graf

See also: graaf, Graf, gráf, and -graf

English

Pronunciation

• Audio (General Australian):

  (file)

Etymology 1

From German Graf (“count”). Doublet of graaf and grave.

Noun

graf (plural grafs)

1. (uncommon, now historical) A German or Austrian count.
   • 1843 February, "Graf de Tropp", in Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country, volume 27, [books.google.com/books?id=9ZUtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA200 page 200]:

     Without ceremony, the Graf, on his entering the drawing-room, seated himself at the piano-forte, and proposed affording his new friends "a leetle example" how music was performed in Hungary.

Coordinate terms

• gräfin

Etymology 2

Phonetic respelling of clipping of paragraph.

Noun

graf (plural grafs)

1. (journalism, slang) A paragraph.
   • 2010 January 27, Matt Taibbi, “Populism: Just Like Racism!”, in True/Slant‎^[1], archived from the original on 2013-01-19:

     Brooks lays out the crux of his case his case in his first three grafs of his article:

Etymology 3

Noun

graf (uncountable)

1. Alternative spelling of graff (“graffiti”)
   • 2002, Janice Rahn, Painting Without Permission: Hip-hop Graffiti Subculture, page 7:

     For example, a current trend in graf is to simulate a three-dimensional effect (see Figure 1.2). No one graf artist is associated with having developed this method.

   • 2012, P. D. Smith, City: A Guidebook for the Urban Age, page 84:

     Naar had been photographing the 'palimpsest of writings and marks on walls' since 1955 and he says his interest in graf is 'political, in the Greek sense of engagement with the life of the "polis", or city-state'.

Derived terms

• graf artist

Anagrams

• frag

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch graf and graft (see the plural).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /χraf/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

graf (plural grafte)

1. grave

Albanian

Alternative forms

• grah — Standard, Tosk

Verb

graf (aorist grafa, participle grafë)

1. Gheg form of grah (“to incite; bellow, roar; rattle”)

Catalan

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈɡɾaf]

Noun

graf m (plural grafs)

1. (mathematics) graph

Further reading

• “graf” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “graf”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024

Czech

graf

graf

Etymology

Derived from Ancient Greek γράφω (gráphō).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɡraf]
• Rhymes: -af

Noun

graf m inan

1. graph (mathematical diagram)
2. (graph theory) graph (nodes and edges connecting the nodes)
3. chart (graphical presentation)

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

• grafový
• koláčový graf
• neorientovaný graf
• orientovaný graf
• podgraf
• teorie grafů
• úplný graf

 

Related terms

• grafický
• grafik
• grafika
• grafikon
• grafoman

 

See also

• diagram

Further reading

• “graf”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935-1957
• “graf”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Danish

Etymology

From English graph.

Noun

graf

1. graph, visualization of an equation or a function
2. (graph theory) graph

Declension

Declension of graf

common gender	Singular		Plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	graf	grafen	grafer	graferne
genitive	grafs	grafens	grafers	grafernes

Derived terms

• grafteori, grafisk

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɣrɑf/
• Rhymes: -ɑf

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch graf, from Old Dutch *graf, from Proto-Germanic *grabą, *grabō (“grave, trench, ditch”).

Noun

graf n (plural graven, diminutive grafje n)

1. grave

Derived terms

• familiegraf
• grafgift
• graflucht
• grafmongool
• grafsteen
• graftak
• massagraf

Related terms

• graven

Descendants

• Afrikaans: graf
• Negerhollands: graf
• → Papiamentu: graf

Etymology 2

From French grave (“serious, grave”). Most likely influenced by Dutch erg which can mean "serious, grave" as well as "very". The alternative form graaf (“very”), also slang, has the same origin and meaning, but stays closer to the original French pronunciation.

Adverb

graf

1. (slang, Belgium) very

   Dat is graf duur — That's very expensive

French

Noun

graf m (plural grafs)

1. (slang) Clipping of graffiti.

   L’usage du tag et du graf s’affirme d’autant plus comme un pouvoir de communication tribale constituant un code secret.

   The use of tags and graffiti is establishing itself all the more as a means of tribal communication constituting a secret code.

Further reading

• “graf”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Icelandic

Noun

graf n (genitive singular grafs, nominative plural gröf)

1. graph, chart

Declension

declension of graf

n-s	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	graf	grafið	gröf	gröfin
accusative	graf	grafið	gröf	gröfin
dative	grafi	grafinu	gröfum	gröfunum
genitive	grafs	grafsins	grafa	grafanna

Indonesian

Etymology

Borrowed from English graph.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡraf/
• Rhymes: -ɡraf, -raf, -af, -f
• Hyphenation: graf

Noun

graf (plural graf-graf, first-person possessive grafku, second-person possessive grafmu, third-person possessive grafnya)

1. (linguistics, typography) graph: A graphical unit on the token-level, the abstracted fundamental shape of a character or letter as distinct from its ductus (realization in a particular typeface or handwriting on the instance-level) and as distinct by a grapheme on the type-level by not fundamentally distinguishing meaning.

   Synonym: huruf

Related terms

• grafik
• grafika
• grafis

 

Further reading

• “graf” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Irish

Etymology

Borrowed from English graph.

Noun

graf m (genitive singular graif, nominative plural graif)

1. graph, chart

Declension

Declension of graf

First declension

Bare forms: Case Singular Plural Nominative graf graif Vocative a ghraif a ghrafa Genitive graif graf Dative graf graif

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Plural Nominative an graf na graif Genitive an ghraif na ngraf Dative leis an ngraf don ghraf leis na graif

• Alternative plural: grafanna

Derived terms

• grafach (“graphic(al)”, adjective)
• grafeolaíocht f (“graphology”)
• grafpháipéar m (“graph paper”)
• graiftheoiric f (“graph theory”)

 

Related terms

• grafachas m (“graphism”)

Verb

graf (present analytic grafann, future analytic grafaidh, verbal noun grafadh, past participle grafa)

1. (transitive, intransitive, literary) write; draw, sketch
2. (transitive, mathematics, statistics) graph, plot, chart

Conjugation

conjugation of graf (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	grafaim	grafann tú; grafair†	grafann sé, sí	grafaimid	grafann sibh	grafann siad; grafaid†	a ghrafann; a ghrafas / a ngrafann*; a ngrafas*	graftar
	past	ghraf mé; ghrafas	ghraf tú; ghrafais	ghraf sé, sí	ghrafamar; ghraf muid	ghraf sibh; ghrafabhair	ghraf siad; ghrafadar	a ghraf / ar ghraf*	grafadh
	past habitual	ghrafainn / ngrafainn‡‡	ghraftá / ngraftᇇ	ghrafadh sé, sí / ngrafadh sé, s퇇	ghrafaimis; ghrafadh muid / ngrafaimis‡‡; ngrafadh muid‡‡	ghrafadh sibh / ngrafadh sibh‡‡	ghrafaidís; ghrafadh siad / ngrafaidís‡‡; ngrafadh siad‡‡	a ghrafadh / a ngrafadh*	ghraftaí / ngrafta퇇
future		grafaidh mé; grafad	grafaidh tú; grafair†	grafaidh sé, sí	grafaimid; grafaidh muid	grafaidh sibh	grafaidh siad; grafaid†	a ghrafaidh; a ghrafas / a ngrafaidh*; a ngrafas*	grafar
conditional		ghrafainn / ngrafainn‡‡	ghrafá / ngrafᇇ	ghrafadh sé, sí / ngrafadh sé, s퇇	ghrafaimis; ghrafadh muid / ngrafaimis‡‡; ngrafadh muid‡‡	ghrafadh sibh / ngrafadh sibh‡‡	ghrafaidís; ghrafadh siad / ngrafaidís‡‡; ngrafadh siad‡‡	a ghrafadh / a ngrafadh*	ghrafaí / ngrafa퇇
subjunctive	present	go ngrafa mé; go ngrafad†	go ngrafa tú; go ngrafair†	go ngrafa sé, sí	go ngrafaimid; go ngrafa muid	go ngrafa sibh	go ngrafa siad; go ngrafaid†	—	go ngraftar
	past	dá ngrafainn	dá ngraftá	dá ngrafadh sé, sí	dá ngrafaimis; dá ngrafadh muid	dá ngrafadh sibh	dá ngrafaidís; dá ngrafadh siad	—	dá ngraftaí
imperative		grafaim	graf	grafadh sé, sí	grafaimis	grafaigí; grafaidh†	grafaidís	—	graftar
verbal noun		grafadh
past participle		graftha

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
graf	ghraf	ngraf
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “graf”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Kashubian

Alternative forms

• grôf

Etymology

Borrowed from German Graf.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡraf/
• Rhymes: -af
• Syllabification: graf

Noun

graf m inan

1. count

   Synonym: hrabia

Declension

Declension of graf

	singular	plural
nominative	graf	grafòwie
genitive	grafa	grafów
dative	grafòwi	grafóm
accusative	grafa	grafów
instrumental	grafã	grafama
locative	grafie	grafach
vocative	grafie	grafòwie

Further reading

• Sychta, Bernard (1967) “grafa”, in Słownik gwar kaszubskich [Dictionary of Kashubian dialects] (in Polish), volumes 1 (A – Ǵ), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 354
• Jan Trepczyk (1994) “hrabia”, in Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volumes 1–2
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “hrabia”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[2]
• “graf”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

Middle English

Noun

graf

1. Alternative form of grave

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Borrowed from English graph.

Noun

graf m (definite singular grafen, indefinite plural grafer, definite plural grafene)

1. graph (diagram)

References

• “graf” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Borrowed from English graph.

Noun

graf m (definite singular grafen, indefinite plural grafar, definite plural grafane)

1. graph (diagram)

References

• “graf” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Etymology

Uncertain, lacking cognates in other Germanic languages. Perhaps from grafan (“to dig”), similar to drāf (“drove”) and drifan.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrɑːf/

Noun

grāf ?

1. grove

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Descendants

• Middle English: grove, grave, grof
  • English: grove
  • Scots: grave (obsolete)

Old Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɡɾaɸ]?

Adjective

graf m or f (plural graves)

1. Apocopic form of grave; serious; grave; major
   • c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17v:

     e la coſa graf q̃ nã podrã iudgar adugã la aty. e iudgar laas.

     And any grave matter they cannot judge themselves they will bring to you, so that you may judge it.

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡraf/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -af
• Syllabification: graf
• Homophone: -graf

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Polish grof. Doublet of grabia and hrabia.

Noun

graf m pers

1. (historical) count (male ruler of a county)

   Synonyms: grabia, hrabia

Declension

Declension of graf

	singular	plural
nominative	graf	grafowie/grafy (deprecative)
genitive	grafa	grafów
dative	grafowi	grafom
accusative	grafa	grafów
instrumental	grafem	grafami
locative	grafie	grafach
vocative	grafie	grafowie

Derived terms

adjective

• grafowski

 

nouns

• grafiątko
• grafina
• grafini
• grafostwo

 

Etymology 2

Internationalism; compare English graph, French graphe, German Graph, ultimately from Ancient Greek γράφειν (gráphein).

Noun

graf m inan

1. (mathematics) graph

   Hypernym: wykres

Declension

Declension of graf

	singular	plural
nominative	graf	grafy
genitive	grafu	grafów
dative	grafowi	grafom
accusative	graf	grafy
instrumental	grafem	grafami
locative	grafie	grafach
vocative	grafie	grafy

Derived terms

adjective

• grafowy

 

Etymology 3

Clipping of autograf.

Noun

graf m inan

1. (slang) autograph

   Synonym: autograf

Declension

Declension of graf

	singular	plural
nominative	graf	grafy
genitive	grafa/grafu	grafów
dative	grafowi	grafom
accusative	graf	grafy
instrumental	grafem	grafami
locative	grafie	grafach
vocative	grafie	grafy

Further reading

• graf in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• graf in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Romanian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from French graph.

Noun

graf n (plural grafuri)

1. graph

Declension

Declension of graf

	singular		plural
	indefinite articulation	definite articulation	indefinite articulation	definite articulation
nominative/accusative	(un) graf	graful	(niște) grafuri	grafurile
genitive/dative	(unui) graf	grafului	(unor) grafuri	grafurilor
vocative	grafule		grafurilor

Etymology 2

Borrowed from German Graf.

Noun

graf m (plural grafi)

1. count

Declension

Declension of graf

	singular		plural
	indefinite articulation	definite articulation	indefinite articulation	definite articulation
nominative/accusative	(un) graf	graful	(niște) grafi	grafii
genitive/dative	(unui) graf	grafului	(unor) grafi	grafilor
vocative	grafule		grafilor

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

graf m (genitive singular grafa, plural grafaichean)

1. graph

Derived terms

• clò-ghrafachd

Serbo-Croatian

Noun

grȁf m (Cyrillic spelling гра̏ф)

1. (mathematics) graph
2. (graph theory) graph

Declension

Declension of graf

	singular	plural
nominative	grȁf	gràfovi
genitive	grafa	grafova
dative	grafu	grafovima
accusative	graf	grafove
vocative	grafe	grafovi
locative	grafu	grafovima
instrumental	grafom	grafovima

Swedish

Etymology 1

From English graph, shortened from graphic formula.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrɑːf/
• Rhymes: -ɑːf

Noun

graf c

1. (mathematics) graph, the set $\left\{(x,F({x}))\right\}$
2. (graph theory) graph; an ordered set (V,E) of edges which joins to the vertices such that each of the edge's ends is located at a vertex

Declension

Declension of graf
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	graf	grafen	grafer	graferna
Genitive	grafs	grafens	grafers	grafernas

Related terms

• grafik
• grafiker
• grafisk
• grafteori
• telegraf

 

See also

• diagram
• ritning

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrɑːv/

Noun

graf c

1. Obsolete spelling of grav.

Declension

Declension of graf
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	graf	grafven	grafvar	grafvarna
Genitive	grafs	grafvens	grafvars	grafvarnas

Volapük

Noun

graf (nominative plural grafs)

1. count (ruler of a county)

Declension

declension of graf

	singular	plural
nominative	graf	grafs
genitive	grafa	grafas
dative	grafe	grafes
accusative	grafi	grafis
vocative 1	o graf!	o grafs!
predicative 2	grafu	grafus

• ¹ status as a case is disputed
• ² in later, non-classical Volapük only

Derived terms

• grafän