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Consider one mole of gas composed of non-interacting point particles that satisfy the ideal gas law:(see any standard Physical Chemistry text, op. cit.)
:<math> p = \frac{RT}{V_\mathrm{m}
Next, assume that all particles are hard spheres of the same finite radius ''r'' (the [[van der Waals radius]]). The effect of the finite volume of the particles is to decrease the available void space in which the particles are free to move. We must replace ''V'' by ''V'' − ''b'', where ''b'' is called the ''excluded volume'' or "co-volume". The corrected equation becomes
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