خود
Persian
editEtymology 1
editFrom Middle Persian BNPŠE, 𐭡𐭭𐭯𐭱𐭤 (xwad), from Old Persian *hvatah. Related to خدا (xodâ, “God”).
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [xʷað]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [xod̪̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [χud̪]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | xwaḏ |
Dari reading? | xud |
Iranian reading? | xod |
Tajik reading? | xud |
Noun
editDari | خود |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | худ |
خود • (xod)
Pronoun
editDari | خود |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | худ |
خود • (xod)
- (reflexive) self, -self
- Synonym: خویش (xiš, literary)
- c. 1260, Rumi, The Masnavi:
- حمله بر خود میکنی ای ساده مرد، همچو آن شیری که بر خود حمله کرد.
- hamle bar xod mi-koni ey sâde mard, hamčo ân šir-i ke bar xod hamle kard.
- You are attacking yourself, o simple man, like that lion who attacked himself.
- 2009, Shadmehr Aghili (lyrics and music), “تقدیر (taqdir)”:
- تو با خودت هم دشمنی.
- to bâ xod-et ham došman-i.
- You are an enemy even with yourself.
- (emphatic) one's own (in possessive constructions)
- Synonym: خویش (xiš, literary)
- مادر خود را نمیشناسی؟ (More literary)
- mâdar-e xod-râ ne-mi-šenâsi?
- مادر خودت رو نمیشناسی؟ (More colloquial)
- mâdar-e xod-et-o ne-mi-šnâsi?
- Don’t you recognize your own mother?
Usage notes
editخود (xod) can occur both in isolation and before a suffixed pronominal clitic such as ـم (-am, “my”), ـت (-at, et, “your”), and ـش (-aš, -eš, “his/her”). In isolation, it serves as a general reflexive pronoun for any subject:
- خود را دیدم
- xod-râ didam
- I saw [my]self
- خود را دیدی
- xod-râ didi
- you saw [your]self
The pronominal clitics specify the pronoun:
- خودم را دیدم
- xod-am-râ didam
- I saw myself
- خودت را دیدی
- xod-at-râ didi
- you saw yourself
In colloquial Persian, the suffixed forms are almost always used.
Derived terms
edit- خود به خود (xod be xod)
- به خودی خود (be xodi-ye xod)
- خودبین (xodbin)
- خودی (xodi)
- خودکار (xodkâr)
- خودرو (xodrow)
- خودآموز (xod-âmuz)
- بیخود (bixod)
- بیخودی (bixodi)
- از خود بیخود شدن (az xod bixod šodan)
- خود نوشتن (xod neveštan)
- خودکشی (xod-koši)
- خودارضایی (xod-erzâyi)
Descendants
edit- → Assamese: খোদ (khüd)
- → Armenian: Խոդ (Xod)
- → Bengali: খোদ (khōd)
- → Gujarati: ખુદ (khud)
- → Hindustani:
- → Marathi: खुद्द (khudda)
- → Punjabi:
References
edit
Etymology 2
editFrom Middle Persian xwd (xōd, “helm”), borrowed from Parthian xwwd (*xōδ, “helmet”), from Old Iranian, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to guard, cover, care for, protect”). The Parthian word is cognate with Old Persian 𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (xaudā-, “hat”), Avestan 𐬑𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (xaoδa, “helmet”), Ossetian худ (xud, “hat”), English hat, hood, etc. The inherited form of the Persian is خوی (xoy). Akin to Old Armenian խոյր (xoyr), արտախոյր (artaxoyr), Georgian ხვირი (xviri), Arabic خُوذَة (ḵūḏa), Iranian borrowings.
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [xoːð]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [xuːd̪̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [χɵd̪]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | xōḏ |
Dari reading? | xōd |
Iranian reading? | xud |
Tajik reading? | xüd |
Noun
editDari | خود |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | хӯд |
خود • (xud) (plural خودها (xud-hâ))
Derived terms
edit- کلاهخود (kolâh-xud)
Descendants
editReferences
edit- Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “խոյր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
Urdu
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Classical Persian خْوَد (xwad)/خْوُد (xwud).
Pronunciation
edit- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /xʊd̪/, /xwʊd̪/
Audio: (file)
Pronoun
editخود • (xud, xvud) (Hindi spelling ख़ुद)
- reflexive pronoun: oneself, one's own
- میں یہ کام خود کروں گا۔ ― ma͠i ye kām xud karūṅgā. ― I will do this work myself.
Synonyms
edit- آپ (āp)
Derived terms
edit- خودکشی (xudkushi, “suicide”)
- خودغرض (xudġarz, “selfish”)
- خود بخود (xud ba-xud, xvud ba-xvud, “automatically”)
References
edit- Platts, John T. (1884) “خود”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
- Persian terms derived from Proto-Iranian
- Persian terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Persian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Persian terms inherited from Middle Persian
- Persian terms derived from Middle Persian
- Persian terms inherited from Old Persian
- Persian terms derived from Old Persian
- Persian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Persian lemmas
- Persian nouns
- Persian pronouns
- Persian reflexive pronouns
- Persian terms with quotations
- Persian terms with usage examples
- Persian terms borrowed from Parthian
- Persian terms derived from Parthian
- Persian doublets
- fa:Armor
- fa:Headwear
- Urdu terms borrowed from Classical Persian
- Urdu terms derived from Classical Persian
- Urdu terms with IPA pronunciation
- Urdu terms with audio links
- Urdu lemmas
- Urdu pronouns
- Urdu terms with usage examples