-illa

See also: illa, Illa, illâ, ilʹlʹa, and -illä

Catalan

Suffix

-illa f (noun-forming suffix, plural -illes)

1. diminutive suffix for feminine nouns
2. forms feminine nouns meaning "type of"

Derived terms

Catalan terms suffixed with -illa

Further reading

• “-illa”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024

Finnish

Etymology

Originally a variant of -ella used on verbs ending in -ata, -ota, -ätä, having developed by vowel contraction: -Aðele- (-oðele-) > -A.ele- (-o.ele-) > -Aile- (-oile-). Denominal use has been innovated in literary Finnish in the 20th century.

Suffix

-illa (front vowel harmony variant -illä, stem -ile-, linguistic notation -ile- or -illA)

1. Forms frequentative verbs. The resulting verb often describes a more or less leisurely or long-lasting activity, or an activity that is not overly goal-oriented.

   ‎salata (“to keep a secret”) + ‎-illa → ‎salailla (“to be secretive”)

2. Forms action verbs which denote an activity closely related with a noun.

   ‎auto (“car”) + ‎-illa → ‎autoilla (“to drive a car”) (but not ˣautota)

   ‎maja (“hut”) + ‎-illa → ‎majailla (“to stay temporarily”) (but not ˣmajata)

   ‎pallo (“ball”) + ‎-illa → ‎palloilla (“to play a ball game”) (but not ˣpallota)

Conjugation

Inflection of -illa (Kotus type 67/tulla, no gradation)
indicative mood
present tense				perfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		-ilen	en -ile	1st sing.	olen -illut	en ole -illut
2nd sing.		-ilet	et -ile	2nd sing.	olet -illut	et ole -illut
3rd sing.		-ilee	ei -ile	3rd sing.	on -illut	ei ole -illut
1st plur.		-ilemme	emme -ile	1st plur.	olemme -illeet	emme ole -illeet
2nd plur.		-ilette	ette -ile	2nd plur.	olette -illeet	ette ole -illeet
3rd plur.		-ilevat	eivät -ile	3rd plur.	ovat -illeet	eivät ole -illeet
passive		-illaan	ei -illa	passive	on -iltu	ei ole -iltu
past tense				pluperfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		-ilin	en -illut	1st sing.	olin -illut	en ollut -illut
2nd sing.		-ilit	et -illut	2nd sing.	olit -illut	et ollut -illut
3rd sing.		-ili	ei -illut	3rd sing.	oli -illut	ei ollut -illut
1st plur.		-ilimme	emme -illeet	1st plur.	olimme -illeet	emme olleet -illeet
2nd plur.		-ilitte	ette -illeet	2nd plur.	olitte -illeet	ette olleet -illeet
3rd plur.		-ilivat	eivät -illeet	3rd plur.	olivat -illeet	eivät olleet -illeet
passive		-iltiin	ei -iltu	passive	oli -iltu	ei ollut -iltu
conditional mood
present				perfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		-ilisin	en -ilisi	1st sing.	olisin -illut	en olisi -illut
2nd sing.		-ilisit	et -ilisi	2nd sing.	olisit -illut	et olisi -illut
3rd sing.		-ilisi	ei -ilisi	3rd sing.	olisi -illut	ei olisi -illut
1st plur.		-ilisimme	emme -ilisi	1st plur.	olisimme -illeet	emme olisi -illeet
2nd plur.		-ilisitte	ette -ilisi	2nd plur.	olisitte -illeet	ette olisi -illeet
3rd plur.		-ilisivat	eivät -ilisi	3rd plur.	olisivat -illeet	eivät olisi -illeet
passive		-iltaisiin	ei -iltaisi	passive	olisi -iltu	ei olisi -iltu
imperative mood
present				perfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		—	—	1st sing.	—	—
2nd sing.		-ile	älä -ile	2nd sing.	—	—
3rd sing.		-ilkoon	älköön -ilko	3rd sing.	olkoon -illut	älköön olko -illut
1st plur.		-ilkaamme	älkäämme -ilko	1st plur.	—	—
2nd plur.		-ilkaa	älkää -ilko	2nd plur.	—	—
3rd plur.		-ilkoot	älkööt -ilko	3rd plur.	olkoot -illeet	älkööt olko -illeet
passive		-iltakoon	älköön -iltako	passive	olkoon -iltu	älköön olko -iltu
potential mood
present				perfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		-illen	en -ille	1st sing.	lienen -illut	en liene -illut
2nd sing.		-illet	et -ille	2nd sing.	lienet -illut	et liene -illut
3rd sing.		-illee	ei -ille	3rd sing.	lienee -illut	ei liene -illut
1st plur.		-illemme	emme -ille	1st plur.	lienemme -illeet	emme liene -illeet
2nd plur.		-illette	ette -ille	2nd plur.	lienette -illeet	ette liene -illeet
3rd plur.		-illevat	eivät -ille	3rd plur.	lienevät -illeet	eivät liene -illeet
passive		-iltaneen	ei -iltane	passive	lienee -iltu	ei liene -iltu
Nominal forms
infinitives				participles
		active	passive		active	passive
1st		-illa		present	-ileva	-iltava
long 1st1		Possessive forms Person sing. plur. 1st -illakseni -illaksemme 2nd -illaksesi -illaksenne 3rd -illakseen -illaksensa		past	-illut	-iltu
2nd	inessive2	-illessa	-iltaessa	agent4	-ilema
		Possessive forms Person sing. plur. 1st -illessani -illessamme 2nd -illessasi -illessanne 3rd -illessaan -illessansa		negative	-ilematon
	instructive	-illen	—	1) Used only with a possessive suffix. 2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). 3) Some uses of the verbal noun are called the 'fourth infinitive' by certain sources (more details). 4) Usually with a possessive suffix. May not be used with all verbs, especially intransitive ones (more details). Distinct from nouns with the -ma suffix and third infinitive forms.
3rd	inessive	-ilemassa	—
	elative	-ilemasta	—
	illative	-ilemaan	—
	adessive	-ilemalla	—
	abessive	-ilematta	—
	instructive	-ileman	-iltaman
4th3	verbal noun	-ileminen
5th1		Possessive forms Person sing. plur. 1st -ilemaisillani -ilemaisillamme 2nd -ilemaisillasi -ilemaisillanne 3rd -ilemaisillaan -ilemaisillansa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -illa

See also

• -skella

References

• Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.

Anagrams

• Alli, alli, lila

Latin

Suffix

-illa

1. inflection of -illus:
   1. nominative/vocative feminine singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

Suffix

-illā

1. ablative feminine singular of -illus

Spanish

Alternative forms

• -illo (with masculine nouns)

Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish -iella, from Latin -ella.

Suffix

-illa f (noun-forming suffix, plural -illas)

1. added to feminine nouns to denote a diminutive form

   Synonyms: -ita, -cita

   Coordinate term: -illo

Usage notes

• If the noun has a final vowel (usually -a), it is dropped before adding -illa.
• In most cases, -illa is used simply to indicate a small or endeared thing, without changing the basic meaning of the noun; however, in some cases, it is used to effect a greater change in meaning, such as bombilla (“light-bulb”), from bomba (“bomb”).
• Different nouns tend to prefer different diminutive suffixes (see synonyms), though some nouns accept multiple diminutives and there is often regional or personal variation.
• For masculine nouns ending in “-a”, there is some alternation between the gender-reflecting diminutive -illo and the ending-reflecting diminutive -illa. When the latter is used, -ill- may be considered an infix.

Derived terms

Spanish terms suffixed with -illa

Further reading

• “-illo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish), 23rd edition, Royal Spanish Academy, 2014 October 16