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Yamnaya culture: Difference between revisions

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{{Indo-European topics}}
The '''Yamnaya culture''' (/ˈjamnaja/){{IPAc-en|j|ə|m|'|n|æ|j|ə|}} or {{IPAc-en|'|j|æ|m||n|ə|j|ə|}}, {{lang-rus|Я́мная культу́ра|p=ˈjamnəjə kulʲˈtura}}) also known as the '''Yamnaya Horizon''',{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=307}} '''Yamna culture''', '''Pit Grave culture''' or '''Ochre Grave culture''', was a late [[Copper Age]] to early [[Bronze Age]] [[archaeological culture]] of the region between the [[Southern Bug]], [[Dniester]], and [[Ural (river)|Ural]] rivers (the [[Pontic steppe]]), dating to 3300–2600 BC.{{sfn|Morgunova|Khokhlova|2013}} Its name derives from its characteristic burial tradition: Я́мная ([[romanized|romanization]]: ''yamnaya'') is a Russian adjective that means 'related to pits (''yama'')', and these people used to bury their dead in tumuli ([[kurgan]]s) containing simple pit chambers.
The people of the Yamnaya culture were likely the result of a [[genetic admixture]] between the descendants of [[Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer]]s<ref group=lower-alpha>The Eastern European hunter-gatherers were themselves mostly descended from ancient North Eurasians, related to the palaeolithic [[Mal'ta–Buret' culture]].</ref> and people related to [[Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer|hunter-gatherers from the Caucasus]].<ref name="bbcnov16">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34832781 |publisher=BBC |date=16 November 2015 |title=Europe's fourth ancestral 'tribe' uncovered}}</ref> People with this ancestral component are known as [[Western Steppe Herders]].{{sfn|Jeong|Balanovsky|Lukianova|Kahbatkyzy|2019}} Their material culture was very similar to the [[Afanasevo culture]], and the populations of both cultures are genetically indistinguishable.{{sfn|Allentoft|2015}} They lived primarily as nomads, with a chiefdom system and wheeled carts and wagons that allowed them to manage large herds.