減
See also: 减
|
Translingual
editStroke order | |||
Japan (Swap 5 and 4 for Chinese; additionally, swap 12 and 11 for Taiwan.) |
Han character
edit減 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 水戈竹口 (EIHR), four-corner 33150, composition ⿰氵咸)
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 633, character 42
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17759
- Dae Jaweon: page 1040, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1671, character 7
- Unihan data for U+6E1B
Chinese
editGlyph origin
editOld Chinese | |
---|---|
感 | *kɯːmʔ |
鱤 | *kɯːmʔ |
顑 | *kʰɯːmʔ, *ŋɡrɯːms |
轗 | *kʰɯːmʔ, *kʰɯːms |
撼 | *ɡɯːmʔ |
憾 | *ɡɯːms |
喊 | *qʰaːmʔ, *qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ |
緘 | *krɯːm |
瑊 | *krɯːm, *kjum |
黬 | *krɯːm, *ŋɡrɯːm |
減 | *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ |
羬 | *ŋɡrɯːm, *ɡram |
麙 | *ŋɡrɯːm |
咸 | *ɡrɯːm |
鹹 | *ɡrɯːm |
醎 | *ɡrɯːm |
諴 | *ɡrɯːm |
椷 | *ɡrɯːm |
輱 | *ɡrɯːm |
鍼 | *ɡam, *ɡram, *kjɯm |
箴 | *kjɯm |
葴 | *kjɯm |
鱵 | *kjum |
Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 咸 (OC *ɡrɯːm, “seal”) - to seal off a stream of water, decreasing its flow. 咸 is the original character of 緘/缄 and also serves as a semantic component.
Etymology 1
edittrad. | 減/减 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 减 |
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎn
- Wade–Giles: chien3
- Yale: jyǎn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jean
- Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gaam2
- Yale: gáam
- Cantonese Pinyin: gaam2
- Guangdong Romanization: gam2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaːm³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: gam2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kam⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kám
- Hakka Romanization System: gamˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gam3
- Sinological IPA: /kam³¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Southern Min
Note:
- kiám - vernacular;
- kám - literary;
- kiám - literary (Zhangzhou).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: giam2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiám
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiam⁵²/
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 減 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕian²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /t͡ɕian²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /t͡ɕian¹³/ | |
Jinan | /t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕian⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /t͡ɕiã⁵³/ | |
Xining | /t͡ɕiã⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /t͡ɕian⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /t͡ɕiɛ̃n⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /t͡ɕian⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /t͡ɕiɛn⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /t͡ɕian⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /t͡ɕian⁴²/ /kan⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /t͡ɕiɛ̃⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /t͡ɕien²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /t͡ɕiĩ²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕie⁵³/ |
Pingyao | /t͡ɕiɑŋ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /t͡ɕie⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ke⁵³/ |
Suzhou | /ke̞⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /t͡ɕiẽ̞⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ka³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕie³⁵/ /kɛ³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /kɔ³¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /kan⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /kan⁴²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /kan²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /kam³¹/ |
Taoyuan | /kɑm³¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kam³⁵/ |
Nanning | /kam³⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /kam³⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kam⁵³/ /kiam⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kɛiŋ³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kaŋ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /kiam⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /kiam²¹³/ |
- Middle Chinese: heamX, keamX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-kˤr[ə]mʔ/, /*kˤr[ə]mʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*krɯːmʔ/, /*ɡrɯːmʔ/
Definitions
edit減
- to decrease; to subtract; to diminish
- (arithmetic) to subtract
- Antonym: 加 (jiā)
- 55th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "diminishment" (𝌼)
- (chemistry) basic
- Antonym: 酸 (suān)
- (Cantonese) to sweep (food over to another container)
Compounds
edit- 減低/减低 (jiǎndī)
- 減俸/减俸 (jiǎnfèng)
- 減價/减价 (jiǎnjià)
- 減充血劑/减充血剂 (jiǎnchōngxuèjì)
- 減免/减免 (jiǎnmiǎn)
- 減刑/减刑 (jiǎnxíng)
- 減削/减削 (jiǎnxuè)
- 減半/减半 (jiǎnbàn)
- 減卻/减却
- 減去/减去
- 減員/减员 (jiǎnyuán)
- 減噪/减噪
- 減壓/减压 (jiǎnyā)
- 減壓時間表/减压时间表
- 減壓症/减压症
- 減壓病/减压病 (jiǎnyābìng)
- 減壓程序/减压程序
- 減壓表/减压表
- 減妝/减妆
- 減實/减实
- 減少/减少 (jiǎnshǎo)
- 減幅/减幅
- 減弱/减弱 (jiǎnruò)
- 減息/减息 (jiǎnxī)
- 減慢/减慢 (jiǎnmàn)
- 減振/减振 (jiǎnzhèn)
- 減掉/减掉
- 減排/减排 (jiǎnpái)
- 減損/减损 (jiǎnsǔn)
- 減搖鰭/减摇鳍
- 減摩/减摩
- 減數/减数 (jiǎnshù)
- 減數分裂/减数分裂 (jiǎnshù fēnliè)
- 減核/减核
- 減殺/减杀 (jiǎnshà)
- 減毒活疫苗/减毒活疫苗
- 減法/减法 (jiǎnfǎ)
- 減河/减河
- 減災/减灾
- 減產/减产 (jiǎnchǎn)
- 減益/减益
- 減碳/减碳
- 減租減息/减租减息 (jiǎnzūjiǎnxī)
- 減稅/减税 (jiǎnshuì)
- 減筆字/减笔字 (jiǎnbǐzì)
- 減緩/减缓 (jiǎnhuǎn)
- 減縮/减缩 (jiǎnsuō)
- 減聲器/减声器
- 減肥/减肥 (jiǎnféi)
- 減色/减色
- 減色法/减色法
- 減薪/减薪 (jiǎnxīn)
- 減號/减号 (jiǎnhào)
- 減計/减计
- 減負/减负 (jiǎnfù)
- 減輕/减轻 (jiǎnqīng)
- 減退/减退 (jiǎntuì)
- 減速/减速 (jiǎnsù)
- 減速傘/减速伞
- 減速副翼/减速副翼
- 減速劑/减速剂
- 減速器/减速器
- 減速度/减速度 (jiǎnsùdù)
- 減速火箭/减速火箭
- 減速運動/减速运动
- 減除/减除 (jiǎnchú)
- 減震/减震 (jiǎnzhèn)
- 減震器/减震器 (jiǎnzhènqì)
- 減震鞋/减震鞋
- 減額/减额
Etymology 2
edittrad. | 減/减 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 减 | |
alternative forms | 噉 (gam2) Cantonese 咁 (gam2) Cantonese 𡄎 (gam2) Cantonese 緊/紧 (gan2) Cantonese |
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from etymology 1?”)
Pronunciation
edit- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gam2 / gan2 / gaam2
- Yale: gám / gán / gáam
- Cantonese Pinyin: gam2 / gan2 / gaam2
- Guangdong Romanization: gem2 / gen2 / gam2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɐm³⁵/, /kɐn³⁵/, /kaːm³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: gam2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kam⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
edit減
- (Cantonese) Used after a verb or adjective to indicate partial attainment of an amount/degree.
References
edit- “減”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
editKanji
edit減
Readings
editCompounds
editCompounds
Suffix
editKorean
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Chinese 減 (MC keamX). Recorded as Middle Korean 감 (kam) (Yale: kam) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
edit- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)m]
- Phonetic hangul: [감(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
editCompounds
editCompounds
- 감가 (減價, gamga)
- 감량 (減量, gamnyang)
- 감면 (減免, gammyeon)
- 감봉 (減俸, gambong)
- 감산 (減産, gamsan)
- 감세 (減稅, gamse)
- 감소 (減少, gamso)
- 감속 (減速, gamsok)
- 감식 (減食, gamsik)
- 감액 (減額, gamaek)
- 감원 (減員, gamwon)
- 감자 (減資, gamja)
- 감축 (減縮, gamchuk)
- 감퇴 (減退, gamtoe)
- 감형 (減刑, gamhyeong)
- 가감 (加減, gagam)
- 격감 (激減, gyeokgam)
- 경감 (輕減, gyeonggam)
- 극감 (極減, geukgam)
- 급감 (急減, geupgam)
- 반감 (半減, ban'gam)
- 삭감 (削減, sakgam)
- 저감 (低減, jeogam)
- 절감 (節減, jeolgam)
- 증감 (增減, jeunggam)
- 차감 (差減, chagam)
- 체감 (遞減, chegam)
References
edit- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit減: Hán Nôm readings: giảm, dởm, xảm
- Decrease, reduce, lessen
Categories:
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han phono-semantic compounds
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Taishanese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese hanzi
- Mandarin hanzi
- Cantonese hanzi
- Taishanese hanzi
- Hakka hanzi
- Hokkien hanzi
- Teochew hanzi
- Middle Chinese hanzi
- Old Chinese hanzi
- Chinese verbs
- Mandarin verbs
- Cantonese verbs
- Taishanese verbs
- Hakka verbs
- Hokkien verbs
- Teochew verbs
- Middle Chinese verbs
- Old Chinese verbs
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 減
- zh:Arithmetic
- zh:Chemistry
- Cantonese Chinese
- Chinese particles
- Cantonese particles
- Taishanese particles
- Cantonese terms with usage examples
- Cantonese terms with quotations
- Elementary Mandarin
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese fifth grade kanji
- Japanese kyōiku kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading けん
- Japanese kanji with goon reading げん
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading かん
- Japanese kanji with kun reading へ・る
- Japanese kanji with kun reading へ・らす
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese suffixes
- Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 減
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Middle Korean hanja
- Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters