Plant]] in South Korea is a tidal stream generation scheme planned to be expanded progressively to 90
* A 1.2
* The contract for an 812
* A 1,320
* The Scottish Government has approved plans for a 10
* The Indian state of [[Gujarat]] was planning to host South Asia's first commercial-scale tidal power station. The company Atlantis Resources planned to install a 50
* Ocean Renewable Power Corporation was the first company to deliver tidal power to the US grid in September
* In New York City, Verdant Power successfully deployed and operated three tidal turbines in the East River near Roosevelt Island, on a single triangular base system, called a
* A turbine project is being installed in [[Ramsey Island|Ramsey Sound]] in 2014.<ref>Macalister, Terry. "[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/sep/25/tidal-power-electricity-edf-energy-marine-pembrokeshire Tidal power firm signs deal to sell electricity to EDF Energy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012132608/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/sep/25/tidal-power-electricity-edf-energy-marine-pembrokeshire |date=2016-10-12 }}" ''[[The Guardian]]'', 25 September 2014.</ref>
* The largest tidal energy project entitled [[MeyGen]] (398
* Construction of a 320
== Issues and challenges ==
=== Environmental concerns ===
Tidal power can affect marine life. The turbines' rotating blades can accidentally kill swimming sea life. Projects such as the one in Strangford include a safety mechanism that turns off the turbine when marine animals approach. However, this feature causes a major loss in energy because of the amount of marine life that passes through the turbines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tidal Energy Technology Brief|url=http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/Tidal_Energy_V4_WEB.pdf|publisher=International Renewable Energy Agency|access-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122225322/http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/tidal_energy_v4_web.pdf|archive-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> Some fish may avoid the area if threatened by a constantly rotating or noisy object. Marine life is a huge factor when siting tidal power [[energy generator]]s, and precautions are taken to ensure that as few [[marine animal]]s as possible are affected by it. The [[Tethys (database)|Tethys database]] provides access to scientific literature and general information on the potential environmental effects of tidal energy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tethys|url=http://tethys.pnnl.gov/wiki/index.php/Tethys_Home|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110141934/http://tethys.pnnl.gov/wiki/index.php/Tethys_Home|archive-date=2014-11-10}}</ref> In terms of [[global warming potential]] (i.e. carbon footprint), the impact of tidal power generation technologies ranges between 15 and 37
==== Tidal turbines ====
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