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TMS has shown potential therapeutic effect on [[neurology|neurologic]] conditions such as mild to moderate [[Alzheimer's disease]],<ref name=Lefaucher1 /> [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]],<ref name=Lefaucher1 /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fang J, Zhou M, Yang M, Zhu C, He L | title = Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 5 | page = CD008554 | date = May 2013 | volume = 2013 | pmid = 23728676 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008554.pub3 | pmc = 7173713 }}</ref> [[persistent vegetative state]]s,<ref name=Lefaucher1 /> [[epilepsy]],<ref name=Lefaucher1 /><ref name="PereiraMüller2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pereira LS, Müller VT, da Mota Gomes M, Rotenberg A, Fregni F | title = Safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: A systematic review | journal = Epilepsy & Behavior | volume = 57 | issue = Pt A | pages = 167–176 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26970993 | doi = 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.01.015 | s2cid = 3880211 }}</ref> [[stroke]] related disability,<ref name=Lefaucher1 /><ref name=Rossi /><ref name="Dimyan" /><ref name="Nowak" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin PI, Naeser MA, Ho M, Treglia E, Kaplan E, Baker EH, Pascual-Leone A | title = Research with transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of aphasia | journal = Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = 451–458 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19818232 | pmc = 2887285 | doi = 10.1007/s11910-009-0067-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Corti M, Patten C, Triggs W | title = Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex after stroke: a focused review | journal = American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation | volume = 91 | issue = 3 | pages = 254–270 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22042336 | doi = 10.1097/PHM.0b013e318228bf0c | s2cid = 16233265 }}</ref> [[tinnitus]],<ref name=Lefaucher1 /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kleinjung T, Vielsmeier V, Landgrebe M, Hajak G, Langguth B | title = Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a new diagnostic and therapeutic tool for tinnitus patients | journal = The International Tinnitus Journal | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 112–118 | year = 2008 | pmid = 19205161 }}</ref> [[multiple sclerosis]],<ref name=Lefaucher1 /> [[schizophrenia]],<ref name=Lefaucher1 /><ref name="Doug2015"/> and [[traumatic brain injury]].<ref name=TBI>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shin SS, Dixon CE, Okonkwo DO, Richardson RM | title = Neurostimulation for traumatic brain injury | journal = Journal of Neurosurgery | volume = 121 | issue = 5 | pages = 1219–1231 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25170668 | doi = 10.3171/2014.7.JNS131826 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
With [[Parkinson's disease]], early results suggest that low frequency stimulation may have an effect on medication associated [[dyskinesia]], and that high frequency stimulation improves motor function.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Machado S, Bittencourt J, Minc D, Portella CE, Velasques B, Cunha M, Budde H, Basile LF, Chadi G, Cagy M, Piedade R, Riberio P | display-authors = 6 | title = Therapeutic applications of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical neurorehabilitation | journal = Functional Neurology | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 113–122 | date = 2008 | pmid = 19152730 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |
In [[psychiatry]], it has shown potential with [[anxiety disorders]], including [[panic disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li H, Wang J, Li C, Xiao Z | title = Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for panic disorder in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | page= CD009083 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25230088 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009083.pub2 | pmc = 6885044 }}</ref> and [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]] (OCD).<ref name=Lefaucher1 /> The most promising areas to target for OCD appear to be the [[orbitofrontal cortex]] and the [[supplementary motor area]].<ref name=Berlim2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berlim MT, Neufeld NH, Van den Eynde F | title = Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): an exploratory meta-analysis of randomized and sham-controlled trials | journal = Journal of Psychiatric Research | volume = 47 | issue = 8 | pages = 999–1006 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23615189 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.022 }}</ref> Older protocols that targeted the prefrontal dorsal cortex were less successful.<ref name=Saba2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saba G, Moukheiber A, Pelissolo A | title = Transcranial cortical stimulation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders: efficacy studies | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | page= 36 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25825002 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-015-0571-3 | s2cid = 22071333 }}</ref> It has also been studied with [[autism]],<ref name=Oberman2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oberman LM, Enticott PG, Casanova MF, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A, McCracken JT | title = Transcranial magnetic stimulation in autism spectrum disorder: Challenges, promise, and roadmap for future research | journal = Autism Research | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 184–203 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26536383 | pmc = 4956084 | doi = 10.1002/aur.1567 }}</ref> [[substance abuse]],<ref name=Lefaucher1 /> [[addiction]],<ref name=Lefaucher1 /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nizard J, Lefaucheur JP, Helbert M, de Chauvigny E, Nguyen JP | title = Non-invasive stimulation therapies for the treatment of refractory pain | journal = Discovery Medicine | volume = 14 | issue = 74 | pages = 21–31 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22846200 | url = http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Julien-Nizard/2012/07/24/non-invasive-stimulation-therapies-for-the-treatment-of-refractory-pain/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140226110824/http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Julien-Nizard/2012/07/24/non-invasive-stimulation-therapies-for-the-treatment-of-refractory-pain/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2014-02-26 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ponciano-Rodríguez |first1=Guadalupe |last2=Chávez-Castillo |first2=Carlos A. |last3=Ríos-Ponce |first3=Alma E. |last4=Villafuerte |first4=Gabriel |date=2021 |title=High Frequency and Low Intensity Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Smoking Cessation |journal=Journal of Addiction |volume=2021 |pages=9988618 |doi=10.1155/2021/9988618 |issn=2090-7834 |pmc=8476253 |pmid=34589245|doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD).<ref name=Lefaucher1 /> For treatment-resistant [[major depressive disorder]], high-frequency (HF) rTMS of the left [[dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]] (DLPFC) appears effective and low-frequency (LF) rTMS of the right DLPFC has probable efficacy.<ref name=Lefaucher1 /><ref name=pmid21474597/><ref name=pmid23249815/><ref name="Perera et al 2015"/><ref name=pmid22559998/> Research on the efficacy of rTMS in non-treatment-resistant depression is limited.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kiebs|first1=Maximilian|last2=Hurlemann|first2=René|last3=Mutz|first3=Julian|date=August 2019|title=Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in non-treatment-resistant depression|journal=British Journal of Psychiatry|language=en|volume=215|issue=2|pages=445–446|doi=10.1192/bjp.2019.75|pmid=31014413|issn=0007-1250|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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===Depression===
The National Institutes of Health estimates depression medications work for 60 percent to 70 percent of people who take them.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20369/|title= Information about Mental Illness and the Brain|year= 2007|publisher= National Institutes of Health (US)}}</ref><ref> In addition, the World Health Organization reports that the number of people living with depression has increased nearly 20 percent since 2005.</ref> It is approved as a Class II medical device under the "''de novo'' pathway".<ref>Michael Drues, for Med Device Online. 5 February 2014 [http://www.meddeviceonline.com/doc/secrets-of-the-de-novo-pathway-part-why-aren-t-more-device-makers-using-it-0001 Secrets Of The De Novo Pathway, Part 1: Why Aren't More Device Makers Using It?]</ref><ref name=2015revPain>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwedt TJ, Vargas B | title = Neurostimulation for Treatment of Migraine and Cluster Headache | journal = Pain Medicine | volume = 16 | issue = 9 | pages = 1827–1834 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26177612 | pmc = 4572909 | doi = 10.1111/pme.12792 }}</ref> In addition, the World Health Organization reports that the number of people living with depression has increased nearly 20 percent since 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Depression: let's talk" says WHO, as depression tops list of causes of ill health |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/30-03-2017--depression-let-s-talk-says-who-as-depression-tops-list-of-causes-of-ill-health |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> In a 2012 study, TMS was found to improve depression significantly in 58 percent of patients and provide complete remission of symptoms in 37 percent of patients.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Carpenter LL, Janicak PG, Aaronson ST, Boyadjis T, Brock DG, Cook IA, Dunner DL, Lanocha K, Solvason HB, Demitrack MA |title=Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for major depression: a multisite, naturalistic, observational study of acute treatment outcomes in clinical practice |journal=Depress Anxiety |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=587–96 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22689344 |doi=10.1002/da.21969 |s2cid=22968810 |url=}}</ref> In 2002, Cochrane Library reviewed randomized controlled trials using TMS to treat depression. The review did not find a difference between rTMS and sham TMS, except for a period 2 weeks after treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodriguez-Martin |first1=José Luis |last2=Barbanoj |first2=José Manuel |last3=Schlaepfer |first3=Te |last4=Clos |first4=Susana SC |last5=Pérez |first5=V |last6=Kulisevsky |first6=J |last7=Gironell |first7=A |title=Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating depression |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=22 April 2002 |volume=2018 |issue=11 |pages=CD003493 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003493 |pmid=12076483 |url=https://www.cochrane.org/CD003493/DEPRESSN_transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-tms-depression |access-date=11 December 2023 |language=en|pmc=6516872 }}</ref> In 2018, Cochrane Library stated a plan to contact authors about updating the review of rTMS for depression.<ref>{{cite
=== Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) ===
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[[major depressive disorder]],<ref name=Chronicpain/>
[[Parkinson's disease]],<ref name="Chou YH 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Torres F, Villalon E, Poblete P, Moraga-Amaro R, Linsambarth S, Riquelme R, Zangen A, Stehberg J | display-authors = 6 | title = Retrospective Evaluation of Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as Add-On Treatment for Parkinson's Disease | journal = Frontiers in Neurology | volume = 6 | pages = 210 | date = 2015-10-26 | pmid = 26579065 | pmc = 4620693 | doi = 10.3389/fneur.2015.00210 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
[[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD),<ref name=Chronicpain/><ref name=TMSPTSD>{{cite journal
[[schizophrenia]] (negative symptoms)<ref name=Chronicpain>{{cite web |url=http://www.medgadget.com/2012/07/brainsways-deep-tms-eu-cleared-for-neuropathic-chronic-pain.html|title= Brainsway's Deep TMS EU Cleared for Neuropathic Chronic Pain|date= July 3, 2012 |publisher= medGadget |access-date=December 16, 2013}}</ref>
and to aid smoking cessation.<ref name=OCD>{{cite news |url=http://www.medicaldevice-network.com/news/newsbrainsway-reports-positive-deep-tms-system-trial-data-ocd|title= Brainsway reports positive Deep TMS system trial data for OCD|newspaper= Medical Device Network|date= September 6, 2013 |publisher= Medicaldevice-network |access-date= December 16, 2013}}</ref>
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