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{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Turks in Germany<br /><small>''Almanya'daki Türkler''<br />''Deutschtürken''</small>
| image =
| caption =
| pop = 1.3 million with Turkish citizenship (Statistical Office of the European Union 2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/chart/29975/number-of-turkish-people-in-european-countries/ | title=Infographic: Europe's Turkish Communities | date=11 May 2023 }}</ref><br><br>
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| popplace = {{hlist|[[North Rhine-Westphalia]]|[[Stuttgart]]|[[Munich]]|[[Berlin]]|[[Frankfurt]]|[[Hanover]]|[[Nuremberg]]|[[Hamburg]] |[[Mainz]]}}
| rels = Mostly [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]], partly [[Alevism|Alevi]], [[agnostic]], [[atheist]], [[Christianity|Christian]]<ref name="Esra Özyürek">{{cite journal |author=Esra Özyürek|title=Convert Alert: German Muslims and Turkish Christians as Threats to Security in the New Europe|journal=Cambridge University Press|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27563732|access-date=2016-08-22|date=2016-08-06|volume=51|issue=1|pages=91–116|jstor=27563732|author-link=JSTOR}}</ref><ref name="Esra 2005">Özyürek, Esra. 2005. "The Politics of Cultural Unification, Secularism, and the Place of Islam in the New Europe." American Ethnologist 32 (4): 509–12.</ref> or [[Religion in Germany|other religions]]
| langs = [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[German language|German]], [[English language|English]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Turks in Germany''', also referred to as '''German Turks''' and '''Turkish Germans''' ({{lang-de|Türken in Deutschland/Deutschtürken}}; {{lang-tr|Alamancılar}}), are ethnic [[Turkish people]] living in [[Germany]]. These terms are also used to refer to German-born individuals who are of full or partial Turkish ancestry.
However, Most people of Turkish descent in Germany trace their ancestry to the ''[[Gastarbeiter]]'' (guest worker) programs in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1961, in the midst of an [[Wirtschaftswunder|economic boom]] that resulted in a significant labor shortage, Germany signed a bilateral agreement with Turkey to allow German companies to recruit Turkish workers. The agreement was in place for 12 years, during which around 650,000 workers came from Turkey to Germany. Many also brought their spouses and children with them.
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During this time, there were also marriages between Germans and Turks. For example, [[Karl Boy-Ed]], who was the naval attaché to the German embassy in Washington during [[World War I]], was born into a German-Turkish family.<ref name=Sulick>{{citation|last=Sulick|first=Michael J.|year=2014|title=Spying in America: Espionage from the Revolutionary War to the Dawn of the Cold War|publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]]|quote= Karl Boy-Ed was half German and half Turkish and was an experienced naval attaché, if not a professional intelligence officer.|isbn=9781626160668}}</ref><ref name=Goebel>{{citation|last=Goebel|first=Ulrike|year=2000|title=German Propaganda in the United States, 1914-1917 -- a Failure?|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]|page=16|quote=Karl Boy-Ed, son of a Turkish father and a German mother, had received a special executive training and had served as naval attaché in several parts of the world.}}</ref>
[[File:Schankwirtschaft Barfuß, Blick in die von Hans-Jürgen Breuste gestaltete Gaststätte in Hannover, Holzmarkt 2, hier mit den Kellnerinnen Ilkay Yildirim und Nurcan Bölük.jpg|thumb|right|Turkish employees in the ''Barfuß Bar'' in [[Hannover]].]]
===Heuss-Turks===
In the 1950s, [[West Germany]] experienced an economic boom (''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]'', or 'economic miracle'), exacerbated by the construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1961 that prevented migration from [[East Germany]]. In response, the West German government signed a labour recruitment agreement with Turkey on 30 October 1961 and officially invited Turkish workers to emigrate to the country, initially on visas limited to two years, although this was quickly lifted following complaints by German employers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nathans|2004|loc=242}}.</ref> [[Romani people in Turkey|Turkish Romani]] also came to Germany as guest workers, although they were generally simply seen as Turks by Germans.<ref>[http://rombase.uni-graz.at/cd/data/ethn/groupsat/data/sepecides.de.pdf Group data]rombase.uni-graz.at {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203160111/http://rombase.uni-graz.at/cd/data/ethn/groupsat/data/sepecides.de.pdf |date=3 December 2021 }}</ref>▼
The Heuss Turks were the name given to around 150 young Turkish citizens who came to Germany in 1958. They followed an invitation that the then Federal President Theodor Heuss had extended to Turkish vocational school graduates during a visit to Turkey in Ankara in 1957. The exchange, which was intended as a vocational training measure and began for some of the group as apprentices at the Ford plant in Cologne, became the starting point for their immigration to the Federal Republic for some. A number worked at Ford until they retired in the late 1980s/early 1990s. It was the first large group of Turkish workers to come to Germany together, even before the start of actual Turkish immigration with the recruitment agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and Turkey in 1961. According to DOMiD reports, they were given a warm welcome in Germany and were extremely popular with their work colleagues.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://virtuelles-migrationsmuseum.org/en/Glossar/heuss-turks/ | title=Heuss-Turks }}</ref>
===Turkish Student Federation in Germany===
The Turkish Student Federation in Germany (ATÖF; Turkish: Almanya Türk Öğrenci Federasyonu) is a nationwide interest group for Turkish students in Germany founded in 1962, which was dissolved in 1977. The first regional German-Turkish student association after the Second World War was founded in Munich in 1954. In the following years, others were founded, including in Berlin and Karlsruhe in 1957. The ATÖF was founded in 1962 as a merger of nine such student associations. Its founding location was again Munich. In 1977, the ATÖF was dissolved due to internal problems.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26331144 | jstor=26331144 | title=The Turkish Minority in German Politics: Trends, Diversification of Representation, and Policy Implications | last1=Aktürk | first1=Şener | journal=Insight Turkey | date=2010 | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=65–80 }}</ref>
▲In the 1950s, [[West Germany]] experienced an economic boom (''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]'', or 'economic miracle'), exacerbated by the construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1961 that prevented migration from [[East Germany]]. In response, the West German government signed a labour recruitment agreement with Turkey on 30 October 1961 and officially invited Turkish workers to emigrate to the country, initially on visas limited to two years, although this was quickly lifted following complaints by German employers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nathans|2004|loc=242}}.</ref>
Most Turkish immigrants intended to live there temporarily and then return to Turkey so that they could build a new life with the money they had earned. Indeed, return-migration increased during the [[recession]] of 1966–1967 and the [[1973 oil crisis]]. Under [[Helmut Kohl]], the government also attempted to encourage immigrants to return to their countries of origin with financial incentives, although this was largely unsuccessful.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barbieri|1998|loc=29}}.</ref> Overall, the proportion of Turkish immigrants who returned to Turkey remained relatively small.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lucassen|2005|loc=148-149}}.</ref> This was partly due to the [[family reunification]] rights that were introduced in 1974 which allowed Turkish workers to bring their families to Germany.<ref>{{Harvnb|Findley|2005|loc=220}}.</ref> Consequently, between 1974 and 1988 the number of Turks in Germany nearly doubled, acquiring a balanced [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] and a much younger age profile than the German population.<ref>{{Harvnb|Horrocks|Kolinsky|1996|loc=89}}.</ref> Once the recruitment of foreigner workers was reintroduced after the recession of 1967, the BfA ({{Lang|de|Bundesversicherungsanstalt für Angestellte}}) granted most work visas to women. This was in part because labour shortages continued in low paying, low-status service jobs such as electronics, textiles, and garment work; and in part to further the goal of family reunification.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moch|2003|loc=187}}.</ref>
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====German state data and estimates====
The German state does not allow citizens to self-declare their identity; consequently, the statistics published in the official German census does not show data on ethnicity.<ref name=Engstrom2021>{{citation|last=Engstrom|first=Aineias|title=Turkish-German "dream team" behind first COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://psuvanguard.com/turkish-german-dream-team-behind-first-covid-19-vaccine/|journal=[[Portland State Vanguard]]|date=12 January 2021 |publisher=[[Portland State University]]|quote=The German census does not gather data on ethnicity, however according to estimates, somewhere between 4–7 million people with Turkish roots, or 5–9% of the population, live in Germany.|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327134346/https://psuvanguard.com/turkish-german-dream-team-behind-first-covid-19-vaccine/|archive-date=27 March 2021}}</ref> According to the
====Academic estimates====
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Throughout the decades estimates by academics of the Turkish-German population have varied. In 1990, David Scott Bell et al. put it at between 2.5 million and 3 million Turks in Germany.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bell|first1=David Scott|last2=Pisani|first2=Edgard|last3=Gaffney|first3=John|year=1990|title=European Immigration Policy|journal=Contemporary European Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMdRAQAAIAAJ&q=%22two+and+a+half+to+three+million+Turks+in+Germany%22|volume=3|issue=3|publisher=[[Pergamon Press]]|isbn=9780080413884|page=59|quote=The result is that the two and a half to three million Turks in Germany are not seen as 'immigrants' but as 'guest workers'.}}</ref> A lower 1993 estimate by [[:de:Stephen J. Blank|Stephen J. Blank]] et al. said there were 1.8 million Turks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blank|first1=Stephen|last2=Johnsen|first2=William T.|last3=Pelletiere|first3=Stephen C.|year=1993|title=Turkey's Strategic Position at the Crossroads of World Affairs|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1993/ssi_blank-johnsen-pelletiere.pdf|publisher=[[University Press of Hawaii]]|location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-89875-890-0 |page=9|quote=Fourth, the rise of xenophobic groups in Germany that have focused their sometimes deadly attacks on the 1.8 million ethnic Turks living in Germany has also strained relations.}}</ref> The German Government's Special Commission on Integration {{interlanguage link|Barbara John|de}} estimated{{when|date=May 2022}} that there were ''more than'' 3 million Turks, including third-generation descendants, and that 79,000 new babies were born each year within the community.<ref name=Yinger1994>{{citation |last=[[John Milton Yinger|Yinger, John Milton]]|year=1994|title=Ethnicity: Source of Strength? Source of Conflict?|page=99|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVpBivDW8eYC&pg=PA99|quote=Barbara John, a member of the German Government's Special Commission on Integration has observed that.. more than three million are Turkish guest workers and their descendants, some of them third-generation residents of Germany... Each year, about 20,000 of them are nationalized, but 79,000 babies are born...|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=9780791417973}}</ref> The estimate of three million was also given by other scholars in the mid-1990s.<ref name=Denton1996>{{citation |last=[[Geoffrey R. Denton|Denton, Geoffrey R.]]|year=1996|title=Twenty-first Century Challenges to Europeans: The Modern Horsemen of the Apocalypse|page=18|publisher=[[The Stationery Office]]|isbn=9780117019188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us0WAQAAIAAJ&q=%22three+million+Turks+live+in+Germany%22|quote=The law concerning non – Germans was also very liberal until repealed in 1993; three million Turks live in Germany as a consequence of the liberal immigration policy of the 1960s and 1970s.}}</ref><ref name=Marger1997>{{citation |last=Marger|first=Martin|year=1997|title=Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j5HAAAAMAAJ&q=%22three+million+Turks%22|quote=Very few of Germany's three million Turks, for example, have been afforded citizenship, even those who are second – or even third-generation German residents.|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing|isbn=9780534505639|page=534}}</ref> A higher estimate of 4 million Turks (including three generations) was reported by [[John Pilger]] in 1993<ref>{{cite book|last=[[John Pilger|Pilger, John]]|year=1993|title=The values of current affairs programmes must be upheld|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vYeAQAAMAAJ&q=%22four+million+Turks+whose+families%22+|volume=6|issue=234|publisher=[[New Statesman|Statesman & Nation Publishing]]|page=10|quote=Western Europe still denies political rights to millions of inhabitants, notably the four million Turks whose families have lived and worked in Germany for three generations, or the three million Arabs in France.}}</ref> and the [[:de:Deutsche Orient-Stiftung|Deutsches Orient-Institut]] in 1994.<ref name=DOI1994>{{citation|year=1994|title=Deutsches Orient-Institut|journal=Orient|volume=35|issue=4|page=526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VxtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Jetzt+sind+es+ihrer+schon+vier+Millionen+T%C3%BCrken.%22|quote=Einst lud man 100000, 200000 Arbeiter nach Deutschland ein. Jetzt sind es ihrer schon vier Millionen Türken.|publisher=Verlag Alfred Röper}}</ref> Moreover, Marilya Veteto-Conrad said that in the German capital there was already "over a million Turks in [[Berlin]] alone" in 1996.<ref name=Veteto-Conrad1996>{{citation |last=Veteto-Conrad|first=Marilya|year=1996|title=Finding a Voice: Identity and the Works of German-language Turkish Writers in the Federal Republic of Germany to 1990|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang Publishing]]|isbn=9780820420059|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMKzAAAAIAAJ&q=%22million+turks+in+berlin%22|quote=One might argue that Greek culture is also very different from German, but there are merely some two to three hundred thousand Greeks in the Federal Republic as opposed to over a million Turks in Berlin alone.}}</ref>
In 2003, Ina Kötter et al. said that there was "''more than'' 4 million people of Turkish origin" in Germany;<ref name="Kötteretal2003">{{citation |last1=Kötter|first1=Ina|last2=Vonthein|first2=Reinhard|last3=Günaydin|first3=Ilhan|last4=Müller|first4=Claudia|last5=Kanz|first5=Lothar|last6=Zierhut |first6=Manfred|last7=Stübiger|first7=Nicole|year=2003|chapter=Behçet's Disease in Patients of German and Turkish Origin- A Comparative Study|title=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 528|editor-last=Zouboulis|editor-first=Christos|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-47757-7|page=55|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rAPBwAAQBAJ&q=Today%2C+more+than+4+million+people+of+Turkish+origin+are+living+in+Germany&pg=PA55|quote=Today, more than 4 million people of Turkish origin are living in Germany.}}</ref> this has also been reiterated by other scholars.<ref name=Feltesetal2013>{{citation |last1=Feltes, Thomas|last2=Marquardt|first2=Uwe|last3=Schwarz|first3=Stefan|year=2013|chapter=Policing in Germany: Developments in the Last 20 Years|title=Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe|editor-last1=Mesko|editor-first1=Gorazd|editor-last2=Fields|editor-first2=Charles B.|editor-last3=Lobnikar|editor-first3=Branko|editor-last4=Sotlar|editor-first4=Andrej|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=978-1461467205|page=93|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ1GAAAAQBAJ&q=Approximately+four+million+people+with+Turkish+roots+are+living+in+Germany+at+this+time&pg=PA93|quote=Approximately four million people with Turkish roots are living in Germany at this time.|author1-link=:de:Thomas Feltes}}</ref><ref name=Temel2013>{{citation |last=Temel|first=Bülent|year=2013|chapter=Candidacy versus Membership: Is Turkey the Greatest Beneficiary of the European Union?|title=The Great Catalyst: European Union Project and Lessons from Greece and Turkey|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0739174494|page=345|quote=Today, there are nearly four million people with Turkish ancestry in Germany, which makes them the largest minority in Germany (5 percent of 82 million people).}}</ref><ref name=WeaverHightower2014>{{citation |last=Weaver-Hightower|first=Rebecca|year=2014|chapter=Introduction|title=Postcolonial Film: History, Empire, Resistance|editor-last1=Weaver-Hightower|editor-first1=Rebecca|editor-last2=Hulme|editor-first2=Peter|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1134747276|page=13|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KbpAgAAQBAJ&q=By+the+end+of+the+first+decade+of+the+twenty-first+century+there+were+around+four+million+people+of+Turkish+descent+living+in+Germany&pg=PA13|quote=By the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century there were around four million people of Turkish descent living in Germany...}}</ref><ref name=Rizvi2015>{{citation |last=Rizvi|first=Kishwar|year=2015|title=The Transnational Mosque: Architecture and Historical Memory in the Contemporary Middle East|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|isbn=978-1469621173|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1m0CAAAQBAJ&q=at+least+4+million+people+of+Turkish+descent+living+in+Germany&pg=PA36|quote=...at least 4 million people of Turkish descent living in Germany.}}</ref><ref name=FernandezKelly2015>{{citation |last=[[Patricia Fernández-Kelly|Fernández-Kelly, Patricia]]|year=2015|chapter=Assimilation through Transnationalism: A Theoretical Synthesis|title=The State and the Grassroots: Immigrant Transnational Organizations in Four Continents|editor-last1=Portes|editor-first1=Alejandro|editor-last2=Fernández-Kelly|editor-first2=Patricia|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1782387350|page=305|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyjfCQAAQBAJ&q=Nearly+fifty+years+later%2C+close+to+four+million+Turks+and+their+children+continue+to+reside+in+the+margins+of+German+society&pg=PA305|quote=Nearly fifty years later, close to four million Turks and their children continue to reside in the margins of German society}}</ref><ref name=Volkan2014>{{citation |last=[[Vamık Volkan|Volkan, Vamık]]|year=2014|title=Enemies on the Couch: A Psychopolitical Journey Through War and Peace|publisher=[[Pitchstone Publishing]]|isbn=978-1939578112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-g6eCwAAQBAJ&q=Today%2C+for+example%2C+it+is+estimated+that+more+than+four+million+Turks+and+German+citizens+with+part+of+full+Turkish+ancestry+live+in+Germany+alone&pg=PT406|quote=Today, for example, it is estimated that are more than 4 million Turks and German citizens with part of full Turkish ancestry live in Germany alone.}}</ref><ref name=Taras2015>{{citation |last=[[Raymond Taras|Taras, Raymond]]|year=2015|chapter="Islamophobia never stands still": race, religion, and culture |title=Racialization and Religion: Race, Culture and Difference in the Study of Antisemitism and Islamophobia|editor-last1=Nasar|editor-first1=Meer|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1317432449|page=46|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nUGCAAAQBAJ&q=about+four+million+Turks+are+thought+to+live+in+Germany.&pg=PA46|quote=...about four million Turks are thought to live in Germany.}}</ref><ref name=AudretschandLehmann2016>{{citation |last1=Audretsch, David B.|author2-link=Erik E. Lehmann|last2=Lehmann, Erik E. |year=2016|title=The Seven Secrets of Germany: Economic Resilience in an Era of Global Turbulence|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0190258696|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLOlCgAAQBAJ&q=By+2010+the+number+of+Turkish+descent+living+in+Germany+had+increased+to+four+million.&pg=PT132|quote=By 2010 the number of Turkish descent living in Germany had increased to four million.|author1-link=David B. Audretsch}}</ref> However, [[Michael Murphy Andregg]] said that by the 2000s "Germany was home to ''at least'' five million Turks";<ref name=Andregg2014>{{citation |last=[[Michael Murphy Andregg|Andregg, Michael Murphy]]|year=2014|title=Seven Billion and Counting: The Crisis in Global Population Growth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBGYAgAAQBAJ&dq=By+the+twenty-first+century%2C+Germany+was+home+to+at+least+five+million+Turks&pg=PA44|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=9781467710565|quote=By the twenty-first century, Germany was home to at least five million Turks}}</ref> various scholars have also given this estimate.<ref>{{citation |last1=Il'in|first1=Mikhail|last2=Kuvaldin|first2=V.B.|year=2004|title=Every Country Needs Its Own Perestroika|journal=Russian Politics & Law|volume=42|issue=1|publisher=[[Routledge]]|doi=10.1080/10611940.2004.11066911|page=10|s2cid=219293972|quote=It's estimated that about five million Turks and a few million Russian-speaking people live in Germany.}}</ref><ref name=Kemppainenetal2008>{{citation |last1=Kemppainen|first1=Raija Pini|last2=Ferrin|first2=Scott Ellis|last3=Hite|first3=Steven J. |last4=Hilton|first4=Sterling C.|year=2008|title=Sociocultural Aspects of Russian-Speaking Parents' Choice of Language of Instruction for Their Children in Estonia|journal=Comparative Education Review|volume=52|issue=1|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|doi=10.1086/524307|page=94|s2cid=73601560|url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1208&context=facpub|quote=Despite its 5 million Turks, Germany tends to deny being an immigrant country (Beck 2003).1}}</ref><ref name=HanlonandVicino2014>{{citation |last1=Hanlon|first1=Bernadette|last2=Vicino|first2=Thomas J.|year=2014|title=Global Migration: The Basics|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134696871|page=47|quote=Approximately 1.6 million Turkish immigrants live in Germany, and another 4 million people have at least one parent that was a Turkish immigrant [totalling 5.6 million].}}</ref><ref name=Burnside2015>{{citation |last=Burnside|first=Bruce S.|year=2015|title=When the Girls Still Wore Headscarves: Integration and Belonging in an After-School Center in Berlin|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=142|journal=Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education|volume=9|issue=2|quote=. The country's largest minority, nearly five million Turks, including the second and third generations...|doi=10.1080/15595692.2015.1013530|s2cid=144982116}}</ref><ref name=Tetzlaff2016>{{citation |last=[[:de:Rainer Tetzlaff|Tetzlaff, Rainer]]|year=2016|title=Der Islam, die Rolle Europas und die Flüchtlingsfrage: Islamische Gesellschaften und der Aufstieg Europas in Geschichte und Gegenwart|publisher=[[:de:Verlag Barbara Budrich|Verlag Barbara Budrich]]|isbn=9783847409304|page=19|quote=...weil sie türkisches Fernsehen konsumieren und in der gewachsenen Community von insgesamt fünf Millionen Türken unter sich bleiben können (Pfeiffer 2012, Buschowsky 2012, Mansour 2015).}}</ref> [[Jytte Klausen]] cited German statistics in 2005 showing 2.4 million Turks, but acknowledged that unlike Catholics, Protestants, and Jews, the Turkish community cannot allocate their ethnic or religious identity in official counts.
===Settlements===
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==Integration==
{{See also|Parallel society}}
[[File:2012-12-29 AMA fec (6a) türkische botschaft.JPG|thumb|right|Turkish Embassy in Berlin, Germany]]
Turkish immigrants make up Germany's largest immigrant group and have been ranked last in Berlin Institute's integration ranking.<ref name=spiegel1>{{cite news|title=Immigration: Survey Shows Alarming Lack of Integration in Germany|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/immigration-survey-shows-alarming-lack-of-integration-in-germany-a-603588.html|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=thelocal1>{{cite news|title=A Study says Turks are Germany's worst integrated immigrants|url=http://www.thelocal.de/20090125/16987|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref>
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In 1990 Germany's citizenship law was somewhat relaxed with the introduction of the Foreigner's Law; this gave Turkish workers the right to apply for a permanent residency permit after eight years of living in the country.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stowasser|2002|loc=62}}.</ref> People of Turkish origin born in Germany, who were also legally "foreign", were given the right to acquire German citizenship at the age of eighteen, provided that they gave up their Turkish citizenship. There was no right to [[dual citizenship]] out of fears it would increase the Turkish population in the country. Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]] officially gave this as the main reason for denying dual citizenship in 1997:
{{pullquote|If today [1997] we give in to demands for dual citizenship, we would soon have four, five, or six million Turks in Germany, instead of three million – Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]], in 1997.<ref name=Martin2004>{{citation |last=Martin|first=Philip L.|year=2004|chapter=Germany: Managing Migration in the Twenty-First Century|title=Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective|editor-last1=Cornelius|editor-first1=Wayne A.|page=246|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teZTyiqJIdMC&q=If+we+today+give+in+to+demands+for+dual+citizenship%2C+we+would+soon+have+four%2C+five%2C+or+six+million+Turks+in+Germany+instead+of+three+million&pg=PA112|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804744904|quote=Chancellor Helmut Kohl warned [in 1997]: 'If we today give in to demands for dual citizenship, we would soon have four, five, or six million Turks in Germany instead of three million'.}}</ref>}}
However, in 1999 the centre-left government of [[Gerhard Schröder]] further liberalised Germany's citizenship laws. Non-citizens became eligible for [[naturalization]] after eight years of legal residence in the country, and children born in Germany to foreign parents automatically became citizens if at least one had been a permanent resident for at least eight years. Such children also gained a right to dual citizenship until the age of 23, at which point they had to choose between their German citizenship or the citizenship of their parent's country of birth.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stowasser|2002|loc=66}}.</ref> Former Turkish citizens who have given up their citizenship can apply for the 'Blue Card' ({{Lang|tr|Mavi Kart}}), which gives them some rights in Turkey, such as the right to live and work in Turkey, the right to possess and inherit land or the right to inherit, but not the right to vote.
In 2000, the year following the citizenship reform, a then-record 187,000 people were naturalised in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Integration |first=Mediendienst |title=Staatsbürgerschaft {{!}} Migration {{!}} Zahlen und Fakten {{!}} MDI |url=https://mediendienst-integration.de/migration/staatsbuergerschaft.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Mediendienst Integration |language=de}}</ref> 44% (83,000) of whom were of Turkish origin. Over the following two decades, a further 630,000 Turkish people took German citizenship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naturalisation of foreigners: Germany, years, country groups/citizenship, age groups/sex/marital status |url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online?operation=table&code=12511-0003&levelindex=0&levelid=1708848297175 |access-date=February 25, 2024 |website=[[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]] Genesis-online database}}</ref> By 2011 the [[Embassy of Germany, Washington, D.C.]] reported that as of 2005 there were 2 million Turks who already had German citizenship.<ref name="Germany.info">{{citation |title=Immigration and Cultural Issues between Germany and its Turkish Population Remain Complex |year=2011 |url=http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/10__Press__Media/03__Trips/Nachwuchs__2011/Domfeh__S.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106105301/http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/10__Press__Media/03__Trips/Nachwuchs__2011/Domfeh__S.html |archive-date=6 January 2012 |publisher=[[Embassy of Germany, Washington, D.C.]] |quote=With a population of roughly 4 million within Germany's borders, Turks make up Germany's largest minority demographic... As of 2005... some 2 million Turks with German citizenship.}}</ref>
== Culture ==
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Two months later, on 28 May 1993, [[1993 Solingen arson attack|four young neo-Nazi German men aged 16–23 set fire to the house of a Turkish family in Solingen]]. Three girls and two women died and 14 other members of the extended family were severely injured in the attack. German Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]] did not attend the memorial services.
Neo-Nazi attacks continued throughout the 1990s. On 18 February 1994, the Bayram family were attacked on their doorstep by a neo-Nazi neighbour in [[Darmstadt]]. The attack was not well publicised until one of the victims, [[Aslı Bayram]], was crowned [[Miss Germany]] in 2005. The armed neo-Nazi neighbour shot Aslı on her left arm and then the attacker shot Aslı's father, Ali Bayram, who died from the gunshot.<ref>{{cite web |author=Qantara|title=Turkish-Born Beauty Queen as Anne Frank|date=5 November 2008 |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/asli-bayram-turkish-born-beauty-queen-as-anne-frank|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Gedenktafel für die Opfer der NSU-Gewalttaten Nürnberg.JPG|thumb|left|A memorial plaque, in [[Nuremberg]], in remembrance of the victims of the "[[Bosphorus serial murders]]".]]
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By 2006 the award-winning German television comedy-drama series ''[[Türkisch für Anfänger]]'' ('Turkish for Beginners', 2006–2009) became one of the most popular shows in Germany. The critically acclaimed series was also shown in more than 70 other countries.<ref>[http://www.filmstarts.de/nachrichten/18454988.html ''Türkisch für Anfänger: Im Ausland ein Hit''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430235803/http://www.filmstarts.de/nachrichten/18454988.html |date=30 April 2013 }} (German language), Filmstarts.de, 1 April 2009 (30 January 2013)</ref> Created by [[Bora Dağtekin]], the plot is based on interethnic-relations between German and Turkish people. [[Adnan Maral]] plays the role of a widower of two children who marries an ethnic German mother of two children – forming the Öztürk-Schneider family. The comedy consisted of fifty-two episodes and three seasons.<ref>{{citation|last=Peterson|first=Brent|year=2012|chapter=Turkish for Beginner: Teaching Cosmopolitanism to Germans |title=Turkish German Cinema in the New Millennium: Sites, Sounds, and Screens|editor-last1=Hake|editor-first1=Sabine|editor-last2=Mennel|editor-first2=Barbara|pages=96|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-0857457691}}</ref> By 2012 ''{{Interlanguage link|Turkish for Beginners (film)|de|3=Türkisch für Anfänger (Film)|lt=Turkish for Beginners}}'' was made into a feature film; it was the most successful German film of the year with an audience of 2.5 million.<ref>{{cite web |author=Deutschland|title=Turkish actors on German TV |url=https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/life/society-integration/turkish-actors-on-german-tv|access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref>
Other notable Turkish-origin actors on German television include [[Erdoğan Atalay]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Kobra Erdoğan baba ocağında|date=4 September 2001 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kobra-erdogan-baba-ocaginda-13777|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> {{Interlanguage link|Erkan Gündüz|de}}, {{Interlanguage link|İsmail Deniz|de}}, {{Interlanguage link|Olgu Caglar|de}},<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Olgu'ya tam not|date=13 January 2010 |url=http://avrupa.hurriyet.com.tr/haberler/magazin/479878/olguya-tam-not|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> [[Özgür Özata]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Özgür Özata GZSZ'a katıldı|date=31 March 2011 |url=http://avrupa.hurriyet.com.tr/haberler/gundem/871816/ozgur-ozata-gzsza-katildi|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> {{Interlanguage link|Taner Sahintürk|de}}, and {{Interlanguage link|Timur Ülker|de}}.
Whilst Turkish-origin journalists are still underrepresented, several have made successful careers as reporters and TV presenters including {{Interlanguage link|Erkan Arikan|de}}<ref name=DWjournalism>{{cite web |author=Deutsche Welle|title=German journalism lacks diversity|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-journalism-lacks-diversity/a-15061697|access-date=28 August 2016}}</ref> and [[Nazan Eckes]].<ref name=DWjournalism/>
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Several Turkish-origin singers born in Germany have also launched their careers in Turkey, such as [[Akın Eldes]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Akın Eldes Project|date=15 March 2011 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/akin-eldes-project-17275349|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> [[Aylin Aslım]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Milliyet|title=Aylin Aslım|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/aylin-aslim/|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> {{Interlanguage link|Doğuş (singer)|lt=Doğuş|tr|Doğuş (şarkıcı)}},<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Doğuş (Orhan Baltacı) kimdir?|date=30 March 2016 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dogus-kimdir-biyografisi-40078266|access-date=28 August 2016}}</ref> [[İsmail YK]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=İsmail YK yeni klibi için Ferrari parçaladı |url=https://www.hurriyet.com/ismail-yk-yeni-klibi-icin-ferrari-parcaladi-40065947|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> [[Ozan Musluoğlu]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Ozan Musluoğlu: Bu albüm depremle başladı, alkışlarla noktalandı|date=10 March 2015 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ozan-musluoglu-bu-album-depremle-basladi-alkislarla-noktalandi-28377701|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> [[Pamela Spence]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=İngilizce'yle yurt dışına açılıyor|date=27 October 2012 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ingilizce-yle-yurt-disina-aciliyor-21788645|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> and [[Tarkan (singer)|Tarkan]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Tarkan kaç yaşında?|date=20 October 2014 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/tarkan-kac-yasinda-27420892|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> The German-born [[Turkish Cypriot]] pianist [[Rüya Taner]] has also launched her career in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |author=CypNet|title=Rüya Taner|url=http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/culture/music/artists/ruyataner/index.html|access-date=2010-12-19}}</ref>
There are also some musicians who perform and produce songs in the English language, such as [[Alev Lenz]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Sabah|title=New York'un tutuşturduğu Alev|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/pazar/guncel/2009/07/12/new_yorkun_tutusturdugu_alev|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> [[DJ Quicksilver]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Milliyet|title=Almanya onu DJ Quicksilver diye taniyor|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/1999/03/13/t/yasam/yas03.html|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> [[DJ Sakin]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=MTV|title=DJ Sakin|url=http://origin-mtvtr3s-com.scenic-q.mtvi.com/artists/dj-sakin/|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> and [[Mousse T.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mousse T. Vs. Hot 'N' Juicy |publisher=[[MTV]] |url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/mousse-t-vs-hot-n-juicy-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827174121/http://www.mtv.com/artists/mousse-t-vs-hot-n-juicy-2/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 August 2016|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref>
==== Rappers ====
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Many Turkish Germans have also played for other national football teams; for example, Turkish German football players in the [[Azerbaijan national football team]] include [[Ufuk Budak]], [[Tuğrul Erat]], [[Ali Gökdemir]], [[Ilter Tashkin|Taşkın İlter]], [[Cihan Özkara]], [[Uğur Pamuk]], [[Fatih Şanlı]], and {{Interlanguage link|Timur Temeltaş|de|3=Timur Temeltaş}}.<ref name="marka2014">{{citation|year=2014|title=Azerbaycan Milli Takımındaki Türklerin Performansı Nasıl?|url=https://markafutbol.com/azerbaycan-milli-takimindaki-turklerin-performansi-nasil-|quote=Son yıllarda Azerbaycan Milli Takımı da yabancı uyruklu futbolculardan yararlanan milli takımlar sırasına dahil oldu... son dönemlerde ise Almanya doğumlu Türk futbolculara yoğunlaşdı...Cihan Özkara...Ufuk Budak...Ali Gökdemir...Uğur Pamuk...Taşkın İlter...Toğrul Erat...Timur Temeltaş...Fatih Şanlı|publisher=Marka Futbol|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>
Several Turkish-German professional football players have also continued their careers as football managers such as [[Onur Cinel]], [[Kenan Kocak]], [[:tr:Hüseyin Eroğlu|Hüseyin Eroğlu]], [[Tayfun Korkut]] and [[:de:Eddy Sözer|Eddy Sözer]]. In addition, there are also several Turkish-German referees, including [[Deniz Aytekin]].
====Women's football====
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***[[Turks in Poland]]
***[[Turks in Russia]]
***[[Turks in Sweden]]
***[[Turks in Switzerland]]
***[[Turks in the United Kingdom]]
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080612043054/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Tuerkei.html Relations between Turkey and Germany] at the German Federal Foreign Office
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1627912.stm "Germany's guest workers mark 40 years"], by Rob Broomby, [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.berlinistanbul.de Berlin Türk Kulübü] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809112915/http://www.berlinistanbul.de/ |date=9 August 2009 }}
* [http://www.berlinim.de Turkish Flair in Berlin]
* [http://www.deutsch-werden.de Citizenship Test]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Turks in Germany}}
[[Category:Turkish diaspora in Germany| ]]
[[Category:German people of Turkish descent|
[[Category:Islam in Germany]]
[[Category:Labor in Germany]]
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