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[[File:W. E. B. Du Bois - Suppression of the African Slave Trade - table - bans & treaties.jpg|thumb|upright|Table by W. E. B. Du Bois for his book "The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870" that shows bans by countries and treaty agreements to suppress the slave trade, Longmans, 1896.]]
As noted earlier, Du Bois approached his history of the suppression of the slave trade more systematically than in the colorful Mannix and Cowley's narrative. He included a table showing the passage of laws of countries banning the trade and the implementation of treaties which allowed the British (which had taken over the role of "policeman of the sea") to actually enforce the bans. However, since they were not permitted to search American ships, captains from other countries began to falsely fly American flags which frustrated the effort.<ref>Du Bois 1896, pp. 143{{ndash}}145.</ref>
According to Mannix and Cowley, slavers began to carry an American passenger (called the capitano de bandiera, or captain of the flag) who ostensively took command of the vessel if it was boarded by the English. They claimed that one was a tailor, and another was a grog-shop keeper.<ref>Mannix and Cowley 1962, p. 202.</ref> It wasn't until 1862 when the Steward in Lincoln administration [[Lyons–Seward Treaty of 1862|negotiated a treaty]] with the British that allowed their ships to be searched and for violators to be tried in joint British and American courts.<ref>Du Bois 1896, p. 150.</ref>
Mannix and Cowley concluded that, "What [the slave trade] had produced in Africa was nothing but misery, stagnation, and social chaos . . . In the Western Hemisphere, besides introducing a vigorous new strain of immigrants, it had created the plantation system, it had opened vast areas to the cultivation of the four great slave crops{{ndash}}sugar, rice, tobacco, and cotton{{ndash}}and it had also encouraged the fatal and persistent myth of Negro inferiority". It took the American Civil War to effectively end the trade in about 1865.<ref>Mannix and Cowley 1962, p. 287.</ref>
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