乃
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Translingual
edit| Stroke order (Mainland China) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke order | |||
| Traditional Chinese and Japanese | |||
Han character
edit乃 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹尸 (NHS), four-corner 17227, composition ⿹㇡丿)
Derived characters
edit- 仍, 𠮨, 𡉁, 奶, 屷, 𢖱, 扔, 𣱽, 𤜠, 𨸐, 辸, 𣅅, 㭁, 𤆈, 㲌, 𠂫, 礽, 䄧, 𧘌, 𥾋, 𮋣, 𦨋, 𧈣, 䚮, 𬤻, 𬦠, 釢, 𪥑, 𬝡, 𬼅, 𢒁, 𫡐, 𠂪, 𫡝
- 𡦺, 㞧, 艿, 𫶵, 秀, 𬔬, 𠂱, 𭺹, 隽, 𣤃, 𣫉, 䯮, 𩾖, 𧤢, 疓, 氖, 𡩍, 𫡄, 𭑩, 孕, 尕, 𫹭, 朶, 𤆄, 盁, 呄, 㭆, 𫂲, 𧈦, 㚉, 鼐, 𬩄, 𩜒
- 夃, 𠂏, 𡕔, 𡭘, 𢒀, 𪜌, 𦮘, 𠂐, 𪣍, 𬊅, 𦙕, 𥙯, 𥚣, 𮂁, 𥟄, 𨨍, 𩉶, 𠛘, 𨾫, 𡧿, 𫴟, 𬼎, 𡥗, 𣏻, 𫞯, 𫞰, 𣕼, 𧁅
Descendants
edit- の (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
- ノ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)
References
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 81, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 113
- Dae Jaweon: page 165, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 31, character 5
- Unihan data for U+4E43
Chinese
edit| simp. and trad. |
乃 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ||
Glyph origin
edit| Historical forms of the character 乃 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||||
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Shizhoupian script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
b07002 b07003 b07004 b07005 b07006 b07007 b07008 b07009 b07010 b07011 b07012 b07013 b07014 b07015 b07016 b07017 b07018 b07019 b07020 b07021 b07022 b07023 b07024 b07025 b07026 b07027 b07028 b07029 b07030 b07031 b07032 b07033 b07034 b07035 b07036 b07037 b07038 b07039 b07040 s03493 Transcribed ancient scripts L34567 L34568 L34569 L34570 L15245 L15246 L15247 L15230 L15231 L15232 L15233 L15234 L15235 L15236 L15237 L15238 L15239 L15240 L15241 L15242 L15243 L15244 L15248 L15249 L15250 L15251 L15252 L15253 L15254 L15255 | |||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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From ancient 𠄎.
Etymology 1
edit- “you; your”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).
- "then; now"
- Related to Tibetan ན (na, “postposition following temporal causes”) (Coblin, 1986).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): nai1
- Eastern Min (BUC): nāi
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ne
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄞˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: nǎi
- Wade–Giles: nai3
- Yale: nǎi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nae
- Palladius: най (naj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /naɪ̯²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: naai5
- Yale: náaih
- Cantonese Pinyin: naai5
- Guangdong Romanization: nai5
- Sinological IPA (key): /naːi̯¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nai4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdai²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nāi
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡai³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note:
- nái - literary;
- ná/nǎ - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: nai2 / nai6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nái / năi
- Sinological IPA (key): /nai⁵²/, /nai³⁵/
Note:
- nai2 - “you, your”;
- nai6 - “just; then; be”.
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | 乃 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /nai²¹⁴/ |
| Harbin | /nai²¹³/ | |
| Tianjin | /nai¹³/ | |
| Jinan | /nɛ⁵⁵/ | |
| Qingdao | /nɛ⁵⁵/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /nai⁵³/ | |
| Xi'an | /nai⁵³/ | |
| Xining | /nɛ⁵³/ | |
| Yinchuan | /nɛ¹³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /lɛ⁴⁴²/ | |
| Ürümqi | /nai⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /nai⁴²/ | |
| Chengdu | /nai⁵³/ | |
| Guiyang | /nai⁴²/ | |
| Kunming | /næ⁵³/ | |
| Nanjing | /lae²¹²/ | |
| Hefei | /le̞²⁴/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /nai⁵³/ |
| Pingyao | /næ⁵³/ | |
| Hohhot | /nɛ⁵³/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /na²³/ |
| Suzhou | /ne̞⁵¹/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ne̞⁵³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /na³⁵/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /na³⁵/ |
| Tunxi | ||
| Xiang | Changsha | /lai⁴¹/ |
| Xiangtan | /nai⁴²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lai²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /nai⁴⁴/ |
| Taoyuan | /nɑi²⁴/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /nai²³/ |
| Nanning | /nai²⁴/ | |
| Hong Kong | /nai²³/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /nai⁵³/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /nai³²/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /nai²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /nãi⁵³/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /nai²¹³/ |
- Middle Chinese: nojX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤə(ŋ)ʔ/, /*nˤəʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*nɯːʔ/
Definitions
edit乃
- (literary) you, your
- 王師北定中原日，家祭毋忘告乃翁。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 1210, 陸游 (Lu You), 示兒
- Wángshī běi dìng zhōngyuán rì, jiājì wú wàng gào nǎi wēng. [Pinyin]
- On the day the Song army reconquers the Central Plain in the North, do not forget to inform your father when making offerings to your ancestors.
王师北定中原日，家祭毋忘告乃翁。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) be
- 呂公女乃呂后也，生孝惠帝、魯元公主。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Lǚ Gōng nǚ nǎi Lǚ Hòu yě, shēng Xiàohuì Dì, Lǔyuán Gōngzhǔ. [Pinyin]
- The daughter of Lü Gong was Empress Lü, who gave birth to Emperor Hui and Princess Luyuan.
吕公女乃吕后也，生孝惠帝、鲁元公主。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) then; hence
- 相如度秦王雖齋，決負約不償城，乃使其從者衣褐，懷其璧，從徑道亡，歸璧於趙。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Xiàngrú duò Qín wáng suī zhāi, jué fùyuē bù cháng chéng, nǎi shǐ qí cóngzhě yì hè, huái qí bì, cóng jìngdào wáng, guī bì yú Zhào. [Pinyin]
- Lin Xiangru reckoned even though the King of Qin agreed to fast, he would certainly break his promise and not hand over the cities. Hence, he ordered his servant to put on ragged clothes, hide the jade under his bosom, and flee Qin on trails, in order to smuggle the jade back to Zhao.
相如度秦王虽斋，决负约不偿城，乃使其从者衣褐，怀其璧，从径道亡，归璧于赵。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) only then; not ... until
- Synonym: 才 (cái)
- 趙王送璧時齋戒五日。今大王亦宜齋戒五日，設九賓於廷，臣乃敢上璧。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Zhào wáng sòng bì shí zhāijiè wǔ rì. Jīn dàwáng yì yí zhāijiè wǔrì, shè jiǔbīn yú tíng, chén nǎi gǎn shàng bì. [Pinyin]
- The King of Zhao fasted for five days before sending the jade off. Now Your Majesty should also fast for five days, and receive me with the Ceremony of Jiubin at the court. Only then will I dare to present the jade.
赵王送璧时斋戒五日。今大王亦宜斋戒五日，设九宾于廷，臣乃敢上璧。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 沛公謂張良曰：「從此道至吾軍，不過二十里耳。度我至軍中，公乃入。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Pèi Gōng wèi Zhāng Liáng yuē: “Cóng cǐ dào zhì wú jūn, bùguò èrshí lǐ ěr. Duò wǒ zhì jūn zhōng, gōng nǎi rù.” [Pinyin]
- Liu Bang said to Zhang Liang, "It is only twenty lis from here to our camp. Only after you estimate that I have arrived at our camp should you enter."
沛公谓张良曰：「从此道至吾军，不过二十里耳。度我至军中，公乃入。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) but
- 不見子都，乃見狂且。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Bù jiàn Zǐdōu, nǎi jiàn kuángqiě. [Pinyin]
- I do not see Zidu, but I see this mad fellow.
不见子都，乃见狂且。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) surprisingly; unexpectedly
- Synonym: 竟然 (jìngrán)
- 問今是何世，乃不知有漢，無論魏晉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Peach Blossom Spring (桃花源記), by Tao Yuanming, 421 (Wiktionary translation)
- Wèn jīn shì hé shì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn. [Pinyin]
- They asked what the current ruling dynasty was. Surprisingly, they had not even heard of the Han, let alone the Wei and the Jin.
问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Mainland China, Internet slang, cute-sounding) you (singular)
- (Northern Wu) now
Synonyms
editEtymology 2
editPronunciation
edit- Cantonese (Taishan, Wiktionary): nai4 / nai4*
- Cantonese
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nai4 / nai4*
- Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdai²¹/, /ⁿdai²¹⁻²¹⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
Definitions
edit乃
- (Taishanese, colloquial) Alternative form of 哪 (“which; where”)
Compounds
editJapanese
editKanji
edit乃
- from
- possessive particle
- whereupon
- accordingly
- you
Readings
edit- Go-on: ない (nai)
- Kan-on: だい (dai)
- On: え (e)
- Kun: お (o, 乃); すなわち (sunawachi, 乃ち); なんじ (nanji, 乃)←なんぢ (nandi, 乃, historical)←なむち (namuti, 乃, ancient); の (no, 乃)
- Nanori: おさむ (osamu)←をさむ (wosamu, historical); のり (nori)
Alternative reading as in 欸乃, compare Mandarin ǎoǎi, Cantonese oi1 oi2:
See also
editKorean
editHanja
edit- hanja form? of 내 (“then”)
- hanja form? of 내 (“really, indeed”)
- hanja form? of 내 (“as it turned out, after all”)
References
editOld Korean
editAlternative forms
editVerb
edit乃 (*nwoy-)
Descendants
edit- Korean: 뇌다 (noeda, “to say repeatedly”)
- ⇒ Korean: 되뇌다 (doenoeda, “to repeat the same thing”)
- ⇒ Korean: 뇌까리다 (noekkarida, “to say whatever comes to mind”)
Further reading
edit- 남풍현 (Nam Pung-hyeon) (2018) “ko:<願往生歌>의 새로운 解讀 [A new reading of the Wonwangsaeng-ga]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 41, pages 5-27
- 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop) (2009) 釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Taehaksa, →ISBN
- 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2014) “구결자료의 어휘 [gugyeoljaryoui eohwi, Vocabulary in the gugyeol sources]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 33, pages 23–61
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit乃: Hán Việt readings: nãi[1][2][3][4][5][6], ái[2]
乃: Nôm readings: náy[4][6], nãy[4], nảy[4][6][6], nải[1][7][6], nấy[4][6][6], nới[4][6]
References
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- Japanese kanji with on reading え
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading すなわ・ち
- Japanese kanji with kun reading なんじ
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading なんぢ
- Japanese kanji with ancient kun reading なむち
- Japanese kanji with kun reading の
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading おさむ
- Japanese kanji with historical nanori reading をさむ
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