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[[Howard Rheingold]] discussed virtual communities in his book, ''[[The Virtual Community (book)|The Virtual Community]]'', published in 1993. The book's discussion ranges from Rheingold's adventures on [[The WELL]], [[computer-mediated communication]], social groups and information science. Technologies cited include [[Usenet]], [[Multi-user dungeon|MUD]]s (Multi-User Dungeon) and their derivatives [[MUSH]]es and [[MOO]]s, [[Internet Relay Chat]] (IRC), [[chat room]]s and [[electronic mailing list]]s. Rheingold also points out the potential benefits for personal psychological well-being, as well as for society at large, of belonging to a virtual community. At the same time, it showed that job engagement positively influences virtual communities of practice engagement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haas |first1=Aurore |last2=Abonneau |first2=David |last3=Borzillo |first3=Stefano |last4=Guillaume |first4=Louis-Pierre |date=2021-04-03 |title=Afraid of engagement? Towards an understanding of engagement in virtual communities of practice |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14778238.2020.1745704 |journal=Knowledge Management Research & Practice |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=169–180 |doi=10.1080/14778238.2020.1745704 |s2cid=216178181 |issn=1477-8238 |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813205432/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14778238.2020.1745704 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Virtual communities all encourage interaction, sometimes focusing around a particular interest or just to communicate. Some virtual communities do both. Community members are allowed to interact over a shared passion through various means: [[Internet forum|message boards]], [[chat room]]s, [[social network]]ing World Wide Web sites, or virtual worlds.<ref>Hof, R. D., Browder, S., Elstrom, P. (5 May 1997). Internet Communities. Business Week.</ref> Members usually become attached to the community world, logging in and out on sites all day every day, which can certainly become an addiction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ridings |first1=Catherine M. |last2=Gefen |first2=David |date=2006-06-23 |title=Virtual Community Attraction: Why People Hang Out Online |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00229.x |journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=00 |doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00229.x |s2cid=21854835 |issn=1083-6101 |access-date=18 November 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117173521/https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article/10/1/JCMC10110/4614455 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Introduction==
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Nakamura argues against this view, coining the term [[Identity tourism|Identity Tourism]] in her 1999 article ''Race In/For Cyberspace: Identity Tourism and Racial Passing on the Internet.'' Identity tourism, in the context of cyberspace, is a term used to the describe the phenomenon of users donning and doffing other-race and other-gender personae. Nakamura finds that performed behavior from these identity tourists often perpetuate stereotypes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nakamura|first=Lisa|title=Race In/For Cyberspace: Identity Tourism and Racial Passing on the Internet|publisher=Allyn and Bacon|year=1999|location=New York}}</ref>
In the 1998 book ''Communities in Cyberspace'', authors [[Mark A. Smith|Marc A. Smith]] and [[Peter Kollock]], perceives the interactions with strangers are based upon with whom we are speaking or interacting with. Everything from clothes, voice, [[body language]], [[Gesture|gestures]], and power, we rely on these abilities to identify others, which play a role with how we will speak or interact with them. Smith and Kollock believes that online interactions breaks away of all of the face-to-face gestures and signs that us people tend to show in front of one another. Although this is difficult to do online, it also provides space to play with one’s identity.'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203194959/communities-cyberspace-peter-kollock-marc-smith |title=Communities in Cyberspace |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Kollock |editor-first=Peter |doi=10.4324/9780203194959 |isbn=9780203194959 |s2cid=154281450 |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Marc |access-date=18 November 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027153413/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203194959/communities-cyberspace-peter-kollock-marc-smith |url-status=live }}</ref>'''
==== Gender ====
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